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Building interphases for electrode-free batteries 构建无电极电池的相间结构

IF 49.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01632-5

Jiafeng Lei, Yi-Chun Lu

Deposition–dissolution reactions are key to the function of rechargeable batteries, but the limited reversibility of plating/stripping shortens their lifespan. Now, a liquid crystal interphase is shown to control deposition in preferred orientations, enabling dual-electrode-free batteries with enhanced reversibility and increased energy density.

沉积-溶解反应是充电电池功能的关键，但电镀/剥离的可逆性有限，缩短了电池的使用寿命。现在，一种液晶中间相被证明可以控制沉积在优选方向上，从而使无双电极电池具有更强的可逆性和更高的能量密度。

引用次数: 0

US industrial policy may reduce electric vehicle battery supply chain vulnerabilities and influence technology choice 美国产业政策可降低电动汽车电池供应链的脆弱性并影响技术选择

IF 56.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01649-w

Anthony L. Cheng, Erica R. H. Fuchs, Jeremy J. Michalek

We analyse US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) incentives for electric vehicle battery technology and supply chain decisions. We find that the total value of available credits exceeds estimated battery production costs, but qualifying for all available credits is difficult. IRA cell and module credits alone bring estimated US battery production costs in line with China. In contrast, IRA material extraction and processing credits are modest. IRA’s end-user purchase credits are restricted to electric vehicles whose battery supply chains exclude foreign entities of concern, including China. This incentivizes diversification of the entire supply chain, but leasing avoids these restrictions. Lithium iron phosphate batteries have potential to more easily reduce supply chain vulnerabilities and qualify for incentives, but they have smaller total available incentives than nickel/cobalt-based batteries. Overall, the IRA primarily incentivizes downstream battery manufacturing diversification, whereas upstream supply implications depend on automaker responses to foreign entities of concern and leasing rules.

我们分析了美国《通货膨胀削减法案》（IRA）对电动汽车电池技术和供应链决策的激励作用。我们发现，可用信用额度的总价值超过了估计的电池生产成本，但要获得所有可用信用额度却很困难。仅 IRA 电池和模块抵免就能使美国电池生产成本与中国持平。相比之下，IRA 的材料提取和加工抵免额度并不高。IRA 的最终用户购买信用额度仅限于电池供应链不包括包括中国在内的外国相关实体的电动汽车。这激励了整个供应链的多样化，但租赁避免了这些限制。磷酸铁锂电池有可能更容易减少供应链漏洞，并符合激励条件，但与镍基/钴基电池相比，其可用激励总额较小。总体而言，《综合减排法》主要激励下游电池制造多样化，而上游供应的影响则取决于汽车制造商对外国相关实体和租赁规则的反应。

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引用次数: 0

Publisher Correction: Harmonizing the bilateral bond strength of the interfacial molecule in perovskite solar cells 出版商更正：协调过氧化物太阳能电池中界面分子的双边键强度

IF 56.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01659-8

Qiuyang Li, Hong Liu, Cheng-Hung Hou, Haoming Yan, Shunde Li, Peng Chen, Hongyu Xu, Wen-Yi Yu, Yiping Zhao, Yanping Sui, Qixuan Zhong, Yongqiang Ji, Jing-Jong Shyue, Shuang Jia, Bo Yang, Pengyi Tang, Qihuang Gong, Lichen Zhao, Rui Zhu

Correction to: Nature Energy https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01642-3, published online 16 September 2024.

更正为自然-能源 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01642-3，2024 年 9 月 16 日在线发表。

引用次数: 0

Flexibility with low environmental impact 灵活性强，对环境影响小

IF 49.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01637-0

Selma Brynolf, Maria Grahn

Not all parts of the transport sector are easy to directly electrify, therefore liquid energy carriers with lower environmental impacts than fossil fuels are needed to aid decarbonization. Research now reports that synthetic fuels with optimized alkane/alcohol content are promising drop-in alternatives.

并非交通部门的所有部分都容易直接电气化，因此需要比化石燃料对环境影响更小的液体能源载体来帮助去碳化。目前的研究报告显示，具有优化烷烃/酒精含量的合成燃料是很有前景的替代品。

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Temporally compounding energy droughts in European electricity systems with hydropower 欧洲水电系统中的时间复合能源干旱

IF 56.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01640-5

L. van der Most, K. van der Wiel, R. M. J. Benders, P. W. Gerbens-Leenes, R. Bintanja

As Europe’s renewable energy capacities expand, electricity systems face increased risks of energy droughts—periods of low production coinciding with high demand. We evaluate characteristics of electricity variability due to weather variations by calculating 1,600 years of daily production and demand. Focusing on five European countries—chosen for their energy mix including hydropower—we find that energy droughts result from processes that cause (temporally) compounding impacts in the energy and meteorological system. These can turn what might have been short-term droughts into prolonged high unmet energy demand. For instance, low reservoir inflows in spring quadruple the chance of prolonged energy droughts: reduced snowpack and rainfall lower hydro availability but also dry out subsoils, increasing the chance of heatwaves and therewith extending the energy problems into summer. We identify and quantify three compounding energy/climate conditions and the associated characteristics and risks of multi-year energy droughts, crucial for informing future energy system design.

随着欧洲可再生能源容量的扩大，电力系统面临着更大的能源干旱风险--低产量与高需求并存的时期。我们通过计算 1600 年的日产量和需求量，评估了天气变化导致的电力变化特征。我们以五个欧洲国家为重点，选择了包括水电在内的能源组合，发现能源干旱是由能源和气象系统中造成（时间上的）复合影响的过程导致的。这可能会使原本短期的干旱变成长期的高能源需求得不到满足。例如，春季水库进水量低会使长期能源干旱的几率增加四倍：积雪和降雨量减少会降低水力供应，同时也会使底土干燥，增加热浪的几率，从而将能源问题延长到夏季。我们确定并量化了三种复合能源/气候条件以及多年能源干旱的相关特征和风险，这对未来能源系统的设计至关重要。

引用次数: 0

Industry needs for practical lithium-metal battery designs in electric vehicles 行业对电动汽车实用锂金属电池设计的需求

IF 49.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01624-5

Meinan He, Louis G. Hector Jr, Fang Dai, Fan Xu, Suryanarayana Kolluri, Nathaniel Hardin, Mei Cai

Lithium-metal battery (LMB) research and development has been ongoing for six decades across academia, industry and national laboratories. Despite this extensive effort, commercial LMBs have yet to displace, or offer a ready alternative to, lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). Here we explore some of the most critical industry needs that will have to be resolved to advance practical LMB designs for implementation in EVs. We begin our exploration with a brief overview of LMBs, then consider the following needs: energy density, anode thickness and cathode loading, electrolyte formulation and gas generation, electrolyte injection amount, cathode oxygen release, cell pressure control, cell format, cell manufacturing quality checks and battery modelling. We conclude with generic cell design recommendations for future LMB EV applications. Despite extensive research, lithium-metal batteries have not yet replaced lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The authors explore critical industry needs for advancing lithium-metal battery designs for electric vehicles and conclude with cell design recommendations.

六十年来，学术界、工业界和国家实验室一直在进行锂金属电池（LMB）的研究和开发。尽管付出了如此巨大的努力，但商用锂金属电池仍未能取代电动汽车（EV）中的锂离子电池，或成为锂离子电池的替代品。在此，我们将探讨一些最关键的行业需求，这些需求必须得到解决，才能推动实用的锂电池设计在电动汽车中的应用。我们首先简要介绍了锂离子电池，然后考虑了以下需求：能量密度、阳极厚度和阴极负载、电解液配方和气体生成、电解液注入量、阴极氧气释放、电池压力控制、电池形式、电池制造质量检查和电池建模。最后，我们为未来的 LMB 电动汽车应用提出了通用电池设计建议。

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引用次数: 0

Reducing the cost of capital to finance the energy transition in developing countries 降低发展中国家能源转型融资的资本成本

IF 49.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01606-7

M. Calcaterra, L. Aleluia Reis, P. Fragkos, T. Briera, H. S. de Boer, F. Egli, J. Emmerling, G. Iyer, S. Mittal, F. H. J. Polzin, M. W. J. L. Sanders, T. S. Schmidt, A. Serebriakova, B. Steffen, D. J. van de Ven, D. P. van Vuuren, P. Waidelich, M. Tavoni

Climate stabilization requires the mobilization of substantial investments in low- and zero-carbon technologies, especially in emerging and developing economies. However, access to stable and affordable finance varies dramatically across countries. Models used to evaluate the energy transition do not differentiate regional financing costs and therefore cannot study risk-sharing mechanisms for renewable electricity generation. In this study, we incorporated the empirically estimated cost of capital differentiated by country and technology into an ensemble of five climate–energy–economy models. We quantified the additional financing cost of decarbonization borne by developing regions and explored policies of risk premium convergence across countries. We found that alleviating financial constraints benefits both climate and equity as a result of more renewable and affordable energy in the developing world. This highlights the importance of fair finance for energy availability, affordability and sustainability, as well as the need to include financial considerations in model-based assessments. Fair finance in the energy sector is modelled in five climate–energy–economy models. The results show that convergence costs of capital could improve energy availability, affordability and sustainability in developing countries, thereby increasing the international equity of the energy transition.

要稳定气候，就必须调动大量资金投资于低碳和零碳技术，特别是在新兴和发展中经济体。然而，各国在获得稳定且可负担的资金方面存在巨大差异。用于评估能源转型的模型没有区分地区融资成本，因此无法研究可再生能源发电的风险分担机制。在本研究中，我们将根据经验估算的、按国家和技术区分的资本成本纳入五个气候-能源-经济模型的组合中。我们量化了发展中地区承担的去碳化额外融资成本，并探讨了各国风险溢价趋同的政策。我们发现，由于发展中世界有了更多可再生的、负担得起的能源，缓解资金限制既有利于气候，也有利于公平。这凸显了公平融资对能源可用性、可负担性和可持续性的重要性，以及将金融因素纳入基于模型的评估的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Weather conditions linked to energy droughts in electricity systems with hydropower 与水力发电系统能源干旱有关的天气条件

IF 56.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01641-4

We identified temporally compounding meteorological conditions that increase the risk of low renewable electricity production during periods of high demand in five European countries with hydropower.

我们发现，在五个拥有水电的欧洲国家，在高需求时期，时间复合气象条件增加了可再生能源发电量低的风险。

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Electroreduction of CO2 to methane with triazole molecular catalysts 利用三唑分子催化剂将二氧化碳电还原为甲烷

IF 49.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01645-0

Zhanyou Xu, Ruihu Lu, Zih-Yi Lin, Weixing Wu, Hsin-Jung Tsai, Qian Lu, Yuguang C. Li, Sung-Fu Hung, Chunshan Song, Jimmy C. Yu, Ziyun Wang, Ying Wang

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction towards value-added fuel and feedstocks often relies on metal-based catalysts. Organic molecular catalysts, which are more acutely tunable than metal catalysts, are still unable to catalyse CO2 to hydrocarbons under industrially relevant current densities for long-term operation, and the catalytic mechanism is still elusive. Here we report 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole-based membrane electrode assemblies for CO2-to-CH4 conversion with Faradaic efficiency of (52 ± 4)% and turnover frequency of 23,060 h−1 at 250 mA cm−2. Our mechanistic studies suggest that the CO2 reduction at the 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole electrode proceeds through the intermediary *CO2–*COOH–*C(OH)2–*COH to produce CH4 due to the spatially distributed active sites and the suitable energy level of the molecular orbitals. A pilot system operated under a total current of 10 A (current density = 123 mA cm−2) for 10 h is able to produce CH4 at a rate of 23.0 mmol h−1. Electrochemical CO2 reduction to make fuels and feedstocks often relies on metal-based catalysts. Here the authors report membrane electrode assemblies operating with relatively high current densities for CO2-to-CH4 conversion using organic molecular catalysts.

为获得增值燃料和原料而进行的电化学二氧化碳还原反应通常依赖于金属催化剂。与金属催化剂相比，有机分子催化剂具有更敏锐的可调性，但在长期运行的工业相关电流密度条件下，有机分子催化剂仍无法将二氧化碳催化成碳氢化合物，催化机理也仍然难以捉摸。在此，我们报告了基于 3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑的膜电极组件在 250 mA cm-2 条件下将 CO2 转化为 CH4 的过程，其法拉第效率为 (52 ± 4)%，周转频率为 23,060 h-1。我们的机理研究表明，在 3,5-二氨基-1,2,4-三唑电极上，由于活性位点的空间分布和分子轨道的合适能级，二氧化碳通过中间产物 *CO2-*COOH-*C(OH)2-*COH 还原生成 CH4。在总电流为 10 A（电流密度 = 123 mA cm-2）的条件下运行 10 小时的试验系统能够以 23.0 mmol h-1 的速率产生 CH4。

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引用次数: 0

Combining photovoltaic elements 光伏元件的组合

IF 49.7 1区材料科学 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Nature Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01647-y

Giulia Tregnago

引用次数: 0

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