Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00872-5
Bo Li (, ), Danpeng Gao (, ), Chunlei Zhang (, ), Zexin Yu (, ), Martin Stolterfoht, Yen Hung Lin (, ), Markus Lenz, Henry J. Snaith, Zonglong Zhu (, )
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as a particularly promising technology to enhance the world’s renewable energy generation capacity. As PSCs are transitioning from research to industrial-scale production, there is an important opportunity to establish sustainable manufacturing pathways. Here, we present a closed-loop framework for the development of environmentally sustainable PSCs and highlight strategies to achieve this vision. First, we analyse the sourcing of raw materials and compare two established PSC fabrication techniques, vapour-phase deposition and solution processing, evaluating their respective advantages and limitations in terms of economic feasibility and environmental impact. Second, we examine solution processing methods, focusing on solvent system design for the preparation of high-quality perovskite films and on the use of non-hazardous or less-hazardous solvents. Third, we examine potential lead-release concerns during PSC operation and discuss approaches to minimize associated environmental risks. Fourth, we summarize effective recycling methods for main PSC components to support a circular production model. Finally, we identify key challenges and outline future research directions to achieve fully sustainable, closed-loop PSC technologies. The transition of perovskite solar cells from laboratory research to industrial-scale production creates an important opportunity to prioritize sustainability. This Review introduces a closed-loop framework, addressing material sourcing, fabrication methods, solvent design, lead-risk mitigation, recycling strategies and future directions.
{"title":"Closed-loop manufacturing for sustainable perovskite photovoltaics","authors":"Bo Li \u0000 (, ), Danpeng Gao \u0000 (, ), Chunlei Zhang \u0000 (, ), Zexin Yu \u0000 (, ), Martin Stolterfoht, Yen Hung Lin \u0000 (, ), Markus Lenz, Henry J. Snaith, Zonglong Zhu \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00872-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00872-5","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as a particularly promising technology to enhance the world’s renewable energy generation capacity. As PSCs are transitioning from research to industrial-scale production, there is an important opportunity to establish sustainable manufacturing pathways. Here, we present a closed-loop framework for the development of environmentally sustainable PSCs and highlight strategies to achieve this vision. First, we analyse the sourcing of raw materials and compare two established PSC fabrication techniques, vapour-phase deposition and solution processing, evaluating their respective advantages and limitations in terms of economic feasibility and environmental impact. Second, we examine solution processing methods, focusing on solvent system design for the preparation of high-quality perovskite films and on the use of non-hazardous or less-hazardous solvents. Third, we examine potential lead-release concerns during PSC operation and discuss approaches to minimize associated environmental risks. Fourth, we summarize effective recycling methods for main PSC components to support a circular production model. Finally, we identify key challenges and outline future research directions to achieve fully sustainable, closed-loop PSC technologies. The transition of perovskite solar cells from laboratory research to industrial-scale production creates an important opportunity to prioritize sustainability. This Review introduces a closed-loop framework, addressing material sourcing, fabrication methods, solvent design, lead-risk mitigation, recycling strategies and future directions.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":"10-25"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145931216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00866-3
Dongyang Wang (, ), Chong-an Di (, )
Organic thermoelectric materials are transitioning from laboratory prototypes towards practical devices and could potentially surpass the performance of their inorganic counterparts near room temperature. Research priorities include probing the thermoelectric conversion limit of soft materials, designing organic thermoelectrics for precise temperature control and exploring applications beyond conventional power generation.
{"title":"Next steps for organic thermoelectrics","authors":"Dongyang Wang \u0000 (, ), Chong-an Di \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00866-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00866-3","url":null,"abstract":"Organic thermoelectric materials are transitioning from laboratory prototypes towards practical devices and could potentially surpass the performance of their inorganic counterparts near room temperature. Research priorities include probing the thermoelectric conversion limit of soft materials, designing organic thermoelectrics for precise temperature control and exploring applications beyond conventional power generation.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00864-5
Brian P. Bloom, Magalí Lingenfelder, Ron Naaman, Dali Sun, David H. Waldeck
Research on electrical energy conversion, storage and generation dates back to the nineteenth century, but only in recent years have scientists begun to investigate the impact of electron spin on these processes. The ability to control and manipulate this intrinsically quantum property of matter opens new approaches to addressing energy science challenges. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect is central to this effort, as it enables control over the transport and generation of both pure spin currents and spin-polarized charge currents. In this Review, we first introduce design strategies for implementing CISS in materials and then describe examples of how CISS has been used to improve electrocatalysis and spintronics. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on the next steps for leveraging CISS in energy science. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect offers a unique approach to control and manipulate electron spin properties. In this Review, we summarize how the CISS effect is being leveraged to improve efficiency in energy science technologies.
{"title":"Using chiral-induced spin selectivity as a tool to improve materials and processes for energy science","authors":"Brian P. Bloom, Magalí Lingenfelder, Ron Naaman, Dali Sun, David H. Waldeck","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00864-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00864-5","url":null,"abstract":"Research on electrical energy conversion, storage and generation dates back to the nineteenth century, but only in recent years have scientists begun to investigate the impact of electron spin on these processes. The ability to control and manipulate this intrinsically quantum property of matter opens new approaches to addressing energy science challenges. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect is central to this effort, as it enables control over the transport and generation of both pure spin currents and spin-polarized charge currents. In this Review, we first introduce design strategies for implementing CISS in materials and then describe examples of how CISS has been used to improve electrocatalysis and spintronics. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on the next steps for leveraging CISS in energy science. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect offers a unique approach to control and manipulate electron spin properties. In this Review, we summarize how the CISS effect is being leveraged to improve efficiency in energy science technologies.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"11 3","pages":"213-225"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00863-6
Eleonora Macchia, Luisa Torsi
Potentiometric immunoassays, largely based on field-effect-transistor (FET) technologies, have demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving limits of detection (LODs) in the 10–100 zeptomolar range — surpassing established methods such as ELISA-based assays. However, despite more than three decades of research, no immuno-FET technology has yet reached commercial implementation. This Perspective critically examines studies on immuno-FETs across organic, inorganic and 2D-material platforms, focusing on devices with a millimetre-scale detection interface, either metallic (gate electrode) or semiconducting (channel material), biofunctionalized with trillions of capturing antibodies. Two distinct sensing regimes can be identified: a double-layer regime, effective at nanomolar antigen concentrations; and a pH-shift (ΔpH)-enabled regime, which allows detection of a single molecule or a few molecules in a droplet. In both regimes, the threshold voltage shifts proportionally to the logarithm of antigen concentration. However, owing to the non-conducting electronic–ionic interface, the system deviates from Nernstian behaviour, making quantification challenging. The double-layer regime relies on antigen mass stacking on top of the capturing layer, whereas the ΔpH-enabled regime features an amplification within the capturing 2D layer, where pH conditioning enables ultralow LODs. In this regime, immuno-FETs are competitive for qualitative, single-molecule point-of-care diagnostics. Controlling the capturing interface and understanding the biochemical amplification effects underpinning the ΔpH-enabled regime is essential for improving the reliability of FET-based immunoassays. Potentiometric immunoassays using field-effect transistors offer ultrasensitive protein detection for point-of-care and early diagnostics. This Perspective introduces a framework distinguishing a double-layer regime active at nanomolar antigen concentrations and a ΔpH-enabled regime active at sub-femtomolar concentrations, and examines the potential underlying mechanisms.
{"title":"Sensing regimes in potentiometric immunoassays","authors":"Eleonora Macchia, Luisa Torsi","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00863-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00863-6","url":null,"abstract":"Potentiometric immunoassays, largely based on field-effect-transistor (FET) technologies, have demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving limits of detection (LODs) in the 10–100 zeptomolar range — surpassing established methods such as ELISA-based assays. However, despite more than three decades of research, no immuno-FET technology has yet reached commercial implementation. This Perspective critically examines studies on immuno-FETs across organic, inorganic and 2D-material platforms, focusing on devices with a millimetre-scale detection interface, either metallic (gate electrode) or semiconducting (channel material), biofunctionalized with trillions of capturing antibodies. Two distinct sensing regimes can be identified: a double-layer regime, effective at nanomolar antigen concentrations; and a pH-shift (ΔpH)-enabled regime, which allows detection of a single molecule or a few molecules in a droplet. In both regimes, the threshold voltage shifts proportionally to the logarithm of antigen concentration. However, owing to the non-conducting electronic–ionic interface, the system deviates from Nernstian behaviour, making quantification challenging. The double-layer regime relies on antigen mass stacking on top of the capturing layer, whereas the ΔpH-enabled regime features an amplification within the capturing 2D layer, where pH conditioning enables ultralow LODs. In this regime, immuno-FETs are competitive for qualitative, single-molecule point-of-care diagnostics. Controlling the capturing interface and understanding the biochemical amplification effects underpinning the ΔpH-enabled regime is essential for improving the reliability of FET-based immunoassays. Potentiometric immunoassays using field-effect transistors offer ultrasensitive protein detection for point-of-care and early diagnostics. This Perspective introduces a framework distinguishing a double-layer regime active at nanomolar antigen concentrations and a ΔpH-enabled regime active at sub-femtomolar concentrations, and examines the potential underlying mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"11 3","pages":"226-243"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00865-4
André Luis Christoforo, Victor De Araujo
{"title":"Towards sustainable and high-performance engineered wood products for the construction sector","authors":"André Luis Christoforo, Victor De Araujo","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00865-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-025-00865-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":83.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00870-7
Charlotte Allard
An article in Science Robotics reports a modular DNA origami nanorobot design that uses spring-loaded arrays to execute programmable, multistep operations in response to diverse molecular signals.
{"title":"Executing multistep tasks with DNA origami nanorobots","authors":"Charlotte Allard","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00870-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00870-7","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Science Robotics reports a modular DNA origami nanorobot design that uses spring-loaded arrays to execute programmable, multistep operations in response to diverse molecular signals.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"10 12","pages":"886-886"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00869-0
Charlotte Allard
An article in Advanced Materials introduces a soft hydrogel microrobot that assembles 3D cell spheroids, delivers localized photothermal stimulation and provides real-time temperature sensing.
{"title":"Dynamic control of 3D cell cultures","authors":"Charlotte Allard","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00869-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00869-0","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Advanced Materials introduces a soft hydrogel microrobot that assembles 3D cell spheroids, delivers localized photothermal stimulation and provides real-time temperature sensing.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"10 12","pages":"885-885"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00871-6
Ariane Vartanian
An article in the Journal of Physical Chemistry B investigates the random walking dynamics of a DNA nanorobot on a two-dimensional nanopore track.
《物理化学杂志B》上的一篇文章研究了DNA纳米机器人在二维纳米孔轨道上的随机行走动力学。
{"title":"DNA nanorobots walk randomly around nanopore tracks","authors":"Ariane Vartanian","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00871-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00871-6","url":null,"abstract":"An article in the Journal of Physical Chemistry B investigates the random walking dynamics of a DNA nanorobot on a two-dimensional nanopore track.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"10 12","pages":"887-887"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145594116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1038/s41578-025-00867-2
Giulia Pacchioni
An article in Science presents a magnetically guided microrobot platform that integrates navigation, therapeutic delivery and imaging under clinical conditions.
《科学》杂志上的一篇文章介绍了一种磁引导微型机器人平台，它在临床条件下集成了导航、治疗递送和成像。
{"title":"Magnetic microrobots approach the clinic","authors":"Giulia Pacchioni","doi":"10.1038/s41578-025-00867-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41578-025-00867-2","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Science presents a magnetically guided microrobot platform that integrates navigation, therapeutic delivery and imaging under clinical conditions.","PeriodicalId":19081,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Materials","volume":"10 12","pages":"883-883"},"PeriodicalIF":86.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：