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Untangling the chemical complexity of plastics to improve life cycle outcomes 解开塑料化学的复杂性,改善生命周期结果
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00705-x
Kara Lavender Law, Margaret J. Sobkowicz, Michael P. Shaver, Mark E. Hahn
A diversity of chemicals are intentionally added to plastics to enhance their properties and aid in manufacture. Yet the accumulated chemical composition of these materials is essentially unknown even to those within the supply chain, let alone to consumers or recyclers. Recent legislated and voluntary commitments to increase recycled content in plastic products highlight the practical challenges wrought by these chemical mixtures, amid growing public concern about the impacts of plastic-associated chemicals on environmental and human health. In this Perspective, we offer guidance for plastics manufacturers to collaborate across sectors and critically assess their use of added chemicals. The ultimate goal is to use fewer and better additives to promote a circular plastics economy with minimal risk to humans and the environment. Additives are essential to the diverse use of plastics, yet pose risks to health and recycling quality. Collaboration across supply chains, disclosure of composition and risks, and improved additive design can enable more sustainable plastics.
人们有意在塑料中添加各种化学物质,以增强其性能并帮助生产。然而,即使是供应链上的企业,也基本上不知道这些材料累积的化学成分,更不用说消费者或回收商了。在公众日益关注塑料相关化学物质对环境和人类健康影响的同时,近期关于增加塑料产品中可回收成分的立法承诺和自愿承诺也凸显了这些化学混合物带来的实际挑战。在本《视角》中,我们将指导塑料制造商开展跨行业合作,并严格评估其对添加化学品的使用。最终目标是使用更少、更好的添加剂,促进塑料循环经济的发展,将对人类和环境造成的风险降至最低。
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引用次数: 0
Dielectric breakdown of oxide films in electronic devices 电子设备中氧化膜的介电击穿
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00702-0
Andrea Padovani, Paolo La Torraca, Jack Strand, Luca Larcher, Alexander L. Shluger
Dielectric breakdown is a sudden and catastrophic increase in the conductivity of an insulator caused by electrical stress. It is one of the major reliability issues in electronic devices using insulating films as gate insulators and in energy and memory capacitors. Despite extensive studies, our understanding of the physical mechanisms driving the breakdown process remains incomplete, and atomistic models describing the dielectric breakdown are controversial. This Review surveys the enormous amount of data and knowledge accumulated from experimental and theoretical studies of dielectric breakdown in different insulating materials, focusing on describing phenomenological models and novel computational approaches. Dielectric breakdown is a major reliability issue in electronic devices. This Review discusses the data and knowledge accumulated from experimental and theoretical studies of dielectric breakdown in different insulating materials, with a focus on phenomenological models and novel computational approaches.
介电击穿是指绝缘体的导电性因电应力而突然发生的灾难性增长。它是使用绝缘薄膜作为栅极绝缘体的电子设备以及能量和记忆电容器中的主要可靠性问题之一。尽管进行了广泛的研究,但我们对驱动击穿过程的物理机制的了解仍然不全面,而且描述介电击穿的原子模型也存在争议。本综述概述了不同绝缘材料介电击穿实验和理论研究积累的大量数据和知识,重点介绍现象学模型和新型计算方法。
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引用次数: 0
Boosting the performance of plastic thermoelectrics 提高塑料热电半导体的性能
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00716-8
Giulia Pacchioni
An article in Nature presents a polymeric thermoelectric material with a figure of merit of 1.28.
自然》杂志上的一篇文章介绍了一种性能系数为 1.28 的聚合物热电材料。
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引用次数: 0
Activity versus stability of atomically dispersed transition-metal electrocatalysts 原子分散过渡金属电催化剂的活性与稳定性
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00703-z
Gang Wu, Piotr Zelenay
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells operating on clean and sustainable hydrogen are an attractive solution for clean transportation. However, polymer electrolyte fuel cells are costly owing to the use of considerable amounts of platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts, which are needed to catalyse the very slow oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode. The most attractive path in that regard is a complete replacement of precious metal catalysts by PGM-free materials with similar or better performance. Since 2010, numerous promising catalysts have been proposed for PGM-free electrocatalysis. However, the best-performing catalysts do not yet meet the requirements of practical systems. One important hurdle in catalyst discovery is relying heavily on empirical rather than rational design-based approaches. This Perspective article focuses on the most promising PGM-free oxygen reduction reaction catalysts based on atomically dispersed, nitrogen-coordinated single-atom metal sites (M–N–C catalysts). We specifically concentrate on the active-site structure and critical factors governing catalytic activity and performance durability. We propose potentially effective strategies for improving performance by controlling the catalyst structure at the atomic scale, mesoscale and nanoscale. We highlight the importance of overcoming often-observed activity–stability trade-offs and the importance of advanced modelling for the rational design of catalysts. Platinum group metal-free electrocatalysts that utilize atomically dispersed, nitrogen-coordinated transition-metal sites in carbon are a promising replacement for platinum-based oxygen reduction reaction catalysts in fuel cells. This Perspective article offers a concise discussion on addressing remaining challenges related to activity–stability trade-offs by precisely controlling catalyst structures at multiple scales.
以清洁和可持续的氢为燃料的聚合物电解质燃料电池是清洁交通的一种极具吸引力的解决方案。然而,聚合物电解质燃料电池成本高昂,因为需要使用大量的铂族金属催化剂,以催化阴极非常缓慢的氧还原反应。在这方面,最有吸引力的途径是用性能相似或更好的不含铂族金属的材料完全取代贵金属催化剂。自 2010 年以来,已经提出了许多有前途的无 PGM 电催化催化剂。然而,性能最好的催化剂还不能满足实际系统的要求。催化剂发现过程中的一个重要障碍是严重依赖经验而非基于理性的设计方法。本视角文章重点介绍基于原子分散的氮配位单原子金属位点(M-N-C 催化剂)的最有前途的无 PGM 氧还原反应催化剂。我们特别关注活性位点结构以及影响催化活性和性能耐久性的关键因素。我们提出了通过在原子尺度、中观尺度和纳米尺度上控制催化剂结构来提高性能的潜在有效策略。我们强调了克服经常观察到的活性-稳定性权衡的重要性,以及先进建模对催化剂合理设计的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Sensing how an embryo takes shape 感知胚胎如何成形
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00712-y
Ariane Vartanian
An article in Nature Materials describes the bioprinting of hydrogel force sensors directly into the tissues of live embryos to quantify the mechanical forces driving morphogenesis.
自然-材料》(Nature Materials)杂志上的一篇文章介绍了直接在活胚胎组织中生物打印水凝胶力传感器,以量化驱动形态发生的机械力。
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引用次数: 0
Hidden triplet states at hybrid organic–inorganic interfaces 有机-无机混合界面上的隐藏三重态
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00704-y
Guochen Bao, Renren Deng, Dayong Jin, Xiaogang Liu
Triplet states have been widely studied in phosphorescent molecules, lanthanide complexes and triplet–triplet annihilation systems, in which they have a critical role in energy transfer processes. However, advances have also shed light on their importance in organic–inorganic hybrid materials, wherein they can be used for decoding energy transfer mechanisms, enhancing interfacial energy transfer and attaining new properties. In this Review, we provide an overview of triplet properties, activation strategies and regulatory approaches. Our focus is on their crucial contribution to organic–inorganic hybrids, including inorganic semiconductor-sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation, the utilization of triplet reservoirs for thermally activated delayed photoluminescence, singlet exciton fission-induced silicon sensitization, dye-triplet-mediated upconversion nanoparticles, and other triplet systems. We discuss potential applications, exciting challenges, and opportunities for the advancement of triplet-mediated organic–inorganic hybrid materials. Triplet states are crucial for enhancing interfacial energy transfer and enabling the development of organic–inorganic hybrid materials with improved properties. This Review examines the properties of triplet states, strategies for controlling these ‘hidden’ states, their role in interfacial energy transfer, and the associated challenges and future opportunities.
三重态在磷光分子、镧系元素复合物和三重-三重湮灭系统中被广泛研究,它们在能量传递过程中发挥着关键作用。然而,研究进展也揭示了它们在有机-无机杂化材料中的重要性,它们可用于解码能量传递机制、增强界面能量传递和获得新的特性。在本综述中,我们将概述三重态特性、活化策略和调控方法。我们的重点是三重子对有机-无机混合物的重要贡献,包括无机半导体敏化三重子-三重子湮灭、热激活延迟光致发光三重子库的利用、单激子裂变诱导的硅敏化、染料-三重子介导的上转换纳米粒子以及其他三重子系统。我们讨论了三重子介导的有机-无机混合材料的潜在应用、令人兴奋的挑战和发展机遇。
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引用次数: 0
A biomass-derived material for passive radiative cooling 一种用于被动辐射冷却的生物质材料
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00710-0
Charlotte Allard
An article in Science presents a sustainable biomass-derived material for efficient passive radiative cooling.
科学》杂志上的一篇文章介绍了一种用于高效被动辐射冷却的可持续生物质衍生材料。
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引用次数: 0
3D cell networks advance bone-on-a-chip 三维细胞网络推动片上骨骼发展
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00709-7
Sunjie Ye
An article in Nature Communications presents a synthetic biodegradable void-forming hydrogel that supports in vitro formation of 3D networks from human primary cells for bone-on-a-chip applications.
自然-通讯》(Nature Communications)上的一篇文章介绍了一种人工合成的可生物降解空隙形成水凝胶,这种水凝胶可支持人体原代细胞在体外形成三维网络,用于片上骨应用。
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引用次数: 0
Cool pigments as an urban heat island mitigation strategy for population health 清凉颜料作为城市热岛缓解战略,促进人口健康
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00707-9
Joya A. Cooley, Mojgan Sami
‘Cool’ pigments are a potential rapid mitigation strategy for urban areas that experience excessive heat. The impacts of this technology extend beyond infrastructure to moderate public health risks of excessive heat in vulnerable neighbourhoods. Broadly, team science and interdisciplinary collaboration are key to addressing society’s urgent issues, including climate change.
降温 "颜料是一种潜在的快速缓解城市地区过热问题的策略。这项技术的影响不仅仅局限于基础设施,还能缓和脆弱社区因过度炎热而带来的公共健康风险。总的来说,团队科学和跨学科合作是解决气候变化等社会紧迫问题的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Moiré materials keep on giving 摩尔纹材料源源不断
IF 79.8 1区 材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-024-00698-7
Thanks to improved control of device fabrication and an expanding characterization toolbox, moiré materials stay in the spotlight as we discover more about the unique phenomena they realize.
由于设备制造控制的改进和表征工具箱的不断扩大,摩尔纹材料一直是我们关注的焦点,因为我们发现了更多关于它们实现的独特现象。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Nature Reviews Materials
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