首页 > 最新文献

Natural Science最新文献

英文 中文
Lift Force at Equatorial Sea Level Due to Compressed Air Dynamics of the Trade Wind’s Boundary Layer 由信风边界层压缩空气动力学引起的赤道海平面升力
Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.136015
K. Kenyon
Starting with a recent unconventional explanation of the lift force on a wing, featuring compressibility of the air, an application of the same concept is made to the lift force on the equatorial sea surface due to the Trade Winds, by greatly increasing the spatial scales. If the equatorial sea level does rise up, the northward slope to the sea level should facilitate the poleward flux of summer heat in both the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, as two examples, in accordance with the heat budget requirements of these oceans. Compressed air dynamics consists of Bernoulli’s law applied to the streamlines of the Trade Winds, the force balance between the upward centrifugal force of the curved streamlines at the earth’s surface and a downward pressure force, and the perfect gas law for air.
从最近对机翼上的升力的非常规解释开始,以空气的可压缩性为特征,将相同的概念应用于赤道海面上由于信风而产生的升力,通过大大增加空间尺度。如果赤道海平面确实上升,海平面向北的坡度应该有利于北太平洋和北大西洋的夏季热量向极地流动,作为两个例子,这符合这两个海洋的热量收支要求。压缩空气动力学包括适用于信风流线的伯努利定律,地球表面弯曲流线向上的离心力与向下的压力之间的力平衡,以及空气的完美气体定律。
{"title":"Lift Force at Equatorial Sea Level Due to Compressed Air Dynamics of the Trade Wind’s Boundary Layer","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.136015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.136015","url":null,"abstract":"Starting with a recent unconventional explanation of the lift force on a wing, featuring compressibility of the air, an application of the same concept is made to the lift force on the equatorial sea surface due to the Trade Winds, by greatly increasing the spatial scales. If the equatorial sea level does rise up, the northward slope to the sea level should facilitate the poleward flux of summer heat in both the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, as two examples, in accordance with the heat budget requirements of these oceans. Compressed air dynamics consists of Bernoulli’s law applied to the streamlines of the Trade Winds, the force balance between the upward centrifugal force of the curved streamlines at the earth’s surface and a downward pressure force, and the perfect gas law for air.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"33 1","pages":"191-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87212257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Thermophysical Properties and Supercritical Heat Transfer Characteristics of R515A R515A的热物性及超临界传热特性
Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.4236/ns.2021.136019
A. Ibrahim, Peng Hu, Yiran Jiang, F. Saleem, A. Riaz, Yifang Dong, Lei Jia, Panpan Zhao
The heat transfer of supercritical fluids is a vastly growing field, specifically to find suitable alternative to replace conventional R134a, which can be beneficial for climate change. A considerable suggestion is R515A which possesses considerably lower global warming potential. The present simulations are designed to study supercritical fluid R515A under cooling conditions in horizontal position. The effect of pressure, mass flux, heat flux and tube diameter were considered for horizontal tube in the vicinity of pseudo critical temperature. Numerical investigations on heat transfer characteristics of supercritical fluid R515A were performed using widely used shear-stress transport (SST) model. Moreover, heat transfer correlations were developed and suggested to accurately predict Nusselt number within 10% accuracy. The simulation results showed about 3.98% average absolute deviation.
超临界流体的传热是一个巨大的发展领域,特别是寻找合适的替代品来取代传统的R134a,这可能有利于气候变化。一个值得考虑的建议是R515A,它具有相当低的全球变暖潜能值。本文模拟研究的是水平位置冷却条件下的超临界流体R515A。考虑了准临界温度附近水平管的压力、质量通量、热流密度和管径的影响。采用剪切应力输运(SST)模型对超临界流体R515A的传热特性进行了数值研究。此外,建立了传热相关性,并建议在10%的精度内准确预测努塞尔数。仿真结果表明,平均绝对偏差约为3.98%。
{"title":"Thermophysical Properties and Supercritical Heat Transfer Characteristics of R515A","authors":"A. Ibrahim, Peng Hu, Yiran Jiang, F. Saleem, A. Riaz, Yifang Dong, Lei Jia, Panpan Zhao","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.136019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.136019","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000heat transfer of supercritical fluids is a vastly growing field, specifically \u0000to find suitable alternative to replace \u0000conventional R134a, which can be beneficial for climate change. A considerable \u0000suggestion is R515A which possesses considerably lower global warming \u0000potential. The present simulations are designed to study supercritical fluid \u0000R515A under cooling conditions in horizontal position. The effect of pressure, \u0000mass flux, heat flux and tube diameter were considered for horizontal tube in \u0000the vicinity of pseudo critical temperature. Numerical investigations on heat transfer characteristics of supercritical \u0000fluid R515A were performed using widely used shear-stress transport \u0000(SST) model. Moreover, heat transfer correlations were developed and suggested to accurately predict Nusselt number within \u000010% accuracy. The simulation results showed about 3.98% average absolute \u0000deviation.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81523207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Preliminary Analyses of Expression of Learning and Memory Related Genes in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Free-Choice Learning Paradigms 自由选择学习模式下蜜蜂学习记忆相关基因表达的初步分析
Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.136016
T. Black, Medhat Radi, Amanda Somers, C. Abramson
Honey bees are an established animal model for studying learning and memory related behaviors. In recent years, honey bees have become more common as a model for investigations of molecular biology, including gene expression. Honey bees have been used to extrapolate genetic functions found in other invertebrates, such as Drosophila melanogaster. The honey bee model has also provided a means for isolating novel genes, including non-coding microRNA fragments. Integrating the study of learning and memory with molecular genetics, the present work examines the effect of learning acquisition and memory consolidation in free-choice paradigms on the expression of a suite of genes of interest. Results suggest that short-term learning acquisition causes differential expression of microRNA fragments, while memory consolidation differentially affects the expression of the serine/threonine protein kinase gene in honey bees. These results corroborate previous findings suggesting the importance of protein kinases in the formation of long term memory, and suggest that microRNA may play a large role in regulation of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins.
蜜蜂是研究学习和记忆相关行为的既定动物模型。近年来,蜜蜂作为分子生物学(包括基因表达)研究的模型变得越来越普遍。蜜蜂已经被用来推断其他无脊椎动物的遗传功能,比如黑腹果蝇。蜜蜂模型也为分离新基因提供了一种手段,包括非编码microRNA片段。将学习和记忆的研究与分子遗传学相结合,本研究考察了自由选择范式中学习习得和记忆巩固对一系列感兴趣基因表达的影响。结果表明,短期学习习得导致了microRNA片段的差异表达,而记忆巩固对蜜蜂丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因的表达有差异影响。这些结果证实了先前的研究结果,即蛋白激酶在长期记忆形成中的重要性,并表明microRNA可能在细胞骨架支架蛋白的调节中发挥重要作用。
{"title":"Preliminary Analyses of Expression of Learning and Memory Related Genes in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Free-Choice Learning Paradigms","authors":"T. Black, Medhat Radi, Amanda Somers, C. Abramson","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.136016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.136016","url":null,"abstract":"Honey bees are an \u0000established animal model for studying learning and memory related behaviors. In \u0000recent years, honey bees have become more common as a model for investigations \u0000of molecular biology, including gene expression. Honey bees have been used to \u0000extrapolate genetic functions found in other invertebrates, such as Drosophila melanogaster. The honey bee \u0000model has also provided a means for isolating novel genes, including non-coding \u0000microRNA fragments. Integrating the study of learning and memory with molecular \u0000genetics, the present work examines the effect of learning acquisition and \u0000memory consolidation in free-choice paradigms \u0000on the expression of a suite of genes of interest. Results suggest that \u0000short-term learning acquisition causes differential expression of microRNA \u0000fragments, while memory consolidation \u0000differentially affects the expression of the serine/threonine protein \u0000kinase gene in honey bees. These results corroborate previous findings \u0000suggesting the importance of protein kinases in the formation of long term \u0000memory, and suggest that microRNA may play a large role in regulation of \u0000cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"194-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81983971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Petrophysical Tutorial, Lessons Learned, and Evaluation Workflow: A Case Study in the Power River Basin 岩石物理教程,经验教训和评估工作流程:Power河流域的案例研究
Pub Date : 2021-05-08 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.135014
S. Perry, M. White
The objective is to empower the reader and scientific community with the knowledge and specific applicable equations to then reproduce the critical rock and fluid attributes in the Powder River Basin. To then continue to unravel the basin and its potential (both conventionally and unconventionally). The overall goal is to ensure the transfer of knowledge and communication of a petrophysical workflow that can then also influence application to other basins worldwide. The Powder River Basin is in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming and is a prolific oil and gas (hydrocarbon-prone) sedimentary basin related to the greater Rockies chain/series of hydrocarbon-bearing basins (ex. Big Horn, Greater Green River, Denver-Jules). In this study, we briefly set-up the geological background of the Powder River Basin and the importance/ relevance to then tackling subsurface petrophysical evaluation on a regional scale. Approximately, 200 wells were evaluated petrophysically by a combined deterministic and inversion-based workflow representing an effort to share best practices, approaches, and the relative trends to apply in the basin to unravel the stratigraphic hydrocarbon potential in place. An extensive workflow involving basic petrophysical approaches such as raw log applicable cutoffs and volume of clay determination are shared as well as extending knowledge and application into advanced petrophysics through geochemical property derivation and impact of those derived properties as well as bound versus free water and hydrocarbon understanding. Results of the petrophysical analysis highlight the varying properties in conventional and unconventional formations (example Niobrara). The results of how and why the petrophysical approach was calibrated and then applied are the primary efforts accomplished.
其目的是为读者和科学界提供知识和具体适用的方程,从而重现粉末河流域的关键岩石和流体属性。然后继续解开盆地及其潜力(包括常规和非常规)。总体目标是确保岩石物理工作流程的知识传递和交流,从而影响到全球其他盆地的应用。Powder River盆地位于蒙大拿州东南部和怀俄明州东北部,是一个丰富的油气(含油气)沉积盆地,与大落基山脉链/系列含油气盆地(如Big Horn, greater Green River, Denver-Jules)有关。本文简要介绍了粉河盆地的地质背景及其在区域尺度上进行地下岩石物理评价的重要性和相关性。通过结合确定性和基于反演的工作流程,对大约200口井进行了岩石物理评估,以分享最佳实践、方法和相关趋势,以便在盆地中应用,以揭示地层油气潜力。广泛的工作流程包括基本的岩石物理方法,如原始测井曲线的适用截止点和粘土体积的测定,以及通过地球化学性质推导和这些性质的影响,以及束缚水和自由烃的理解,将知识和应用扩展到高级岩石物理中。岩石物理分析结果强调了常规和非常规地层(例如Niobrara)的不同性质。岩石物理方法是如何校准的,为什么要校准,然后应用,这些都是主要的工作。
{"title":"Petrophysical Tutorial, Lessons Learned, and Evaluation Workflow: A Case Study in the Power River Basin","authors":"S. Perry, M. White","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.135014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.135014","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000objective is to empower the reader and scientific community with the knowledge \u0000and specific applicable equations to then reproduce the critical rock and fluid \u0000attributes in the Powder River Basin. To then continue to unravel the basin and \u0000its potential (both conventionally and unconventionally). The overall goal is \u0000to ensure the transfer of knowledge and communication \u0000of a petrophysical workflow that can then also influence application to other \u0000basins worldwide. The Powder River Basin is \u0000in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming and is a prolific oil and gas \u0000(hydrocarbon-prone) sedimentary basin related to the greater Rockies chain/series of hydrocarbon-bearing \u0000basins (ex. Big Horn, Greater Green River, Denver-Jules). In this study, we briefly set-up the geological \u0000background of the Powder River Basin and the importance/ relevance to then \u0000tackling subsurface petrophysical evaluation on a regional scale. Approximately, \u0000200 wells were evaluated petrophysically by a combined deterministic and \u0000inversion-based workflow representing an effort to share best practices, approaches, and the relative trends to apply in the \u0000basin to unravel the stratigraphic hydrocarbon potential in place. An extensive \u0000workflow involving basic petrophysical approaches such as raw log applicable \u0000cutoffs and volume of clay determination are shared as well as extending knowledge and application into advanced \u0000petrophysics through geochemical property derivation and impact of those \u0000derived properties as well as bound versus free water and hydrocarbon understanding. Results of the petrophysical \u0000analysis highlight the varying properties in conventional and unconventional \u0000formations (example Niobrara). The results of how and why the petrophysical \u0000approach was calibrated and then applied are the primary efforts accomplished.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"140-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91059964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of the Instrument Slit Function on Upwelling Radiance from a Wavelength Dependent Surface Reflectance 仪器狭缝函数对波长相关表面反射率上涌辐射的影响
Pub Date : 2021-04-14 DOI: 10.4236/ns.2022.143013
R. Jagpal, R. Siddiqui, S. Abrarov, B. Quine
The Radiance Enhancement (RE) method was introduced for ef-ficient detection of clouds from the space. Recently, we have also re-ported that due to high reflectance of combustion-originated smokes, this approach can also be generalized for detection of the forest fires by retrieving and analyzing datasets collected from a space orbiting micro-spectrometer operating in the near infrared spectral range. In our previous publication, we have performed a comparison of observed and synthetic radiance spectra by developing a method for computation of surface reflectance consisting of different canopies by weighted sum based on their areal coverage. However, this approach should be justified by a method based on corresponding proportions of the upwelling radiance. The results of computations we performed in this study reveal a good match between areal coverage of canopies and the corresponding proportions of the upwelling radiance due to effect of the instrument slit function.
为了从空间有效地探测云层,提出了辐射增强(RE)方法。最近,我们还报道了由于燃烧烟雾的高反射率,该方法也可以推广到通过检索和分析近红外光谱范围内空间轨道微型光谱仪收集的数据集来检测森林火灾。在我们之前的出版物中,我们通过开发一种基于面积覆盖的加权和计算由不同冠层组成的表面反射率的方法,对观测和合成的辐射光谱进行了比较。然而,这种方法应该通过一种基于上涌辐射的相应比例的方法来证明。本研究的计算结果表明,由于仪器狭缝函数的影响,冠层的面积覆盖与上升流辐射的相应比例之间具有良好的匹配关系。
{"title":"Effect of the Instrument Slit Function on Upwelling Radiance from a Wavelength Dependent Surface Reflectance","authors":"R. Jagpal, R. Siddiqui, S. Abrarov, B. Quine","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.143013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.143013","url":null,"abstract":"The Radiance Enhancement (RE) method was introduced for ef-ficient detection of clouds from the space. Recently, we have also re-ported that due to high reflectance of combustion-originated smokes, this approach can also be generalized for detection of the forest fires by retrieving and analyzing datasets collected from a space orbiting micro-spectrometer operating in the near infrared spectral range. In our previous publication, we have performed a comparison of observed and synthetic radiance spectra by developing a method for computation of surface reflectance consisting of different canopies by weighted sum based on their areal coverage. However, this approach should be justified by a method based on corresponding proportions of the upwelling radiance. The results of computations we performed in this study reveal a good match between areal coverage of canopies and the corresponding proportions of the upwelling radiance due to effect of the instrument slit function.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81109734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Rotating Translating Cones 旋转平移锥
Pub Date : 2021-04-12 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.134012
K. Kenyon
A first attempt has been made to confirm experimentally a theoretical concept, recently published, involving a rigid cone rotating about its long axis under still water: it should tend to translate along that axis blunt end leading and apex trailing. Two identical hollow cones, neutrally buoyant, with equal weights attached to the apexes, were released simultaneously at the surface of a swimming pool. One cone had a thin light weight spiral vane vertically attached to the cone’s outside surface in order to cause it to rotate as it sank. Several trial runs were made in the shallow and deep ends of the pool, and in every case, the non-rotating cone without a vane hit the bottom of the pool first. These comparisons qualitatively and indirectly validate the prediction.
最近发表的一个理论概念,涉及到一个刚性圆锥在静水中绕其长轴旋转:它应该倾向于沿该轴转动,末端是钝的,顶端是拖着的。两个相同的空心球果,具有中性浮力,顶端附有相等的重量,同时被释放在游泳池的表面。一个圆锥体在圆锥体的外表面垂直地附着了一个薄而轻的螺旋叶片,以便使圆锥体在下沉时旋转。在水池的浅端和深端进行了几次试验,在每种情况下,没有叶片的非旋转锥体都首先击中了池底。这些比较定性和间接地验证了预测。
{"title":"Rotating Translating Cones","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.134012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.134012","url":null,"abstract":"A \u0000first attempt has been made to confirm experimentally a theoretical concept, \u0000recently published, involving a rigid cone rotating about its long axis under \u0000still water: it should tend to translate along that axis blunt end leading and \u0000apex trailing. Two identical hollow cones, neutrally buoyant, with equal \u0000weights attached to the apexes, were released simultaneously at the surface of \u0000a swimming pool. One cone had a thin light weight spiral vane vertically \u0000attached to the cone’s outside surface in order to cause it to rotate as it \u0000sank. Several trial runs were made in the shallow and deep ends of the pool, \u0000and in every case, the non-rotating cone without a vane hit the bottom of the \u0000pool first. These comparisons qualitatively and indirectly validate the \u0000prediction.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"39 4 1","pages":"133-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86376151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Astrophysical Processes of Cosmological Hydrogen that Generate the Chemical Elements that Make up the Universe 宇宙氢产生构成宇宙的化学元素的天体物理过程
Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.133010
M. J. Gómez, Salvador Galindo Uribarri, Olga B. Benítez López
The objective of the present article is to explain how all the chemical elements were formed from the big bang generated element: hydrogen. The methodology used was to analyze the main cosmological and astrophysical processes in order to explain the origin of all the known chemical elements. The main results are: Hydrogen cannot be formed in any part of the actual universe; it must come from the Big Bang. Helium and a little bit of lithium can have a cosmological origin associated to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the recombination process. The elements with an atomic number between 3 and 26 were, and continue to be, synthetized by nuclear fusion reactions inside the core of massive stars and liberated by explosion when the stars go supernovae, at the end of their lives. In the process of going supernova, elements with a medium atomic number, between 27 and 40, are created. All the elements with an atomic number larger than 40 were generated by neutron star collisions. When Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer designed an ordered arrangement of chemical elements, their tables included the 63 chemical elements known in 1869. A century and a half later, the known elements are 118. By studying different topics related to the elements, it was possible to uncover fundamental particles, such as quarks and leptons, and the strong and weak nuclear forces that form the baryonic part of the universe. The Sun was formed 6000 million years ago and its planets, including earth, were formed 4600 million years ago when and where there were debris of different stars that went supernova, in particular 1A type, and also debris, of at least one of a binary neutron star collision, so to attain, all the elements that have been identified in the solar system, and especially in earth. In addition, the current “periodic table” includes 26 synthetic elements that were produced in neutron star collisions but, because of their short lifetimes, they are not found, on earth. The vast quantities of the elements, produced during the aforementioned astrophysical processes, clustered into planets, stars and galaxies; and at least in one planet, our earth, some chemical elements organized themselves into living creatures.
这篇文章的目的是解释所有的化学元素是如何从大爆炸产生的元素:氢中形成的。所使用的方法是分析主要的宇宙学和天体物理学过程,以解释所有已知化学元素的起源。主要结果是:氢不可能在实际宇宙的任何地方形成;它一定来自大爆炸。氦和少量锂的宇宙起源可能与大爆炸的核合成和重组过程有关。原子序数在3到26之间的元素,过去和现在都是由大质量恒星内部的核聚变反应合成的,当恒星在生命结束时变成超新星时,它们会被爆炸释放出来。在成为超新星的过程中,会产生原子序数在27到40之间的中等元素。所有原子序数大于40的元素都是由中子星碰撞产生的。门捷列夫和洛萨·迈耶设计了一个化学元素的有序排列,他们的元素表包括了1869年已知的63种化学元素。一个半世纪后,已知的元素有118种。通过研究与元素相关的不同主题,有可能发现基本粒子,如夸克和轻子,以及形成宇宙重子部分的强核力和弱核力。太阳形成于60亿年前它的行星,包括地球,形成于46亿年前那里有不同恒星的残骸变成了超新星,特别是1A型,还有至少一个双中子星碰撞的残骸,所以要获得所有在太阳系中被识别的元素,尤其是在地球上。此外,目前的“元素周期表”包括26种合成元素,这些元素是在中子星碰撞中产生的,但由于它们的寿命很短,所以在地球上找不到。在上述天体物理过程中产生的大量元素聚集成行星、恒星和星系;至少在一个星球上,我们的地球上,一些化学元素自己组织成生物。
{"title":"The Astrophysical Processes of Cosmological Hydrogen that Generate the Chemical Elements that Make up the Universe","authors":"M. J. Gómez, Salvador Galindo Uribarri, Olga B. Benítez López","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133010","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present article is to explain how all the chemical elements were formed from the big bang generated element: hydrogen. The methodology used was to analyze the main cosmological and astrophysical processes in order to explain the origin of all the known chemical elements. The main results are: Hydrogen cannot be formed in any part of the actual universe; it must come from the Big Bang. Helium and a little bit of lithium can have a cosmological origin associated to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the recombination process. The elements with an atomic number between 3 and 26 were, and continue to be, synthetized by nuclear fusion reactions inside the core of massive stars and liberated by explosion when the stars go supernovae, at the end of their lives. In the process of going supernova, elements with a medium atomic number, between 27 and 40, are created. All the elements with an atomic number larger than 40 were generated by neutron star collisions. When Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer designed an ordered arrangement of chemical elements, their tables included the 63 chemical elements known in 1869. A century and a half later, the known elements are 118. By studying different topics related to the elements, it was possible to uncover fundamental particles, such as quarks and leptons, and the strong and weak nuclear forces that form the baryonic part of the universe. The Sun was formed 6000 million years ago and its planets, including earth, were formed 4600 million years ago when and where there were debris of different stars that went supernova, in particular 1A type, and also debris, of at least one of a binary neutron star collision, so to attain, all the elements that have been identified in the solar system, and especially in earth. In addition, the current “periodic table” includes 26 synthetic elements that were produced in neutron star collisions but, because of their short lifetimes, they are not found, on earth. The vast quantities of the elements, produced during the aforementioned astrophysical processes, clustered into planets, stars and galaxies; and at least in one planet, our earth, some chemical elements organized themselves into living creatures.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90306574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lift on a Low Speed Circular Arc Wing due to Air Compression 由于空气压缩,低速圆弧翼的升力
Pub Date : 2021-03-23 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.133008
K. Kenyon
A fluid flow model consisting of Bernoulli’s law in its normal form, the equation of state of air, and the cross-stream force balance between a downward pressure gradient and the upward centrifugal force on fluid particles moving along curved streamlines over the top circular wing surface involving three equations in three unknowns (pressure, density and velocity) are solved to show that both density and pressure decrease upward as the inverse square of the distance from the circle’s center, and the velocity is independent of that dis-tance. These derived characteristics are used to explain the lift force on the wing in what is believed to be a novel way.
求解了一个由伯努利定律、空气状态方程和沿弯曲流线运动的流体颗粒所受的向下压力梯度和向上离心力之间的横流力平衡组成的流体流动模型,该模型涉及三个未知方程(压力、密度和速度),结果表明,密度和压力都随着离圆心距离的平方反比而向上减小。速度与距离无关。这些衍生的特性被用来解释机翼上的升力,这被认为是一种新颖的方式。
{"title":"Lift on a Low Speed Circular Arc Wing due to Air Compression","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133008","url":null,"abstract":"A fluid flow model consisting of Bernoulli’s law in its normal form, the equation of state of air, and the cross-stream force balance between a downward pressure gradient and the upward centrifugal force on fluid particles moving along curved streamlines over the top circular wing surface involving three equations in three unknowns (pressure, density and velocity) are solved to show that both density and pressure decrease upward as the inverse square of the distance from the circle’s center, and the velocity is independent of that dis-tance. These derived characteristics are used to explain the lift force on the wing in what is believed to be a novel way.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"88-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86139849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Determination of Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) Constituents Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 激光诱导击穿光谱法测定阿拉伯胶成分
Pub Date : 2021-03-17 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.133009
M. M. Yousif, N. Almuslet, E. Hassan, Fatima Medany Mohamed Taha, Mohammed Idriss Ahmed Mohammed, Anwar Faizd Osman
In this work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine the constituent of Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) collected from five different locations in Sudan. Gum samples were irradiated with 80 mJ pulse energy of Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm) and Atomic spectra Database was used for the spectral analysis of the plasma emitted from these samples. It was found that the samples contain the elements C, O, H, S, N, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co with different amounts. Some elements like (Ti, Br, Ar, Th, Kr, Sc and Pr) are recorded here for the first time.
本文采用激光诱导击穿光谱法(LIBS)测定了苏丹五个不同产地阿拉伯胶(Acacia nilotica)的成分。用80mj脉冲能量的Nd-YAG激光(1064 nm)照射口香糖样品,利用原子光谱数据库对样品发射的等离子体进行光谱分析。结果表明,样品中含有不同量的C、O、H、S、N、P、Na、Mg、Ca、Fe、Cr、Mn、Co等元素。一些元素如(Ti, Br, Ar, Th, Kr, Sc和Pr)是第一次记录在这里。
{"title":"Determination of Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) Constituents Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","authors":"M. M. Yousif, N. Almuslet, E. Hassan, Fatima Medany Mohamed Taha, Mohammed Idriss Ahmed Mohammed, Anwar Faizd Osman","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133009","url":null,"abstract":"In \u0000this work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine \u0000the constituent of Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) \u0000collected from five different locations in Sudan. Gum samples were irradiated \u0000with 80 mJ pulse energy of Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm) and Atomic spectra Database \u0000was used for the spectral analysis of the plasma emitted from these samples. It \u0000was found that the samples contain the elements C, O, H, S, N, P, Na, Mg, Ca, \u0000Fe, Cr, Mn, Co with different amounts. Some elements like (Ti, Br, Ar, Th, Kr, \u0000Sc and Pr) are recorded here for the first time.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77941543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Remarkable Impacts of Gordon Life Science Institute 戈登生命科学研究所的显著影响
Pub Date : 2021-03-17 DOI: 10.4236/NS.2021.133006
K. Chou
In this review paper, the remarkable impacts of the first Internet Institute, the Gordon Life Science Institute, as well as its profound and far-reaching influence have been systematically and comprehensively presented.
本文系统、全面地介绍了我国第一家互联网研究所——戈登生命科学研究所的显著影响及其深远影响。
{"title":"The Remarkable Impacts of Gordon Life Science Institute","authors":"K. Chou","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.133006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.133006","url":null,"abstract":"In \u0000this review paper, the remarkable impacts of the first Internet Institute, the \u0000Gordon Life Science Institute, as well as its profound and far-reaching \u0000influence have been systematically and comprehensively presented.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"43-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81730608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
期刊
Natural Science
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1