The apparent lack of pre-seismic crustal deformation preceding the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake has been the subject of debate. In this study, tiltmeter data recorded close to the earthquake epicenter were analysed using spectrum and wavelet analysis. Changes in the stress field before the earthquake were analyzed based on the Benioff creep release and changes in regional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) baselines. The characteris-tics of far- and near-field seismicity and deformation processes were investigated using rock fracture experiments. The results show that during pre-seismic strain energy accumu-lation, there was a synergy between stress field changes both proximal and distal to the ep-icenter; moreover, we identified a strong correlation between Benioff creep release and shortening of the LUZH-GUAN GNSS baseline. During the sub-instability stage, the de-formation characteristics of different structural sectors differed; faults near the epicenter were in a highly locked state, and the deformation rate and wave spectra of main period waves obviously decreased. This reflects fixed point deformation driven by deep stress. These results are of great significance for understanding geophysical field observations, for clarifying pre-seismic deformation and for earthquake prediction.
{"title":"Stress Field Changes before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake","authors":"A. Niu, Jing Zhao, Y. Wei, Z. Yuan, Ping Ji","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.139036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.139036","url":null,"abstract":"The apparent lack of pre-seismic crustal deformation preceding the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake has been the subject of debate. In this study, tiltmeter data recorded close to the earthquake epicenter were analysed using spectrum and wavelet analysis. Changes in the stress field before the earthquake were analyzed based on the Benioff creep release and changes in regional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) baselines. The characteris-tics of far- and near-field seismicity and deformation processes were investigated using rock fracture experiments. The results show that during pre-seismic strain energy accumu-lation, there was a synergy between stress field changes both proximal and distal to the ep-icenter; moreover, we identified a strong correlation between Benioff creep release and shortening of the LUZH-GUAN GNSS baseline. During the sub-instability stage, the de-formation characteristics of different structural sectors differed; faults near the epicenter were in a highly locked state, and the deformation rate and wave spectra of main period waves obviously decreased. This reflects fixed point deformation driven by deep stress. These results are of great significance for understanding geophysical field observations, for clarifying pre-seismic deformation and for earthquake prediction.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89824115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Razib Datta Shubhra, S. A. Polash, Monir Hossain, Amir Hamza, M. Tushar, Tanushree Saha, Md. Ashraful Hasan, M. Sikder, N. Alam, Zinia Islam, Md. Sharif Hossain, S. Sarker
Mankind is facing an unprecedented threat of existence due to the antibiotic resistance developed by bacteria. The unripe fruits of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. (family: Ebenaceae) can be considered as one of the natural sources to tackle this issue. The present study is designed to assess the antimicrobial activity of D. malabarica seed and flesh ex-tracts. Herein, D. malabarica extracts were prepared using polar solvents (i.e., water and 70% ethanol) and their antimicrobial activity as well as in vivo toxicity was investigated. Their antibacterial activity was investigated against gram positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Escherichia coli DH5α, and Salmonella typhi) bacteria at different time points. All the extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity after 2 hours of incubation. The aqueous seed extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition (i.e., ~13 mm) against Bacillus subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 2 μg/μl. The an-tibacterial propensity was also confirmed through trypan blue dye exclusion assay, CellToxTM Green assay, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay. On the other hand, the etha-nolic seed extract demonstrated higher antifungal activity through inhibition of mycelial growth. All the extracts showed excellent hemocompatibility against both human and rat red blood cells (RBCs). They also did not show any toxicity to rat liver and kidneys. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of D. malabarica seed and flesh could be an effective source of natural antimicrobial agents with no cytotox-ic activity.
{"title":"Investigation of the Antimicrobial Activity and in Vivo Cytotoxicity of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Fruit Extracts","authors":"Razib Datta Shubhra, S. A. Polash, Monir Hossain, Amir Hamza, M. Tushar, Tanushree Saha, Md. Ashraful Hasan, M. Sikder, N. Alam, Zinia Islam, Md. Sharif Hossain, S. Sarker","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.138026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.138026","url":null,"abstract":"Mankind is facing an unprecedented threat of existence due to the antibiotic resistance developed by bacteria. The unripe fruits of Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. (family: Ebenaceae) can be considered as one of the natural sources to tackle this issue. The present study is designed to assess the antimicrobial activity of D. malabarica seed and flesh ex-tracts. Herein, D. malabarica extracts were prepared using polar solvents (i.e., water and 70% ethanol) and their antimicrobial activity as well as in vivo toxicity was investigated. Their antibacterial activity was investigated against gram positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Escherichia coli DH5α, and Salmonella typhi) bacteria at different time points. All the extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity after 2 hours of incubation. The aqueous seed extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition (i.e., ~13 mm) against Bacillus subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 2 μg/μl. The an-tibacterial propensity was also confirmed through trypan blue dye exclusion assay, CellToxTM Green assay, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay. On the other hand, the etha-nolic seed extract demonstrated higher antifungal activity through inhibition of mycelial growth. All the extracts showed excellent hemocompatibility against both human and rat red blood cells (RBCs). They also did not show any toxicity to rat liver and kidneys. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of D. malabarica seed and flesh could be an effective source of natural antimicrobial agents with no cytotox-ic activity.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73414544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The DNA sequences of an organism play an important influence on its transcription and translation process, thus affecting its protein production and growth rate. Due to the com-plexity of DNA, it was extremely difficult to predict the macroscopic characteristics of or-ganisms. However, with the rapid development of machine learning in recent years, it be-comes possible to use powerful machine learning algorithms to process and analyze biolog-ical data. Based on the synthetic DNA sequences of a specific microbe, E. coli, I designed a process to predict its protein production and growth rate. By observing the properties of a data set constructed by previous work, I chose to use supervised learning regressors with encoded DNA sequences as input features to perform the predictions. After comparing different encoders and algorithms, I selected three encoders to encode the DNA sequences as inputs and trained seven different regressors to predict the outputs. The hy-per-parameters are optimized for three regressors which have the best potential prediction performance. Finally, I successfully predicted the protein production and growth rates, with the best R2 score 0.55 and 0.77, respectively, by using encoders to catch the potential fea-tures from the DNA sequences.
{"title":"Prediction of Protein Expression and Growth Rates by Supervised Machine Learning","authors":"Simiao Zhao","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.138025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.138025","url":null,"abstract":"The DNA sequences of an organism play an important influence on its transcription and translation process, thus affecting its protein production and growth rate. Due to the com-plexity of DNA, it was extremely difficult to predict the macroscopic characteristics of or-ganisms. However, with the rapid development of machine learning in recent years, it be-comes possible to use powerful machine learning algorithms to process and analyze biolog-ical data. Based on the synthetic DNA sequences of a specific microbe, E. coli, I designed a process to predict its protein production and growth rate. By observing the properties of a data set constructed by previous work, I chose to use supervised learning regressors with encoded DNA sequences as input features to perform the predictions. After comparing different encoders and algorithms, I selected three encoders to encode the DNA sequences as inputs and trained seven different regressors to predict the outputs. The hy-per-parameters are optimized for three regressors which have the best potential prediction performance. Finally, I successfully predicted the protein production and growth rates, with the best R2 score 0.55 and 0.77, respectively, by using encoders to catch the potential fea-tures from the DNA sequences.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78184238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The astronomical theory of climate change is based on the solution of differential equations describing Earth’s orbital and rotational motions. The equations are used to calculate the change in insolation over the Earth’s surface. As a result of the author’s solution of the orbital problem, the periods and amplitudes of Earth-orbit variations and their evolution have been refined. Unlike previous studies, the equations of Earth’s rotational motion are solved completely. The Earth’s rotational axis precesses relative to a direction different from the direction of the orbit’s axial precession, and oscillates with periods of half a month, half a year and 18.6 years. Also, its oscillations occur with irregular periods of several tens of thousands of years and more. All these motions lead to oscillations of the obliquity in the range of 14.7° to 32.1°, which prove to be 7 - 8 times larger than obtained by a previous theory. In the same proportion, the Earth’s insolation oscillations increase in amplitude, with insolation extremes occurring in other epochs than those in the previous theory. The amplitudes and the onset times of the extremes correlate with known paleoclimate changes. Thirteen insolation periods of paleoclimate variation over an interval of 200 thousand years are identified. From the insolation evolution calculated over a time interval of 1 million years, 6 climate gradations from very cold to very warm are identified.
{"title":"New Long-Term Climate Oscillations","authors":"J. Smulsky","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.138028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.138028","url":null,"abstract":"The astronomical theory of climate change is based on the solution of differential equations describing Earth’s orbital and rotational motions. The equations are used to calculate the change in insolation over the Earth’s surface. As a result of the author’s solution of the orbital problem, the periods and amplitudes of Earth-orbit variations and their evolution have been refined. Unlike previous studies, the equations of Earth’s rotational motion are solved completely. The Earth’s rotational axis precesses relative to a direction different from the direction of the orbit’s axial precession, and oscillates with periods of half a month, half a year and 18.6 years. Also, its oscillations occur with irregular periods of several tens of thousands of years and more. All these motions lead to oscillations of the obliquity in the range of 14.7° to 32.1°, which prove to be 7 - 8 times larger than obtained by a previous theory. In the same proportion, the Earth’s insolation oscillations increase in amplitude, with insolation extremes occurring in other epochs than those in the previous theory. The amplitudes and the onset times of the extremes correlate with known paleoclimate changes. Thirteen insolation periods of paleoclimate variation over an interval of 200 thousand years are identified. From the insolation evolution calculated over a time interval of 1 million years, 6 climate gradations from very cold to very warm are identified.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75911124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20th century. These reliefs consist of several tens (up to hundreds) of stripes that have arisen as a result of the destruction of vegetation and the surface layer of the ground. Structures of stripes are extended, ranging in size from 6 km to ≥20 km, with a width of several kilometers. Every strip (scratch on the ground) is roughly estimated to be up to 50 m wide and ≥500 m long. The stripes start from one edge of the relief and stretch at inter-vals to the other, slightly diverging symmetrically from the central axis. It was determined that these reliefs are not associated with the movement of soil (avalanches, mudflows) or with the impact of air currents (hurricanes, storm, tornado). Geographically, these struc-tures of stripes are located within a circle with a radius of 770 km, described around the epicenter of the Tunguska catastrophe.
{"title":"Siberian Fan Reliefs","authors":"O. Gladysheva, A. Yastrebov","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.138029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.138029","url":null,"abstract":"Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20th century. These reliefs consist of several tens (up to hundreds) of stripes that have arisen as a result of the destruction of vegetation and the surface layer of the ground. Structures of stripes are extended, ranging in size from 6 km to ≥20 km, with a width of several kilometers. Every strip (scratch on the ground) is roughly estimated to be up to 50 m wide and ≥500 m long. The stripes start from one edge of the relief and stretch at inter-vals to the other, slightly diverging symmetrically from the central axis. It was determined that these reliefs are not associated with the movement of soil (avalanches, mudflows) or with the impact of air currents (hurricanes, storm, tornado). Geographically, these struc-tures of stripes are located within a circle with a radius of 770 km, described around the epicenter of the Tunguska catastrophe.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90829694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A commercial anemometer was modified by replacing the four cups with four identical two-dimensional blades, each with a circular arc side and a flat side. The flat sides are fixed to four arms radiating from a pivot so that they are parallel to the wind direction. The rounded sides all point in the same direction around a circle. When the wind blows, there is a lift force on the rounded side of each blade and they unite in causing rotation about the pivot with the curved sides leading. The more blades the faster the rotation is a prediction.
{"title":"Anemometer Modified II","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.138027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.138027","url":null,"abstract":"A commercial anemometer was modified by replacing the four cups with four identical two-dimensional blades, each with a circular arc side and a flat side. The flat sides are fixed to four arms radiating from a pivot so that they are parallel to the wind direction. The rounded sides all point in the same direction around a circle. When the wind blows, there is a lift force on the rounded side of each blade and they unite in causing rotation about the pivot with the curved sides leading. The more blades the faster the rotation is a prediction.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"199 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79894485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Takagi, Masamichi Sakamoto, Kimiko Kawano, Mikio Yamamoto
Since October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific research on the unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS). From our research results so far, we could classify pyramid effects by the PS into the following two types: (i) the pyramid effects due to the potential power of the PS and (ii) the pyramid effects due to the influence of the test subject meditating inside the PS. We have been using edible cucumber sections as the biosensors. The pyramid effect existence was clarified by measuring and analyzing the concentration of volatile components released from the biosensors. The biosensors were arranged as a pair: one member of the pair was placed at the PS apex and the other was placed at the calibration control point 8.0 m away from the PS. In this paper, we report a new discovery regarding the type (i) pyramid effects. We discovered a phenomenon considered to be entanglement between the biosensor pairs detecting the pyramid effects. In other words, the biosensors at the PS apex, which were affected by the potential power of the PS, affected the biosensors at the calibration control point. We also confirmed that the effects on the biosensors placed at the calibration control point were not due to the potential power of the PS. Furthermore, we showed that the magnitude of the effect of entanglement changed with the seasons. We expect that our research results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.
{"title":"Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure IV: Discovery of Entanglement Due to Pyramid Effects","authors":"O. Takagi, Masamichi Sakamoto, Kimiko Kawano, Mikio Yamamoto","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.137022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.137022","url":null,"abstract":"Since \u0000October 2007, we have been conducting rigorous scientific research on the \u0000unexplained “power” of a pyramidal structure (PS). From our research results so \u0000far, we could classify pyramid effects by the PS into the following two types: (i) \u0000the pyramid effects due to the potential power of the PS and (ii) the pyramid \u0000effects due to the influence of the test subject meditating inside the PS. We \u0000have been using edible cucumber sections as the biosensors. The pyramid effect \u0000existence was clarified by measuring and analyzing the concentration of \u0000volatile components released from the biosensors. The biosensors were arranged \u0000as a pair: one member of the pair was placed at the PS apex and the other was \u0000placed at the calibration control point 8.0 m away from the PS. In this paper, \u0000we report a new discovery regarding the type (i) pyramid effects. We discovered \u0000a phenomenon considered to be entanglement between the biosensor pairs \u0000detecting the pyramid effects. In other words, the biosensors at the PS apex, \u0000which were affected by the potential power of the PS, affected the biosensors \u0000at the calibration control point. We also confirmed that the effects on the \u0000biosensors placed at the calibration control point were not due to the \u0000potential power of the PS. Furthermore, we showed that the magnitude of the \u0000effect of entanglement changed with the seasons. We expect that our research \u0000results will be widely accepted in the future and will become the foundation \u0000for a new research field in science, with a wide range of applications.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79015366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The horizontal force on a continent, at the land/ocean boundary, is calculated according to the concept of reflected tide waves, in which there is a time rate of change (reversal) of the linear momentum brought in by the tide to the continent. From the text books, the Stokes drift for surface gravity waves propagating in arbitrary constant mean depth, which is directly related to the linear momentum of the wave, is adapted to the tide wave by using the approximation that the wavelength of the tide is very much larger than the vertical length of the water column. This horizontal force is a maximum at full and new moon when the tide amplitude is greatest. Evidence is cited for the correlation of earthquakes at full moons. The tendency of the reflected tide force on the continents is to cause compression of the solid material in the horizontal direction and it is suggested that this possibly could trigger earthquakes occasionally.
{"title":"When an Incompressible Ocean Impacts a Compressible Continent","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.137021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.137021","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000horizontal force on a continent, at the land/ocean boundary, is calculated \u0000according to the concept of reflected tide waves, in which there is a time rate \u0000of change (reversal) of the linear momentum brought in by the tide to the \u0000continent. From the text books, the Stokes drift for surface gravity waves \u0000propagating in arbitrary constant mean depth, which is directly related to the linear \u0000momentum of the wave, is adapted to the tide wave by using the approximation \u0000that the wavelength of the tide is very much larger than the vertical length of \u0000the water column. This horizontal force is a maximum at full and new moon when \u0000the tide amplitude is greatest. Evidence is cited for the correlation of \u0000earthquakes at full moons. The tendency of the reflected tide force on the \u0000continents is to cause compression of the solid material in the horizontal \u0000direction and it is suggested that this possibly could trigger earthquakes \u0000occasionally.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72855975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most common subsurface data sets that is easily accessible and often underutilized is the acquired measuring while drilling (MWD) gamma ray (GR-GAPI) log. Data is acquired from a given gamma ray tool positioned within the drill string and pulsed up to the surface through the mud column in the wellbore. Typical use of the data is for subsurface geologists, drillers and others to correlate the data to known stratigraphic signatures and steer wells through horizontal target zones. Through that correlation, an association to the geologic stratigraphic column can be made and the team of subsurface scientists adjusts where, how fast, and why they choose to continue drilling. The technique of correlation applies to both the conventional and unconventional application. In the unconventional application, the data is also typically acquired along the length of the horizontal wellbore. From a petrophysical standpoint, just acquiring a gamma ray can limit the amount of information and ability to fully evaluate the properties along the length of the well. In this study, we share and demonstrate how to utilize the MWD GR for petrophysical evaluation beyond just a volume of shale or volume of clay interpretation. The workflow will allow full integration of a comprehensive petrophysical evaluation that can then be utilized to support all subsurface understandings and modelling efforts.
{"title":"A Petrophysical Approach to Evaluation from Measured While Drilling Gamma Ray, Case Study in the Powder River and Delaware Basins","authors":"S. Perry","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.137024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.137024","url":null,"abstract":"One \u0000of the most common subsurface data sets that is easily accessible and often \u0000underutilized is the acquired measuring while drilling (MWD) gamma ray \u0000(GR-GAPI) log. Data is acquired from a given gamma ray tool positioned within \u0000the drill string and pulsed up to the surface through the mud column in the \u0000wellbore. Typical use of the data is for subsurface geologists, drillers and \u0000others to correlate the data to known stratigraphic signatures and steer wells \u0000through horizontal target zones. Through that correlation, an association to \u0000the geologic stratigraphic column can be made and the team of subsurface \u0000scientists adjusts where, how fast, and why they choose to continue drilling. \u0000The technique of correlation applies to both the conventional and unconventional \u0000application. In the unconventional application, \u0000the data is also typically acquired along the length of the horizontal \u0000wellbore. From a petrophysical standpoint, just acquiring a gamma ray \u0000can limit the amount of information and \u0000ability to fully evaluate the properties along the length of the well. In this \u0000study, we share and demonstrate how to utilize the MWD GR for \u0000petrophysical evaluation beyond just a volume of shale or volume of clay \u0000interpretation. The workflow will allow full integration of a comprehensive \u0000petrophysical evaluation that can then be utilized to support all subsurface \u0000understandings and modelling efforts.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"285 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75216204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human Consciousness is one of most elusive issues in the scientific history. Its nature created major historical debate started thousands of years ago and still ongoing. Despite the explosive developments in the last century to explore its nature, the knowledge about it is still deficient. The important advances in the twentieth and 21st centuries in understanding cerebral cortex dynamics fortified by the dominant materialistic approach of the era dictated its impact on consciousness science, which is perceived as sole human brain function. This original review is a call for holistic perception of human consciousness incorporating the ancient wisdom of the human civilizations with the massive current era advances in different disciplines of applied sciences. The description of Rene Descartes in the 17th century of the Cartesian dualism is timely to revisit with new holistic perspective, in view of the major advances of our understanding of heart brain communications, astrophysical resonances with human heart ascending afferents to central nervous system, and signaling between humans and the space. Universal vibrations, frequencies and resonances as perceived by Nikola Tesla constitute the core of our new conceptual and experimental perspective on human consciousness. Neural and psychological correlates of human consciousness which dominate the consciousness research nowadays should undergo revolutionary conceptual understanding to perceive consciousness as a massive universal event expanding from human genes to galaxies. In the next discussion, we are going to navigate in the nature and fate of human consciousness with new innovative universal perspective based on heart rate variability of human heart and its cosmic resonances as represented by Schumann Resonances, Solar Wind Indices and Galactic Cosmic Rays. The interpretation of our existential secrets and biology without the space around us is a major gap in our scientific perception of life. The delicate orchestration between human heart and the space frequencies create the great whisper which in our perspective, encodes the secrets of human consciousness.
{"title":"Space and Human Consciousness: The Great Whisper","authors":"A. Alabdulgader","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.137020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.137020","url":null,"abstract":"Human Consciousness is one of most elusive issues in the scientific history. Its nature created major historical debate started thousands of years ago and still ongoing. Despite the explosive developments in the last century to explore its nature, the knowledge about it is still deficient. The important advances in the twentieth and 21st centuries in understanding cerebral cortex dynamics fortified by the dominant materialistic approach of the era dictated its impact on consciousness science, which is perceived as sole human brain function. This original review is a call for holistic perception of human consciousness incorporating the ancient wisdom of the human civilizations with the massive current era advances in different disciplines of applied sciences. The description of Rene Descartes in the 17th century of the Cartesian dualism is timely to revisit with new holistic perspective, in view of the major advances of our understanding of heart brain communications, astrophysical resonances with human heart ascending afferents to central nervous system, and signaling between humans and the space. Universal vibrations, frequencies and resonances as perceived by Nikola Tesla constitute the core of our new conceptual and experimental perspective on human consciousness. Neural and psychological correlates of human consciousness which dominate the consciousness research nowadays should undergo revolutionary conceptual understanding to perceive consciousness as a massive universal event expanding from human genes to galaxies. In the next discussion, we are going to navigate in the nature and fate of human consciousness with new innovative universal perspective based on heart rate variability of human heart and its cosmic resonances as represented by Schumann Resonances, Solar Wind Indices and Galactic Cosmic Rays. The interpretation of our existential secrets and biology without the space around us is a major gap in our scientific perception of life. The delicate orchestration between human heart and the space frequencies create the great whisper which in our perspective, encodes the secrets of human consciousness.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87855115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：