Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01152-4
Haoyu Sun, Pei Yu, Xu Zhou, Xiangyu Ye, Mengqi Wang, Zhaoxin Liu, Yuhang Guo, Wenzhao Liu, You Huang, Pengfei Wang, Fazhan Shi, Kangwei Xia, and Ya Wang
Advances in hybrid quantum systems and their precise control are pivotal for developing advanced quantum technologies. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with optically accessible spin defects have emerged as a promising platform for building integrated quantum spin systems due to their exceptional flexibility and scalability. However, experimentally realizing such systems and demonstrating their superiority remains challenging. Here, we present a hybrid spin system operating under ambient conditions, integrating boron vacancy ( $${{rm{V}}}_{{rm{B}}}^{-}$$VB− ) spins in 2D hexagonal boron nitride flakes with a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in 3D single-crystal diamonds. This combined system achieves full controllability and exhibits enhanced performance for nanoscale magnetic sensing, including an improved dynamic range. Moreover, we investigate the rich many-body spin dynamics within the hybrid system, which enables us to estimate the concentration of $${{rm{V}}}_{{rm{B}}}^{-}$$VB− spins. This work provides a critical foundation for advancing the development of 2D-3D integrated quantum spin systems.
混合量子系统及其精确控制的进展是发展先进量子技术的关键。由于具有优异的灵活性和可扩展性，具有光学可访问自旋缺陷的二维（2D）材料已成为构建集成量子自旋系统的有前途的平台。然而，通过实验实现这样的系统并证明其优越性仍然具有挑战性。在这里，我们提出了一个在环境条件下运行的混合自旋系统，将二维六方氮化硼片中的硼空位（$${{rm{V}}}_{{rm{B}}}^{-}$$ V B−）自旋与三维单晶金刚石中的单氮空位（NV）中心集成在一起。该组合系统实现了完全可控性，并表现出纳米级磁传感的增强性能，包括改进的动态范围。此外，我们研究了混合系统内的多体自旋动力学，这使我们能够估计$${{rm{V}}}_{{rm{B}}}^{-}$$ V B−自旋的浓度。这项工作为推进2D-3D集成量子自旋系统的发展提供了重要的基础。
{"title":"Room-temperature hybrid 2D-3D quantum spin system for enhanced magnetic sensing and many-body dynamics","authors":"Haoyu Sun, Pei Yu, Xu Zhou, Xiangyu Ye, Mengqi Wang, Zhaoxin Liu, Yuhang Guo, Wenzhao Liu, You Huang, Pengfei Wang, Fazhan Shi, Kangwei Xia, and Ya Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01152-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01152-4","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in hybrid quantum systems and their precise control are pivotal for developing advanced quantum technologies. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with optically accessible spin defects have emerged as a promising platform for building integrated quantum spin systems due to their exceptional flexibility and scalability. However, experimentally realizing such systems and demonstrating their superiority remains challenging. Here, we present a hybrid spin system operating under ambient conditions, integrating boron vacancy ( <jats:inline-formula> <jats:alternatives> <jats:tex-math>$${{rm{V}}}_{{rm{B}}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> </jats:alternatives> </jats:inline-formula> ) spins in 2D hexagonal boron nitride flakes with a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in 3D single-crystal diamonds. This combined system achieves full controllability and exhibits enhanced performance for nanoscale magnetic sensing, including an improved dynamic range. Moreover, we investigate the rich many-body spin dynamics within the hybrid system, which enables us to estimate the concentration of <jats:inline-formula> <jats:alternatives> <jats:tex-math>$${{rm{V}}}_{{rm{B}}}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math> <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> </jats:alternatives> </jats:inline-formula> spins. This work provides a critical foundation for advancing the development of 2D-3D integrated quantum spin systems.","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01095-w
Woo Chang Chung, Daniel C. Cole, Pranav Gokhale, Eric B. Jones, Kevin W. Kuper, David Mason, Victory Omole, Alexander G. Radnaev, Rich Rines, Mariesa H. Teo, Matt J. Bedalov, Matt Blakely, Peter D. Buttler, Caitlin Carnahan, Frederic T. Chong, Palash Goiporia, Bettina Heim, Garrett T. Hickman, Ryan A. Jones, Pradnya Khalate, Jin-Sung Kim, Martin T. Lichtman, Stephanie Lee, Nathan A. Neff-Mallon, Thomas W. Noel, Mark Saffman, Efrat Shabtai, Bharath Thotakura, Teague Tomesh, Angela K. Tucker
We report on the fault-tolerant operation of logical qubits on a neutral atom quantum computer, with logical performance surpassing physical performance for multiple circuits including Bell state preparation (12x error reduction), random circuits (15x), and a prototype Anderson Impurity Model ground state solver for materials science applications (up to 6x, non-fault-tolerantly). The logical qubits are implemented via the [[4, 2, 2]] code (C 4 ). Our work constitutes the first complete realization of the benchmarking protocol proposed by Gottesman 2016 demonstrating results consistent with fault tolerance. In light of recent advances on applying concatenated C 4 /C 6 detection codes to achieve error correction with high code rates and thresholds, our work can be regarded as a building block towards a practical scheme for fault tolerant quantum computation. Our demonstration of a materials science application with logical qubits particularly demonstrates the immediate value of these techniques on current experiments.
{"title":"Fault-tolerant operation and materials science with neutral atom logical qubits","authors":"Woo Chang Chung, Daniel C. Cole, Pranav Gokhale, Eric B. Jones, Kevin W. Kuper, David Mason, Victory Omole, Alexander G. Radnaev, Rich Rines, Mariesa H. Teo, Matt J. Bedalov, Matt Blakely, Peter D. Buttler, Caitlin Carnahan, Frederic T. Chong, Palash Goiporia, Bettina Heim, Garrett T. Hickman, Ryan A. Jones, Pradnya Khalate, Jin-Sung Kim, Martin T. Lichtman, Stephanie Lee, Nathan A. Neff-Mallon, Thomas W. Noel, Mark Saffman, Efrat Shabtai, Bharath Thotakura, Teague Tomesh, Angela K. Tucker","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01095-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01095-w","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the fault-tolerant operation of logical qubits on a neutral atom quantum computer, with logical performance surpassing physical performance for multiple circuits including Bell state preparation (12x error reduction), random circuits (15x), and a prototype Anderson Impurity Model ground state solver for materials science applications (up to 6x, non-fault-tolerantly). The logical qubits are implemented via the [[4, 2, 2]] code (C <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> ). Our work constitutes the first complete realization of the benchmarking protocol proposed by <jats:italic>Gottesman 2016</jats:italic> demonstrating results consistent with fault tolerance. In light of recent advances on applying concatenated C <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> /C <jats:sub>6</jats:sub> detection codes to achieve error correction with high code rates and thresholds, our work can be regarded as a building block towards a practical scheme for fault tolerant quantum computation. Our demonstration of a materials science application with logical qubits particularly demonstrates the immediate value of these techniques on current experiments.","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01139-1
Moein Malekakhlagh, Alireza Seif, Daniel Puzzuoli, Luke C. G. Govia, Ewout van den Berg
{"title":"Efficient Lindblad synthesis for noise model construction","authors":"Moein Malekakhlagh, Alireza Seif, Daniel Puzzuoli, Luke C. G. Govia, Ewout van den Berg","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01139-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01139-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01134-6
Kenji Capannelli, Brennan Undseth, Irene Fernández de Fuentes, Eline Raymenants, Florian K. Unseld, Oriol Pietx-Casas, Stephan G. J. Philips, Mateusz T. Mądzik, Sergey V. Amitonov, Larysa Tryputen, Giordano Scappucci, Lieven M. K. Vandersypen
Solid-state qubits are sensitive to their microscopic environment, causing the qubit properties to fluctuate on a wide range of timescales. The sub-Hz end of the spectrum is usually dealt with by repeated background calibrations, which bring considerable overhead. It is thus important to characterize and understand the low-frequency variations of the relevant qubit characteristics. In this study, we investigate the stability of spin qubit frequencies in the Si/SiGe quantum dot platform. We find that the calibrated qubit frequencies of a six-qubit device vary by up to ±100 MHz while performing a variety of experiments over a span of 912 days. These variations are sensitive to the precise voltage settings of the gate electrodes, however when these are kept constant to within 15 µ V, the qubit frequencies vary by less than ±7 MHz over periods up to 36 days. During overnight scans, the qubit frequencies of ten qubits across two different devices show a standard deviation below 200 kHz within a 1-hour time window. The qubit frequency noise spectral density shows roughly a 1 /f trend above 10 −4 Hz and, strikingly, a steeper trend at even lower frequencies.
{"title":"Tracking spin qubit frequency variations over 912 days","authors":"Kenji Capannelli, Brennan Undseth, Irene Fernández de Fuentes, Eline Raymenants, Florian K. Unseld, Oriol Pietx-Casas, Stephan G. J. Philips, Mateusz T. Mądzik, Sergey V. Amitonov, Larysa Tryputen, Giordano Scappucci, Lieven M. K. Vandersypen","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01134-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01134-6","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state qubits are sensitive to their microscopic environment, causing the qubit properties to fluctuate on a wide range of timescales. The sub-Hz end of the spectrum is usually dealt with by repeated background calibrations, which bring considerable overhead. It is thus important to characterize and understand the low-frequency variations of the relevant qubit characteristics. In this study, we investigate the stability of spin qubit frequencies in the Si/SiGe quantum dot platform. We find that the calibrated qubit frequencies of a six-qubit device vary by up to ±100 MHz while performing a variety of experiments over a span of 912 days. These variations are sensitive to the precise voltage settings of the gate electrodes, however when these are kept constant to within 15 <jats:italic>µ</jats:italic> V, the qubit frequencies vary by less than ±7 MHz over periods up to 36 days. During overnight scans, the qubit frequencies of ten qubits across two different devices show a standard deviation below 200 kHz within a 1-hour time window. The qubit frequency noise spectral density shows roughly a 1 <jats:italic>/f</jats:italic> trend above 10 <jats:sup>−4</jats:sup> Hz and, strikingly, a steeper trend at even lower frequencies.","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"365 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01137-3
Zechuan Yin, Justin J. Welter, Connor A. Hart, Paul V. Petruzzi, Ronald L. Walsworth
{"title":"High-resolution and wide-frequency-range magnetic spectroscopy with solid-state spin ensembles","authors":"Zechuan Yin, Justin J. Welter, Connor A. Hart, Paul V. Petruzzi, Ronald L. Walsworth","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01137-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01137-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"2017 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01146-2
Siddhant Singh, Fenglei Gu, Sébastian de Bone, Eduardo Villaseñor, David Elkouss, Johannes Borregaard
Connecting multiple smaller qubit modules by generating high-fidelity entanglement is a promising path for scaling quantum computing hardware. The performance of such a modular quantum computer depends on the quality and rate of entanglement generation. However, identifying optimal architectures and entanglement generation protocols remains an open question. How can modular quantum architectures be designed to achieve fault tolerance while requiring only feasible entanglement rates and hardware? Focusing on solid-state quantum hardware, we investigate the threshold and logical failure rate of a fully distributed surface code. We consider both emission-based and scattering-based entanglement schemes between the modules to link the performance to the physical hardware and identify the regime for fault tolerance. We compare architectures with one or two data qubits per module. For some entanglement schemes, thresholds nearing the thresholds of non-distributed implementations (~ 0.4%) appear feasible with future parameters minimizing the performance gap between modular and monolithic quantum processors.
{"title":"Modular architectures and entanglement schemes for error-corrected distributed quantum computation","authors":"Siddhant Singh, Fenglei Gu, Sébastian de Bone, Eduardo Villaseñor, David Elkouss, Johannes Borregaard","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01146-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01146-2","url":null,"abstract":"Connecting multiple smaller qubit modules by generating high-fidelity entanglement is a promising path for scaling quantum computing hardware. The performance of such a modular quantum computer depends on the quality and rate of entanglement generation. However, identifying optimal architectures and entanglement generation protocols remains an open question. How can modular quantum architectures be designed to achieve fault tolerance while requiring only feasible entanglement rates and hardware? Focusing on solid-state quantum hardware, we investigate the threshold and logical failure rate of a fully distributed surface code. We consider both emission-based and scattering-based entanglement schemes between the modules to link the performance to the physical hardware and identify the regime for fault tolerance. We compare architectures with one or two data qubits per module. For some entanglement schemes, thresholds nearing the thresholds of non-distributed implementations (~ 0.4%) appear feasible with future parameters minimizing the performance gap between modular and monolithic quantum processors.","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01131-9
Álvaro Navarrete, Víctor Zapatero, Marcos Curty
Recent advancements in quantum key distribution have led to the development of various modulator-free transmitters. Among their advantages, they offer enhanced security against Trojan-horse attacks. However, practical implementations emit residual pulses that, while not used in the quantum communication, still carry information about Alice’s state preparation process. While the intensity of these pulses is typically attenuated, the extinction ratio of practical intensity modulators is always finite, and therefore it remains crucial to account for the residual information leakage at the security-proof level. In this work, we prove the security of these transmitters in such setting and evaluate their performance. We find that the secret-key rate of the protocol is severely affected when the information leakage is not sufficiently small, which highlights the importance of taking into account this imperfection.
{"title":"Security of practical modulator-free quantum key distribution","authors":"Álvaro Navarrete, Víctor Zapatero, Marcos Curty","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01131-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01131-9","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in quantum key distribution have led to the development of various modulator-free transmitters. Among their advantages, they offer enhanced security against Trojan-horse attacks. However, practical implementations emit residual pulses that, while not used in the quantum communication, still carry information about Alice’s state preparation process. While the intensity of these pulses is typically attenuated, the extinction ratio of practical intensity modulators is always finite, and therefore it remains crucial to account for the residual information leakage at the security-proof level. In this work, we prove the security of these transmitters in such setting and evaluate their performance. We find that the secret-key rate of the protocol is severely affected when the information leakage is not sufficiently small, which highlights the importance of taking into account this imperfection.","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01133-7
Thomas R. Scruby, Kae Nemoto, Zhenyu Cai
We show how looped pipeline architectures—which use short-range shuttling of physical qubits to achieve bounded non-local connectivity—can efficiently implement the fault-tolerant non-Clifford gate between 2D surface codes described in (Sci. Adv. 6, eaay4929 (2020)). The shuttling schedule required is only marginally more complex than is required for implementing the standard 2D surface code in this architecture. We compare the resource cost with the cost of magic state distillation and find that, at present, this comparison is heavily in favour of distillation. The high cost of the non-Clifford gate is largely due to the relatively low performance of the just-in-time decoder used in the procedure, which necessitates very large code distances in order to achieve suitably low logical error rates. We argue that, as little attention has been given to the study and optimisation of these decoders, there are potentially significant improvements to be made in this area.
{"title":"Fault-tolerant quantum computation without distillation on a 2D device","authors":"Thomas R. Scruby, Kae Nemoto, Zhenyu Cai","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01133-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01133-7","url":null,"abstract":"We show how looped pipeline architectures—which use short-range shuttling of physical qubits to achieve bounded non-local connectivity—can efficiently implement the fault-tolerant non-Clifford gate between 2D surface codes described in (Sci. Adv. 6, eaay4929 (2020)). The shuttling schedule required is only marginally more complex than is required for implementing the standard 2D surface code in this architecture. We compare the resource cost with the cost of magic state distillation and find that, at present, this comparison is heavily in favour of distillation. The high cost of the non-Clifford gate is largely due to the relatively low performance of the just-in-time decoder used in the procedure, which necessitates very large code distances in order to achieve suitably low logical error rates. We argue that, as little attention has been given to the study and optimisation of these decoders, there are potentially significant improvements to be made in this area.","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1038/s41534-025-01149-z
Yang Dong, Wang Jiang, Zhi-Wei Liu, Yong Liu, Shao-Chun Zhang, Diego Paiva Pires, Diogo O. Soares-Pinto, Xiang-Dong Chen, Guang-Can Guo, Fang-Wen Sun
{"title":"Experimental investigation of the trade-off between quantum speed and energy cost","authors":"Yang Dong, Wang Jiang, Zhi-Wei Liu, Yong Liu, Shao-Chun Zhang, Diego Paiva Pires, Diogo O. Soares-Pinto, Xiang-Dong Chen, Guang-Can Guo, Fang-Wen Sun","doi":"10.1038/s41534-025-01149-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-025-01149-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19212,"journal":{"name":"npj Quantum Information","volume":"602 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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