Nutrition Research and Practice最新文献

Background/objectives: The school foodservice is a facility that offers catering services to students and exerts a significant influence on their well-being and academic performance. Hence, it is crucial to comprehend the present global research status and development trends of school foodservice over the last decade, investigate their future direction of progress and enhancement strategies, offer guidance to school canteen managers and policymakers, and foster the wholesome advancement of school foodservice.

Materials/methods: The Web of Science^TM (WoS) core collection was utilized as the data source to search for publications pertaining to the topics of school foodservices, school meals, and school foodservice/cafeterias. Subsequently, the CiteSpace software, a widely used tool for the visual exploration of scientific literature, was used for a visual study of the literature published on the topic.

Results: A total of 1,500 papers published between the years 2013 and 2023 were selected from the WoS core collection and analyzed using CiteSpace. The research findings indicated that the primary areas of interest since 2013 in overseas research on school foodservice were centered around concerns regarding food quality, food waste, operational models including new methods and the correlation between coronavirus pneumonia and other related factors.

Conclusion: Future studies should focus on the utilization of emerging technologies, global efforts, and the development and implementation of policies and regulations on food safety in school foodservice. This will offer both theoretical backing and practical direction for advancing the sustainable development of school foodservice.

Background/objectives: Recently, herbal medicines have gained attention for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common disease in elderly men. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract of Asparagi radix (EAR), which is traditionally used to treat various diseases, on BPH development using a testosterone-induced BPH model.

Materials/methods: Testosterone propionate (TP)-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a BPH model in vivo. EAR was orally administered along with TP, and finasteride was used as a positive control. All rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, and pathological changes in the prostate tissue and levels of key biomarkers associated with BPH pathogenesis were assessed.

Results: Oral administration of EAR significantly inhibited TP-induced BPH by reducing the prostate weight, lumen size, and epithelial thickness in a concentration-dependent manner. EAR also significantly abrogated the expression of 5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) induced by TP. Additionally, serum levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and PSA were elevated in the TP-induced group but decreased in the EAR-treated group. EAR also decreased the expression levels of the androgen receptor (AR) and its coactivators in TP-induced BPH model rats.

Conclusion: Our findings revealed that EAR protected against BPH by inhibiting 5α-reductase activity and AR signaling pathway, suggesting its potential for BPH treatment.

Background/objectives: This study is of significant importance as it aims to understand the food consumption practices of those trying to save money on food and the role of health consciousness in food choices. The specific objectives of the current study are 1) to track levels of online community activation over time in 2 online budget food communities, 2) to explore specific ingredients and food groups that are frequently mentioned in budget communities, and finally, 3) to compare the foods and staples of regular budget food and healthy budget food communities. These objectives are crucial in providing a comprehensive understanding of food consumption practices and health consciousness.

Subjects/methods: The data source for this study was Reddit, and subreddits related to budget foods were targeted for data preparation. After creating a food name dictionary, keyword analysis and topic modeling were conducted to identify key food groups. We compared the regular budget food group to the health-conscious budget food group.

Results: The food items commonly mentioned in both groups could serve as key staples for people looking to save money on food preparation. Rice was mentioned the most in both groups. Whereas meat and flour products were more important to the regular budget food group, fruits and vegetables were more valuable to the healthy budget food group.

Conclusion: The results of this research offer insights into the food purchasing behaviors of those attempting to save money and provide practical strategies to make budget foods healthier. This information can be valuable for individuals, policymakers, and health professionals in promoting more nutritious food choices.

Background/objectives: Perceived diet quality (PDQ) has been suggested as an easy-to-use dietary assessment tool. However, its practicality and efficiency are still questionable. This study aimed to gauge the utility of PDQ as an alternative dietary assessment tool among Korean adults by examining PDQ and its associated factors.

Subjects/methods: An online survey was conducted on 514 Korean adults aged 19 to 64 years in October 2022. PDQ was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, and participants were categorized into healthy, fair, or unhealthy PDQ groups. The participants were asked about the perceived importance of nutrients and food groups for health and the extent to which they considered these factors in their usual diets using a 5-point Likert scale. A multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the factors associated with PDQ.

Results: About 26.7% of participants rated their diets as healthy, while 63.2% rated them as fair and 10.1% rated them as unhealthy. Participants with a healthy PDQ rated perceived importance and consideration of nutrients and food groups higher than the fair or unhealthy PDQ groups. A healthier PDQ was associated with the male gender, an older age, being normal or underweight, having better subjective health, lower use of alcohol, being physically active, having a high interest in healthy diets, and a higher perception of the importance of nutrients and food groups for health.

Conclusion: The PDQ could serve as a simple and rapid screening tool for identifying individuals at risk of poor diets.

Background/objectives: Atherosclerosis is a primary cause of cardiovascular disease associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism disorders. The accumulation of cholesterol-containing macrophage foam cells characterizes the early stages. The p-coumaric acid (p-CA) contained in vegetables may have various physiological activities. The inhibitory effect of p-CA on foam cell creation in THP-1 macrophages needs clarification. In this study, we explored the impact of p-CA on foam cells by co-treatment with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), mimicking the development of atherosclerosis in vitro and studied the regulation of its underlying mechanisms.

Materials/methods: THP-1 cells differentiated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (1 μM) for 48 h and treated in the absence or presence of p-CA for 48 h. THP-1 macrophages were treated with combined ox-LDL (20 μg/mL) and LPS (500 ng/mL) for 24 h. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays detected cell viability. Oil red O staining allowed us to observe lipid accumulation. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reactions quantified corresponding proteins and mRNA.

Results: Ox-LDL and LPS for 24 h enhanced the lipid accumulation using Oil red O in treated foam cells. By contrast, p-CA treatment inhibited lipid accumulation. p-CA significantly upregulated cholesterol efflux-related genes such as ATP binding cassette transporter A1, liver-X-receptor α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression. Moreover, p-CA decreased lipid accumulation-related gene such as lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, cluster of differentiation 36 and scavenger receptor class A1 expression. Combined ox-LDL and LPS increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α] and interleukin [IL]-6) activation and expression compared with untreated. p-CA suppressed this increased expression of NF-κB and COX-2, TNF-α and IL-6.

Conclusion: p-CA may play a vital role in atherosclerosis inhibition and protective effects by suppressing lipid accumulation and foam cell creation by increasing cholesterol efflux and can be potential agents for preventing atherosclerosis.

Background/objectives: The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity has become a significant global burden, with more than 40% of the global adult population attempting to lose weight. Previous studies on the impact of weight-control methods on mental health, especially among adolescents, are limited. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between various weight-control methods and depression among adolescents, with the goal of informing healthier weight management decisions and promoting effective methods.

Subjects/methods: This nationwide study utilized data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, including a sample of 418,254 adolescents collected over 12 yrs (2007-2019). We conducted a weighted complex sample analysis to compare depression rates associated with specific weight-control methods, including exercise, fasting (≥ 24 h), eating less, taking prescription/non-prescription weight-loss medication, taking laxatives or diuretics, vomiting, one-food diet, taking oriental medicine, and diet foods.

Results: Of the 418,254 participants, 45.96% (192,246) were male. Among male participants, fasting (≥ 24 h; weighted odds ratio [wOR], 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-1.51) and vomiting (wOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.35-1.66) were associated with an increased risk of depression. Among female participants, prescribed (wOR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.90) and non-prescribed (wOR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.97) weight-loss medication reduced the risk of depression. However, fasting (≥ 24 h; wOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.41-1.52) and vomiting (wOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.36-1.55) significantly increased the risk of depression.

Conclusion: The risk of depression varies depending on the weight-control method, with a consistent trend observed across both sexes. Methods such as vomiting, fasting, taking oriental medicine for weight loss, and consuming diet foods increased the risk of depression, while weight-loss medications were associated with reduced depression symptoms in females. These findings highlight the need for further research on weight-control medications and policies that support effective weight management while reducing depressive effects.

Background/objectives: The infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue mediates chronic inflammation that is associated with insulin resistance in obesity. Although vitamin E is beneficial against insulin resistance, its impact on adipose tissue inflammation has not been elucidated. This study aims to investigate the effects of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, major vitamin E isoforms, on the interaction between macrophages and adipocytes with regard to obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.

Materials/methods: Hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cocultured with RAW 264.7 macrophages and treated with α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol at 12.5, 25, and 50 µM. The inflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6) and free fatty acid (FFA) release were measured by assay kits, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and c-Jun NH₂ terminal kinase (JNK) signals were evaluated by immunoblotting. Glucose uptake was measured with a fluorescent glucose derivative.

Results: Treatment with α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol restrained the coculture-induced increase in cytokines and FFA release. γ-Tocopherol exhibited greater suppression of inflammatory cytokines at 12.5 and 25 µM (P < 0.001). Both tocopherols inhibited NF-κB activation by limiting translocation of NF-κB (p65) to the nucleus, with γ-tocopherol showing a stronger effect compared to α-tocopherol. α-Tocopherol inhibited JNK phosphorylation at 50 μM, whereas γ-tocopherol did not. Furthermore, coculture with macrophages impaired glucose uptake in response to insulin, but both tocopherols restored insulin responsiveness (P < 0.01).

Conclusion: α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol effectively mitigate inflammation induced by adipocyte-macrophage interaction, thereby ameliorating coculture-induced insulin resistance. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of tocopherols in managing obesity-related metabolic dysfunction.

Background/objectives: As awareness of climate change increases, the relevance of environmental education in dietary choices gains prominence. Although diversely defined, food literacy (FL) is increasingly recognized as the ability to make food choices with an awareness of environmental sustainability. This study aims to conduct a pilot implementation and assess the effectiveness of a program developed to improve FL among university students.

Subjects/methods: The study spanned from August 2022 to February 2023, involving 92 participants (42 in the intervention group and 50 in the control group). Over 11 weeks, the program included cooking classes, local farm visits, and environmental impact lectures developed through extensive literature reviews and interviews with students and experts. FL was measured using a 33-item survey along with basic sociodemographic factors. After the intervention, both groups participated in qualitative interviews. All statistical analyses were carried out in Stata/SE version 17.0, and interview data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel using the framework analysis method.

Results: The FL scores of the intervention group improved significantly from an average of 65.8 to 69.6 points (P = 0.015), with notable gains in the socio-ecological domain in FL from 65.3 to 71.5 points (P < 0.001). A linear regression analysis comparing FL between the intervention and control groups found that only the knowledge items were marginally significant (P = 0.054), with no statistically significant difference in the practice aspect before and after the intervention (P = 0.657). The interviews revealed that the intervention group experienced broadened perspectives and heightened environmental consciousness, although translating these into practice was challenged by unchanged daily routines.

Conclusion: This pilot program effectively enhanced some aspects of FL-related knowledge of participants. High satisfaction among participants and no dropouts indicated its potential for scaling. Future programs will benefit from strategies that facilitate the transition from educational improvement to practical application.

Background/objectives: Appropriate vitamin D status improves bone health and chronic diseases; it has shown benefits during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Therefore, assessing vitamin D status is crucial. However, limited research on vitamin D intake among Koreans complicates understanding of its consumption. This study aimed to develop and validate a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess vitamin D intake among Koreans.

Subjects/methods: A vitamin D FFQ was developed to include 31 vitamin D source foods from 8 food groups frequently consumed by Korean adults. The study included 152 women residing in a major city in South Korea. From September 2020 to August 2022, intake was surveyed using a 12-day dietary record (12-day DR) across 4 seasons, and 2 vitamin D FFQs were conducted approximately 9-11 months apart (FFQ1 and FFQ2). Reproducibility (FFQ1 vs. FFQ2) and validity (FFQ2 vs. 12-day DR) were verified using Spearman's rank correlation, weighted kappa coefficient, intraclass correlation, and Bland-Altman plots.

Results: The vitamin D intake of Korean women using the newly developed vitamin D FFQ was higher at FFQ1 (4.90 µg/day) and FFQ2 (4.58 µg/day) compared with the 12-day DR (4.07 µg/day). Additionally, the results for reproducibility and validity were demonstrated through the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (reproducibility, 0.592; validity, 0.460), weighted kappa coefficient (reproducibility, 0.379; validity, 0.284), intraclass correlation coefficient (reproducibility, 0.599; validity, 0.543), and Bland-Altman plots (reproducibility index, 3.95%; validity index, 3.95%).

Conclusion: This study confirmed the newly developed vitamin D FFQ is reliable and valid for assessing vitamin D intake among Korean women. These results suggest the FFQ is an effective tool for dietary assessment, particularly in large-scale studies where year-round monitoring may not be feasible. Further validation in Korean men is crucial to enhance its applicability, enabling significant contributions to assessing vitamin D intake among Korean adults.

Background/objectives: The specific impact of different fruit and vegetable consumption categories on frailty is not completely understood. This study examined the relationships between the daily consumption of fruit and vegetables and frailty in a large general population.

Subjects/methods: This study used the data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2020). Two intermittent 24-h dietary recalls were used to evaluate fruit and vegetable consumption. Frailty was assessed using the frailty index. Logistic regression, stratified analyses, and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine these associations.

Results: A higher daily intake of citrus, melons, and berries (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-0.92), other fruit (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62-0.88), intact fruit (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.84), dark-green vegetables (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.83), and total vegetables (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96), along with a lower fruit juice intake (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.96), were associated with a reduced risk of frailty in adults aged 18 yrs and older. Further analysis showed that the daily consumption of citrus melons and berries, other fruit, intact fruit, fruit juice, and tomatoes and tomato products were inversely associated with frailty in adults under 60 yrs and females. Dark green vegetables were inversely correlated with frailty in individuals aged 40-60 yrs and over 60 yrs, regardless of sex.

Conclusion: The daily consumption of most types of fruit, dark green vegetables, and tomatoes and tomato products may reduce the risk of frailty in American adults, particularly for individuals under 60 yrs of age and females.