Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614697
J. Oxendine
Abstract Fifty-three college students practiced the skill of mirror tracing on three different schedules. For one group the length of each succeeding practice period increased. Another group practiced on a schedule in which each succeeding practice period became shorter. A third group used constant units of practice throughout the learning period. During the experimental period all groups completed the same amount of practice. At the end of the learning period, the group using constant units of practice performed best, followed in order by the increasing-practice group and by the decreasing-practice group.
{"title":"Effect of Progressively Changing Practice Schedules on the Learning of a Motor Skill","authors":"J. Oxendine","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614697","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fifty-three college students practiced the skill of mirror tracing on three different schedules. For one group the length of each succeeding practice period increased. Another group practiced on a schedule in which each succeeding practice period became shorter. A third group used constant units of practice throughout the learning period. During the experimental period all groups completed the same amount of practice. At the end of the learning period, the group using constant units of practice performed best, followed in order by the increasing-practice group and by the decreasing-practice group.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123872425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614693
Richard A. Kaye
Abstract Thirty male college students were tested and equated in regard to their swimming ability. On the basis of a swimming test for distance, they were divided into two groups for the purpose of comparing the relative effectiveness of the use of a waist-type flotation device in learning to swim. After two aquatic orientation sessions for both groups, they were taught to swim. No additional outside practice was permitted during the course of the experiment. At the end of each session, each student in each group was tested by an outside scorer to determine the distance he could swim. Those in the experimental group were tested with the flotation device removed. Improvement was noted in each group, but the group using the waist-type flotation device was able to swim further at the conclusion of the experiment.
{"title":"The Use of a Waist-Type Flotation Device as an Adjunct in Teaching Beginning Swimming Skills","authors":"Richard A. Kaye","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614693","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Thirty male college students were tested and equated in regard to their swimming ability. On the basis of a swimming test for distance, they were divided into two groups for the purpose of comparing the relative effectiveness of the use of a waist-type flotation device in learning to swim. After two aquatic orientation sessions for both groups, they were taught to swim. No additional outside practice was permitted during the course of the experiment. At the end of each session, each student in each group was tested by an outside scorer to determine the distance he could swim. Those in the experimental group were tested with the flotation device removed. Improvement was noted in each group, but the group using the waist-type flotation device was able to swim further at the conclusion of the experiment.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123368651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614692
J. G. Jones
Abstract The learning of a gymnastic skill to a pass-or-fail criterion was measured in two groups of male university students. The prior learning treatment included directed mental practice for one group and undirected mental practice for the other. Results indicated that subjects without previous experience may learn gross body skills without physical practice and that mental practice without direction is superior to directed mental practice in the learning of gymnastic skills.
{"title":"Motor Learning without Demonstration of Physical Practice, under Two Conditions of Mental Practice","authors":"J. G. Jones","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614692","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The learning of a gymnastic skill to a pass-or-fail criterion was measured in two groups of male university students. The prior learning treatment included directed mental practice for one group and undirected mental practice for the other. Results indicated that subjects without previous experience may learn gross body skills without physical practice and that mental practice without direction is superior to directed mental practice in the learning of gymnastic skills.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115967906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614708
B. Kerr
{"title":"A Device for Measuring Reaction Time and Movement Time of a Knee-Extension Movement","authors":"B. Kerr","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614708","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129567702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614696
R. C. Nelson, W. Lambert
Abstract This study was designed to evaluate: (1) the effects of the application and removal of an overload upon resisted and nonresisted speeds of elbow flexion, and (2) the associated perceptual after-effects. Nineteen men ranging in age from 21 to 37 served as subjects. Two speed tests were used as measures of movement time. One utilized only the mass of the forearm as resistance, and the other used a resistance of 10 percent of the flexion strength score. An additional weight of 20 percent of the static strength score was added as the overload. The four experimental treatments, which included control conditions for both speed tests, were replicated once each week for 3 weeks. The test sequence included six pre-overload, five overload, and six post-overload trials. The subjects related their subjective impressions of the effect of the overload upon speed of movement. These impressions were later compared with actual performance. No statistically significant differences were recorded between performance...
{"title":"Immediate After-effects of Overload on Resisted and Nonresisted Speeds of Movement","authors":"R. C. Nelson, W. Lambert","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614696","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study was designed to evaluate: (1) the effects of the application and removal of an overload upon resisted and nonresisted speeds of elbow flexion, and (2) the associated perceptual after-effects. Nineteen men ranging in age from 21 to 37 served as subjects. Two speed tests were used as measures of movement time. One utilized only the mass of the forearm as resistance, and the other used a resistance of 10 percent of the flexion strength score. An additional weight of 20 percent of the static strength score was added as the overload. The four experimental treatments, which included control conditions for both speed tests, were replicated once each week for 3 weeks. The test sequence included six pre-overload, five overload, and six post-overload trials. The subjects related their subjective impressions of the effect of the overload upon speed of movement. These impressions were later compared with actual performance. No statistically significant differences were recorded between performance...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115686830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614695
L. W. McCraw, Byron N. McClenney
Abstract Three fitness tests—push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups—were administered on four separate days to elementary and junior high school boys to determine the relative reliabilities of using a single trial, better of two trials, and average of two trials. A trend analysis of the data revealed significant improvement during the four trials, and scores increased significantly from trial to trial on push-ups. Neither the better of two trials or the average of two trials was found to be any more reliable than a single trial.
{"title":"Reliability of Fitness Strength Tests","authors":"L. W. McCraw, Byron N. McClenney","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614695","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Three fitness tests—push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups—were administered on four separate days to elementary and junior high school boys to determine the relative reliabilities of using a single trial, better of two trials, and average of two trials. A trend analysis of the data revealed significant improvement during the four trials, and scores increased significantly from trial to trial on push-ups. Neither the better of two trials or the average of two trials was found to be any more reliable than a single trial.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134293492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614687
R. B. Alderman
Abstract Fifty subjects were given fatiguing tests at two work loads on a horizontal arm-crank friction ergometer.2 The initial speed was 120 rpm; the test continued for 10 min. Both fatigue curves were S-shaped—the rate of work dropped off slowly at first, then went through a rapid drop-off phase followed by a slow drop-off phase that approached an asymptotic steady state. The mathematical form was a two-component exponential equation which fitted the observed data very closely. Using a 2-k. work load, there was 22 percent decrement at the end of the test. Using a 3.45-k. work load (1 week later), the decrement was 48 percent. Test-retest reliability of individual differences in drop-off was moderately high (r = .86 and .85 for the two work loads). However, the correlation between drop-offs for the two work loads was only r = .61 and even after correction for attenuation was only .71. Thus only 50 percent of the individual difference variance in fatigability was common to the two work loads, while 50 per...
{"title":"Specificity of Individual Differences in Arm Movement Fatigue within Two Levels of Work Load","authors":"R. B. Alderman","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614687","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fifty subjects were given fatiguing tests at two work loads on a horizontal arm-crank friction ergometer.2 The initial speed was 120 rpm; the test continued for 10 min. Both fatigue curves were S-shaped—the rate of work dropped off slowly at first, then went through a rapid drop-off phase followed by a slow drop-off phase that approached an asymptotic steady state. The mathematical form was a two-component exponential equation which fitted the observed data very closely. Using a 2-k. work load, there was 22 percent decrement at the end of the test. Using a 3.45-k. work load (1 week later), the decrement was 48 percent. Test-retest reliability of individual differences in drop-off was moderately high (r = .86 and .85 for the two work loads). However, the correlation between drop-offs for the two work loads was only r = .61 and even after correction for attenuation was only .71. Thus only 50 percent of the individual difference variance in fatigability was common to the two work loads, while 50 per...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127811310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614691
G. L. Hutchins
Abstract The sample consisted of 92 undergraduate women who were individually photographed to assess their antero-posterior body alignment. The subjects were given seven tests of strength and five tests of flexibility. The findings show that strength balance in the selected muscle groups is an important variable in antero-posterior posture. An analysis of linearity revealed that some of the variables of this study are linear while others are curvilinear, indicating that exclusive use of linear statistics tends to underestimate the nature of some of the relationships involved in antero-posterior posture. Evidence was obtained that would lend support to treatment procedures utilized in current posture-education programs. The findings further demonstrated the neutralizing effect of the counterforce of one muscle group on another in order to maintain the balance of body segments over the base of support.
{"title":"The Relationship of Selected Strength and Flexibility Variables to the Antero-posterior Posture of College Women","authors":"G. L. Hutchins","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614691","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The sample consisted of 92 undergraduate women who were individually photographed to assess their antero-posterior body alignment. The subjects were given seven tests of strength and five tests of flexibility. The findings show that strength balance in the selected muscle groups is an important variable in antero-posterior posture. An analysis of linearity revealed that some of the variables of this study are linear while others are curvilinear, indicating that exclusive use of linear statistics tends to underestimate the nature of some of the relationships involved in antero-posterior posture. Evidence was obtained that would lend support to treatment procedures utilized in current posture-education programs. The findings further demonstrated the neutralizing effect of the counterforce of one muscle group on another in order to maintain the balance of body segments over the base of support.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123969224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614689
B. Cratty
Abstract One hundred and twenty male university students guided themselves, while blindfolded, through curved and straight pathways. Of these 120, 40 subjects moved eight times through curved half-circle pathways, a second 40 traversed them twelve times, while a final 40 moved sixteen times through them. Based upon the percent who reported opposite curvature in a straight test pathway traversed immediately afterward, an intermediate amount of exposure (12 traversals) in the inspection task (the curved pathways) resulted in slightly more sustained after-effects. Theoretical implications relative to Helson's Adaptation Theory are discussed.
{"title":"Figural after-Effects Resulting from Gross Action Patterns: The Amount of Exposure to the Inspection Task and the Duration of the after-Effects","authors":"B. Cratty","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614689","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One hundred and twenty male university students guided themselves, while blindfolded, through curved and straight pathways. Of these 120, 40 subjects moved eight times through curved half-circle pathways, a second 40 traversed them twelve times, while a final 40 moved sixteen times through them. Based upon the percent who reported opposite curvature in a straight test pathway traversed immediately afterward, an intermediate amount of exposure (12 traversals) in the inspection task (the curved pathways) resulted in slightly more sustained after-effects. Theoretical implications relative to Helson's Adaptation Theory are discussed.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127176274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1965.10614700
A. Stockholm, R. C. Nelson
Abstract It was the purpose of this investigation to evaluate the immediate effects of overload upon vertical jumping performance. Forty-four college men participated in two identical 3-day testing periods during which three levels of overload (no overload, 5 percent and 10 percent of subject's body weight) were applied on a rotational basis. The test sequence involved five pre-overload, three overload, and five post-overload jumps. Paired t tests comparing pre-overload mean scores with post-overload scores indicated non-significant changes for the two experimental conditions but a statistically significant (P<.05) decrement in performance for the control condition. Further analysis of the difference scores (post-overload minus pre-overload) resulted in significant differences (P<.05) between the two experimental conditions and the control. The hypothesis that the application and removal of an overload will lead to an immediate improved performance in vertical jumping is not supported.
{"title":"The Immediate After-effects of Increased Resistance upon Physical Performance","authors":"A. Stockholm, R. C. Nelson","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1965.10614700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1965.10614700","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It was the purpose of this investigation to evaluate the immediate effects of overload upon vertical jumping performance. Forty-four college men participated in two identical 3-day testing periods during which three levels of overload (no overload, 5 percent and 10 percent of subject's body weight) were applied on a rotational basis. The test sequence involved five pre-overload, three overload, and five post-overload jumps. Paired t tests comparing pre-overload mean scores with post-overload scores indicated non-significant changes for the two experimental conditions but a statistically significant (P<.05) decrement in performance for the control condition. Further analysis of the difference scores (post-overload minus pre-overload) resulted in significant differences (P<.05) between the two experimental conditions and the control. The hypothesis that the application and removal of an overload will lead to an immediate improved performance in vertical jumping is not supported.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129340891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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