Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615208
F. Katch, W. D. McArdle, G. Pechar, R. Czula
Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of Cooper's 12-min. endurance run test in 36 college women using max VO2 as the criterion of validity. Max VO2 was measured using the Balke treadmill test (mean = 2.29 L/min; 38.9 ml/kg/min). Percent body fat (mean = 21.8%) and lean body weight (mean = 45.0 kg.) were also determined in 17 women from body density measurements (underwater weighing). A significant correlation of r = .67 was obtained between the endurance run and max VO2 (ml/kg/min), which increased to r = .71 when the correlation was corrected for attenuation from test unreliability in max VO2 (r 11 = .95) and the run (r 22 = .78). One standard error for predicting max VO2 from the run scores was within ± 9% (3.4 ml/kg) and ± 13% (299 ml/min) of predicted values, respectively. Cooper's regression equation to predict max VO2 from the run scores in men underestimated the average max VO2 in women by 18%. Lean body weight correlated r = .49 with the run scores and r = .76 wi...
{"title":"Maximal Oxygen Intake, Endurance Running Performance, and Body Composition in College Women","authors":"F. Katch, W. D. McArdle, G. Pechar, R. Czula","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615208","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of Cooper's 12-min. endurance run test in 36 college women using max VO2 as the criterion of validity. Max VO2 was measured using the Balke treadmill test (mean = 2.29 L/min; 38.9 ml/kg/min). Percent body fat (mean = 21.8%) and lean body weight (mean = 45.0 kg.) were also determined in 17 women from body density measurements (underwater weighing). A significant correlation of r = .67 was obtained between the endurance run and max VO2 (ml/kg/min), which increased to r = .71 when the correlation was corrected for attenuation from test unreliability in max VO2 (r 11 = .95) and the run (r 22 = .78). One standard error for predicting max VO2 from the run scores was within ± 9% (3.4 ml/kg) and ± 13% (299 ml/min) of predicted values, respectively. Cooper's regression equation to predict max VO2 from the run scores in men underestimated the average max VO2 in women by 18%. Lean body weight correlated r = .49 with the run scores and r = .76 wi...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130196777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615204
B. Gutin
Abstract This paper presents a theory and reviews the literature dealing with the relationship between exercise-induced changes in activation (EIA) and performance of various motor and cognitive tasks. The relationship theoretically takes the form of an inverted U, with performance optimal at some intermediate level of EIA. However, not all tasks have the same optimal level of EIA. Tasks that require a great deal of inhibition (e.g., steadiness) are performed best at very low levels of EIA and tasks that require disinhibition (e.g., arm speed) are performed best at very high levels of EIA. For tasks at either end of the inhibition continuum the relationship between EIA and performance seems to be linear. For intellective tasks, intensity of concomitant exercise is negatively and monotonically related to performance. Prior exercise seems to be curvilinearly related to intellective performance with optimal performance occurring following light exercise that raises the heart rate to about 90-120 bpm.
{"title":"Exercise-Induced Activation and Human Performance: A Review","authors":"B. Gutin","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a theory and reviews the literature dealing with the relationship between exercise-induced changes in activation (EIA) and performance of various motor and cognitive tasks. The relationship theoretically takes the form of an inverted U, with performance optimal at some intermediate level of EIA. However, not all tasks have the same optimal level of EIA. Tasks that require a great deal of inhibition (e.g., steadiness) are performed best at very low levels of EIA and tasks that require disinhibition (e.g., arm speed) are performed best at very high levels of EIA. For tasks at either end of the inhibition continuum the relationship between EIA and performance seems to be linear. For intellective tasks, intensity of concomitant exercise is negatively and monotonically related to performance. Prior exercise seems to be curvilinearly related to intellective performance with optimal performance occurring following light exercise that raises the heart rate to about 90-120 bpm.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121866928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615203
E. Snyder, E. Spreitzer
Abstract The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to operationalize sports involvement into behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions; (2) to replicate previous studies where age, education, occupation, and sex were used as correlates of participation in sports; and (3) to extend previous research by analyzing family influence as a predictor of sports involvement. Data for the study were collected by a mailed questionnaire to a systematic probability sample drawn from the City Directory of Toledo, Ohio. Findings of the study, with sex as the control variable, indicated the value of operationalizing sports involvement into component dimensions. Replication of previous studies with the more refined indicators of involvement suggest the need to modify previous findings. The family influence variables, including both the family of orientation and procreation, were predictive of sports involvement for both sexes.
{"title":"Family Influence and Involvement in Sports","authors":"E. Snyder, E. Spreitzer","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to operationalize sports involvement into behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions; (2) to replicate previous studies where age, education, occupation, and sex were used as correlates of participation in sports; and (3) to extend previous research by analyzing family influence as a predictor of sports involvement. Data for the study were collected by a mailed questionnaire to a systematic probability sample drawn from the City Directory of Toledo, Ohio. Findings of the study, with sex as the control variable, indicated the value of operationalizing sports involvement into component dimensions. Replication of previous studies with the more refined indicators of involvement suggest the need to modify previous findings. The family influence variables, including both the family of orientation and procreation, were predictive of sports involvement for both sexes.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129441071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615207
Randal L. Zollinger
Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanical variables of a windmill fast pitch in women's softball. The subject chosen for this study has shown outstanding ability as a pitcher in women's fast pitch softball. A strike zone was constructed at the plate area of a regulation softball diamond, and a 16-mm. Beaulieu camera (65 f/sec, f7) and a 16-mm. Cine-Kodak K100 camera (64 f/sec, f10) were used to photograph the pitcher and the pitches. The analysis of variables was divided into two categories, descriptive and dynamic. The descriptive variables were the presentation, the wind-up, the release, and the follow-through. The dynamic variables were the length of stride, the horizontal velocity of the pitch, the torque of the arm about the shoulder joint, and the torque of hand-ball system about the wrist joint at release. The velocity of the ball at release is determined by the combination of two applications of rotary forces: a torque about the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and a torque abo...
{"title":"Mechanical Analysis of Windmill Fast Pitch in Women's Softball","authors":"Randal L. Zollinger","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615207","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanical variables of a windmill fast pitch in women's softball. The subject chosen for this study has shown outstanding ability as a pitcher in women's fast pitch softball. A strike zone was constructed at the plate area of a regulation softball diamond, and a 16-mm. Beaulieu camera (65 f/sec, f7) and a 16-mm. Cine-Kodak K100 camera (64 f/sec, f10) were used to photograph the pitcher and the pitches. The analysis of variables was divided into two categories, descriptive and dynamic. The descriptive variables were the presentation, the wind-up, the release, and the follow-through. The dynamic variables were the length of stride, the horizontal velocity of the pitch, the torque of the arm about the shoulder joint, and the torque of hand-ball system about the wrist joint at release. The velocity of the ball at release is determined by the combination of two applications of rotary forces: a torque about the glenohumeral joint (shoulder) and a torque abo...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131308154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615214
W. D. Ross, B. Wilson
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{"title":"A Somatotype Dispersion Index","authors":"W. D. Ross, B. Wilson","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615214","url":null,"abstract":"Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"320 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123163638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615211
R. Park
Abstract A growing concern for the establishment of a national system of education was clearly evident in France during the last decades of the eighteenth century. Physical education was afforded an important role in the educational projections of the period. Beginning with La Chalotais' Essai d'education nationale (1763) authors began to express more and more support for the inclusion of a comprehensive program of physical education. Gabriel Coyer's De l'education publique (1770), Louis Philipon de la Madelaine's Vues patriotiques sur l'education du peuple (1783) and De l'education des colleges (1784), and Jean Ver dier's Maison d'education physique et morale (1772) and Cours d'education a l'usage des eleves (1777) all contributed significantly to the concept that physical education must constitute an important and integral part of any comprehensive and viable plan for national education. Among the most important deliberations of the various French revolutionary assemblies between 1789 and 1795 were thos...
{"title":"Education as a Concern of the State: Physical Education in National Plans for Education in France, 1763-1795","authors":"R. Park","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615211","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A growing concern for the establishment of a national system of education was clearly evident in France during the last decades of the eighteenth century. Physical education was afforded an important role in the educational projections of the period. Beginning with La Chalotais' Essai d'education nationale (1763) authors began to express more and more support for the inclusion of a comprehensive program of physical education. Gabriel Coyer's De l'education publique (1770), Louis Philipon de la Madelaine's Vues patriotiques sur l'education du peuple (1783) and De l'education des colleges (1784), and Jean Ver dier's Maison d'education physique et morale (1772) and Cours d'education a l'usage des eleves (1777) all contributed significantly to the concept that physical education must constitute an important and integral part of any comprehensive and viable plan for national education. Among the most important deliberations of the various French revolutionary assemblies between 1789 and 1795 were thos...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132698780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615212
R. Barney
Abstract During the twentieth century state legislative action has provided a broad base for the positive development of physical education programs in the nation's public schools. State legislation for physical education, extremely limited and often abortive in its infancy during the second half of the nineteenth century, has now reached almost avalanche-like proportions. Prior to the twentieth century few attempts were made by any of the United States to instrument governmental action on the subject of physical education — a subject which, even then, was becoming of increasing concern to educators and certain factions of the lay public. In an investigation of the country's first state laws for physical education, California emerges as the “founding father.” Further, three rather distinct factors underlying the state's pioneer efforts must be considered as having been instrumental in the evolutionary process. They are: (1) John Swett; (2) the early California Turners; and (3) Adele Parot. All three force...
{"title":"A Historical Reinterpretation of the Forces Underlying the First State Legislation for Physical Education in the Public Schools of the U.S.","authors":"R. Barney","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the twentieth century state legislative action has provided a broad base for the positive development of physical education programs in the nation's public schools. State legislation for physical education, extremely limited and often abortive in its infancy during the second half of the nineteenth century, has now reached almost avalanche-like proportions. Prior to the twentieth century few attempts were made by any of the United States to instrument governmental action on the subject of physical education — a subject which, even then, was becoming of increasing concern to educators and certain factions of the lay public. In an investigation of the country's first state laws for physical education, California emerges as the “founding father.” Further, three rather distinct factors underlying the state's pioneer efforts must be considered as having been instrumental in the evolutionary process. They are: (1) John Swett; (2) the early California Turners; and (3) Adele Parot. All three force...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133671564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615216
R. Rivenes
{"title":"An Improved Stabilometer Task Apparatus","authors":"R. Rivenes","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615216","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125441412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615209
W. Sinning
Abstract The purpose was to evaluate changes in body composition during a season of women's basketball and changes in cardiorespiratory function as measured by maximum oxygen intake (max VO2). In addition, the effects of a rule change (six players to five players) were analyzed on the basis of present data and data collected in a similar study completed before the rule change. Measures of max VO2 and body composition were taken on 14 women at the beginning and end of the season. The basketball players tended to be in upper ranges of height and weight in comparison to other reports on college women, but slightly leaner than average. Comparisons of pre- and postseason means (t test) revealed significant increases in weight and LBW which lead to significant decreases in max VO2 when expressed in ml/kg/min and ml/kg LBW/min. The present sample had significantly higher max VO2 values than on the six-player team, but there was no difference relative to training effects when in-season changes in weight and max V...
{"title":"Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Function, and Rule Changes in Women's Basketball","authors":"W. Sinning","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615209","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose was to evaluate changes in body composition during a season of women's basketball and changes in cardiorespiratory function as measured by maximum oxygen intake (max VO2). In addition, the effects of a rule change (six players to five players) were analyzed on the basis of present data and data collected in a similar study completed before the rule change. Measures of max VO2 and body composition were taken on 14 women at the beginning and end of the season. The basketball players tended to be in upper ranges of height and weight in comparison to other reports on college women, but slightly leaner than average. Comparisons of pre- and postseason means (t test) revealed significant increases in weight and LBW which lead to significant decreases in max VO2 when expressed in ml/kg/min and ml/kg LBW/min. The present sample had significantly higher max VO2 values than on the six-player team, but there was no difference relative to training effects when in-season changes in weight and max V...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130343917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-10-01DOI: 10.1080/10671188.1973.10615210
A. Bird
Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of the presence of an audience as compared to a co-action group setting during performance of two different psychomotor tasks. Social facilitation theory predicts identical social influences resulting from either condition and does not take into account the nature of the task performed. Ninety female subjects were randomly selected from a voluntary population of 238. Thirty subjects were then randomly assigned to each of three treatment conditions: alone, audience, and co-action. All subjects performed three trials on each task: hand-steadiness and manual dexterity. Separate ANOVA was completed for performance on each task. When a significant F ratio was obtained the Tukey Method for multiple comparisons of means was applied. The results showed some support for the hypothesis that the effects of an audience and a co-action group setting are not identical. The co-action group performed significantly better than the audience group on both ta...
{"title":"Effects of Social Facilitation upon Females' Performance of two Psychomotor Tasks","authors":"A. Bird","doi":"10.1080/10671188.1973.10615210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1973.10615210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to test the effects of the presence of an audience as compared to a co-action group setting during performance of two different psychomotor tasks. Social facilitation theory predicts identical social influences resulting from either condition and does not take into account the nature of the task performed. Ninety female subjects were randomly selected from a voluntary population of 238. Thirty subjects were then randomly assigned to each of three treatment conditions: alone, audience, and co-action. All subjects performed three trials on each task: hand-steadiness and manual dexterity. Separate ANOVA was completed for performance on each task. When a significant F ratio was obtained the Tukey Method for multiple comparisons of means was applied. The results showed some support for the hypothesis that the effects of an audience and a co-action group setting are not identical. The co-action group performed significantly better than the audience group on both ta...","PeriodicalId":192960,"journal":{"name":"Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1973-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134382435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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