{"title":"The Roles of Chitin Synthases and Chitinases of Filamentous Fungi in Hyphal Tip Growth and Conidial Development","authors":"H. Horiuchi, M. Takagi","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.267","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"158 1","pages":"267-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77077953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanism of Macrophage Fungicidal Activity Against Cryptococcus neoformans: A Comparative Study Between Mouse and Human","authors":"K. Kawakami","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.233","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptococcus neoformans(Cn)感染に対する防御機構は主に細胞性免疫によって担われ,NK細胞,γδT細胞及びヘルパーT細胞から産生されるIFN-γによってマクロファージが活性化され最終的な殺菌に関わっている.マウス腹腔マクロファージを用いた我々の実験では,IFN-γによって誘導された抗Cn活性はnitric oxide(NO)産生とよく相関しており,NO合成阻害剤によって完全に抑制されることから,NOが主要な殺菌メディエーターと考えられた.また,酸素系ラジカルのスカベンジャーであるsuperoxide dismutase(SOD)やカタラーゼの影響を調べると興味深いことにNO産生増強を介して抗Cn活性が高められた.一方ヒトマクロファージについては,マウスと異なりNOを全く産生できないとする報告と刺激方法によってはNO産生がみられ感染防御に関与しているとする報告があり未だ統一した見解が得られていない.我々のヒトマクロファージ細胞株U937を用いた実験では,種々の刺激によって全くNO産生が認められなかった.また,抗Cn活性はNO合成阻害剤やSOD,カタラーゼによって全く影響がみられなかった.このようにヒトとマウスではマクロファージの殺菌機構においてかなり異なっており,マウスで得られた知見がそのままヒトに適用できない可能性が考えられる.","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"19 1","pages":"233-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75415294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Makoto Ito, H. Yamaoka, K. Matsunaga, A. Ogiso, Kazuyuki Miyata, M. Hotchi
ラットにCryptococcus neoformansを経静脈接種し,肝臓および血管内肉芽腫の構成細胞の形質を電顕的内因性ペルオキシダーゼ染色により検討し,さらに中枢神経系での肉芽腫性病変とミクログリアの活性化との関係を免疫組織化学的に検討した.肝臓ではクッパー細胞が主体となって肉芽腫が形成され,血行性播種の過程では血管内に単球由来のマクロファージ(Mφ)が主体となり血管内肉芽腫を形成した.中枢神経系では肝臓,脾臓の肉芽腫性炎症が消退した後も,持続性感染により脳内に肉芽腫性炎症が広がった.中枢神経固有のミクログリアは感染後9日目から活性化され,Class II MHC抗原,CD11b/cの発現が脳室周辺や白質に生じた.同時に経時的に数と大きさを増して感染性肉芽腫が皮質・白質を問わず多数形成された.しかし,皮質内の肉芽腫周辺には活性化されたミクログリアの分布は認められず,活性化されたミクログリアは白質の肉芽腫周辺に多く分布していることから,肉芽腫形成の場により活性化ミクログリアの関与は異なっていた.感染後期にはCD4+ T cellとCD8+ T cellの浸潤が肉芽腫内に多く認められた.臓器により,また感染の経過により肉芽腫形成の主体は在住性Mφであったり単球由来のMφであったり様々であり,Mφが直接肉芽腫形成に参画することも,炎症性メディエイターの分泌を介して肉芽腫性炎症の増幅に間接的に関与する場合もある.
鼠Cryptococcus经静脉接种neoformans，通过电显内源性过氧化物酶染色，探讨肝脏及血管内肉芽肿的构成细胞的性状，进一步用免疫组织化学方法研究中枢神经系统中肉芽肿性病变与小胶质细胞活性化的关系讨论了一下。在肝脏中以库珀细胞为主体形成肉芽肿，在血行性播散的过程中，血管内以单核细胞衍生的巨噬细胞(Mφ)为主体形成血管内肉芽肿。中枢神经系统中，肝脏、脾脏的肉芽肿性炎症消退后，持续性感染导致肉芽肿性炎症在脑内扩散。中枢神经固有的小胶质细胞在感染后的第9天被激活，在脑室周围和白质中出现Class II MHC抗原和CD11b/c。同时，在皮质和白质中形成了许多数量和大小随时间增加的感染性肉芽肿。但是，皮质内的肉芽肿周围没有被激活的小胶质细胞的分布，被激活的小胶质细胞多分布在白质肉芽肿周围。由于呈区分布，根据肉芽肿形成的场所不同，激活小胶质细胞的参与也不同。感染后期，肉芽肿内有大量CD4+ T cell和CD8+ T cell的浸润。根据脏器，另外根据感染的经过，肉芽肿形成的主体有居住性Mφ，也有单核细胞源性Mφ，各种各样，Mφ直接参与肉芽肿的形成，也可以通过炎症介质的分泌，肉芽肿性炎症的放大。也有接触性地参与的情况。
{"title":"Induction and Characterization of Granulomatous Inflammation in Experimental Cryptococcal Infection in the Rat","authors":"Makoto Ito, H. Yamaoka, K. Matsunaga, A. Ogiso, Kazuyuki Miyata, M. Hotchi","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.215","url":null,"abstract":"ラットにCryptococcus neoformansを経静脈接種し,肝臓および血管内肉芽腫の構成細胞の形質を電顕的内因性ペルオキシダーゼ染色により検討し,さらに中枢神経系での肉芽腫性病変とミクログリアの活性化との関係を免疫組織化学的に検討した.肝臓ではクッパー細胞が主体となって肉芽腫が形成され,血行性播種の過程では血管内に単球由来のマクロファージ(Mφ)が主体となり血管内肉芽腫を形成した.中枢神経系では肝臓,脾臓の肉芽腫性炎症が消退した後も,持続性感染により脳内に肉芽腫性炎症が広がった.中枢神経固有のミクログリアは感染後9日目から活性化され,Class II MHC抗原,CD11b/cの発現が脳室周辺や白質に生じた.同時に経時的に数と大きさを増して感染性肉芽腫が皮質・白質を問わず多数形成された.しかし,皮質内の肉芽腫周辺には活性化されたミクログリアの分布は認められず,活性化されたミクログリアは白質の肉芽腫周辺に多く分布していることから,肉芽腫形成の場により活性化ミクログリアの関与は異なっていた.感染後期にはCD4+ T cellとCD8+ T cellの浸潤が肉芽腫内に多く認められた.臓器により,また感染の経過により肉芽腫形成の主体は在住性Mφであったり単球由来のMφであったり様々であり,Mφが直接肉芽腫形成に参画することも,炎症性メディエイターの分泌を介して肉芽腫性炎症の増幅に間接的に関与する場合もある.","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"62 1","pages":"215-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85766972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Two Cases of Tinea Due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection by a Rabbit","authors":"T. Iizuka, J. Ninomiya, T. Hamaguchi, M. Nagase, I. Takiuchi","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.247","url":null,"abstract":"兎が感染源と考えられる,Trichophyton mentagrophytesによる白癬の2例を報告した.症例1は28歳,女性.初診の3か月前より,室内で2羽の兎を飼育していた.2か月前に1羽の兎に脱毛巣を生じ,その直後に別の兎に同様の症状が生じた.初診の10日前より胸部の皮疹に気づき来院,病巣よりT.mentagrophytesを分離した.兎は既に治療済みであったが,動物病院に保存されていた菌株についてT.mentagrophytesと同定できた.症例2は,3歳,男児.初診の約1か月前に体部白癬に罹患.某医を受診し治療をうけ,これは治癒したが,2-3週間前より頭部の鱗屑と脱毛に気づき,同じ医院を受診.頭部白癬の診断で外用抗真菌剤による治療を受けていたが,ケルスス禿瘡に進展したため来院.病巣よりT.mentagrophytesを分離した.内服抗真菌剤による治療継続中,亜鉛華軟膏を併用したところ,著しい増悪を招き,外用の中止により急速に改善した.初診の約2か月前より室内で飼育していた兎に,患児の臨床像に類似した鱗屑と痂皮を伴う脱毛巣があったという.兎は既に治療済みであったため,兎から菌を分離する事はできなかった.なお,患児より分離したT.mentagrophytesは,交配試験の結果Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii(-)株と同定された.","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"82 1","pages":"247-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74177798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kadota, K. Abe, H. Sasaki, H. Kakeya, Yoshihiro Yamamoto, T. Tashiro, S. Kohno
{"title":"Analysis of Cytokine Production in Pulmonary Cryptococcosis","authors":"J. Kadota, K. Abe, H. Sasaki, H. Kakeya, Yoshihiro Yamamoto, T. Tashiro, S. Kohno","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.229","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"20 1","pages":"229-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78820943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generation of Two Phenotypically Distinct Types of Macrophages, CD1+ Dendritic Cells and TRAP+ Osteoclast-like Multi-nucleated Giant Cells from Human Monocytes","authors":"K. Akagawa","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.209","url":null,"abstract":"ヒト単球をGM-CSFまたはM-CSF存在下に培養すると,形態,表面マーカー,機能(貪食能,活性酸素産生能,抗原呈示能,HIV感染感受性など)の異なる2種類のマクロファージ(Mφ)に分化すること,GM-CSFで分化誘導したMφは,ヒトの肺胞Mφに似ていることが知られた.またCSFによるヒト単球のMφへの分化はIL-4により修飾され,GM-CSFとIL-4によりCD1陽性の樹状細胞(DC)に,またM-CSFとIL-4によりTRAP陽性の破骨細胞様多核巨細胞(MGC)への分化が誘導されることが知られた.単球由来DCは,既にGM-CSFによりMφへ変換する能力は有していないが,M-CSFのレセプターであるc-fmsを有しM-CSFに反応してMφに分化可能である.しかしTNF-αで処理することによりc-fmsの発現が抑制されM-CSFによるMφへの分化能を失うことが知られた.また単球由来MGCの形成には内在性のIL-1とIL-6が重要な役割を果たしており,CD4/HLA-DR,LFA-1/ICAM-1及びCD14とそのリガンドの相互作用が必要なことが示唆された.","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"19 5 1","pages":"209-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82602676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Katoh, K. Kimura, H. Taniguchi, Rhuji Maruyama, K. Nishioka
{"title":"Direct Examination and Isolation of Candida albicans from the Tongues of Aged People","authors":"T. Katoh, K. Kimura, H. Taniguchi, Rhuji Maruyama, K. Nishioka","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.253","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"322 1","pages":"253-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78307157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Roles of Activated Macrophages in Host Defense Mechanisms Against Candida Infection","authors":"S. Abe, S. Tansho, K. Uchida, H. Yamaguchi","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.223","url":null,"abstract":"深在性Candida感染に対する防御を担う主たる宿主細胞は,好中球とされているが,マクロファージもまた重要な役割を発揮していると考えられる.マクロファージは,直接Candidaを貪食・殺菌するエフェクターとしてのみならず,サイトカイン等の産生を介することによって間接的にも感染病態に影響を与える.したがってマクロファージの機能を適切に調節することによりCandida感染防御能を高めることができる.このような調節作用をもつ代表的な薬剤として,漢方製剤十全大補湯を例にとり,その効果について検討した私達の研究結果についても述べる.","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"58 34 1","pages":"223-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72725243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seventy-six clinical isolates of dermatophytes and 8 preserved strains of Arthroderma were investigated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to determine the DNA types of common dermatophytes and find any relationships of DNA-based typing with morphology, teleomorphs, geographic origins and sites of human infection. It was found that each species showed a distinct DNA pattern, which can be used as an identification marker. Forty-two isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were classified into 3 main types and intratype polymorphism was revealed with some primers. No simple relationship was found between DNA type and morphology, but the DNA types of strains were closely related to their geographic origins. The RAPD groups of Arthroderma benhamiae, A. vanbreuseghemii, A. gypsea and A. otae were distinctly different, whereas the 42 clinical isolates of T. mentagrophytes shared similar patterns with A. vanbreuseghemii. Among 30 clinical isolates of T. rubrum, 22 showed almost identical RAPD type, while the other 8 strains differed slightly in band patterns. T. rubrum exhibited great differences from A. benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii. In conclusion, RAPD provides a stable and reliable means of typing common dermatophytes, and is a powerful tool for dermatophyte identification and epidemiological study.
{"title":"Typing of Common Dermatophytes by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA","authors":"Zhihong Zhong, Ruoyu Li, Dongmei Li, Duanli Wang","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.239","url":null,"abstract":"Seventy-six clinical isolates of dermatophytes and 8 preserved strains of Arthroderma were investigated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to determine the DNA types of common dermatophytes and find any relationships of DNA-based typing with morphology, teleomorphs, geographic origins and sites of human infection. It was found that each species showed a distinct DNA pattern, which can be used as an identification marker. Forty-two isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were classified into 3 main types and intratype polymorphism was revealed with some primers. No simple relationship was found between DNA type and morphology, but the DNA types of strains were closely related to their geographic origins. The RAPD groups of Arthroderma benhamiae, A. vanbreuseghemii, A. gypsea and A. otae were distinctly different, whereas the 42 clinical isolates of T. mentagrophytes shared similar patterns with A. vanbreuseghemii. Among 30 clinical isolates of T. rubrum, 22 showed almost identical RAPD type, while the other 8 strains differed slightly in band patterns. T. rubrum exhibited great differences from A. benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii. In conclusion, RAPD provides a stable and reliable means of typing common dermatophytes, and is a powerful tool for dermatophyte identification and epidemiological study.","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"48 1","pages":"239-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79553564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Development of antifungal therapy continues to be lively, as we strive to approach the ideal therapy. The newest agents include lipid delivery systems for amphotericin B, which promise relief from some of that drug's side effects. The triazoles, itraconazole and fluconazole, have proven their value as non-toxic and orally effective therapy. Newer members of this class, e. g., SCH 56592 and voriconazole, appear to be promising extensions. To date the triazoles' properties enable new strategies of prophylaxis and of early intervention. Areas needing improvement include treatment for newer fungal pathogens not covered by available therapy, and the need for rapid diagnostic capabilities, comparative clinical trials, and better definitions and scoring in trials. Drugs with new and fungal-specific targets may provide a quantum leap in our weaponry. Examples included drugs targeted at chitin synthase (e. g., nikkomycin Z) or beta glucan synthase (e. g., LY303366). Another approach is immunomodulation, and several cytokines can stimulate the host synergistically with conventional antifungal therapy.
{"title":"New Directions in Antifungal Therapy.","authors":"D. Stevens","doi":"10.3314/JJMM.38.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3314/JJMM.38.141","url":null,"abstract":"Development of antifungal therapy continues to be lively, as we strive to approach the ideal therapy. The newest agents include lipid delivery systems for amphotericin B, which promise relief from some of that drug's side effects. The triazoles, itraconazole and fluconazole, have proven their value as non-toxic and orally effective therapy. Newer members of this class, e. g., SCH 56592 and voriconazole, appear to be promising extensions. To date the triazoles' properties enable new strategies of prophylaxis and of early intervention. Areas needing improvement include treatment for newer fungal pathogens not covered by available therapy, and the need for rapid diagnostic capabilities, comparative clinical trials, and better definitions and scoring in trials. Drugs with new and fungal-specific targets may provide a quantum leap in our weaponry. Examples included drugs targeted at chitin synthase (e. g., nikkomycin Z) or beta glucan synthase (e. g., LY303366). Another approach is immunomodulation, and several cytokines can stimulate the host synergistically with conventional antifungal therapy.","PeriodicalId":19301,"journal":{"name":"Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi","volume":"8 1","pages":"141-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80942404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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