Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10031
R. Notley
The recent discovery of a 6th century basilica at el-A‘raj (Bethsaida) on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee has challenged our understanding of Byzantine traditions about Simon Peter. This study examines the corre-spondence between the archaeological finds and the description of Byzan-tine Bethsaida in the historical sources. Christian tradition consistently voiced that Peter’s home was in Bethsaida and was memorialized with a basilica. The archaeological finds at el-A‘raj accord with this tradition, but they also present a challenge to the innovation of Orfali in 1921 that the octagonal church in Capernaum was built over Peter’s house.
{"title":"Byzantine Bethsaida and the House of St. Peter","authors":"R. Notley","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The recent discovery of a 6th century basilica at el-A‘raj (Bethsaida) on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee has challenged our understanding of Byzantine traditions about Simon Peter. This study examines the corre-spondence between the archaeological finds and the description of Byzan-tine Bethsaida in the historical sources. Christian tradition consistently voiced that Peter’s home was in Bethsaida and was memorialized with a basilica. The archaeological finds at el-A‘raj accord with this tradition, but they also present a challenge to the innovation of Orfali in 1921 that the octagonal church in Capernaum was built over Peter’s house.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45120830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10025
D. I. Manomi
The parable of the talents in Matt 25:14–30 has been often interpreted using either the lens of social identity or virtue ethics, respectively. However, a careful integrative analysis indicates the intrinsic interrelation of social identity and virtue in four aspects. Through such an integration of social identity and the notions of virtue and the good life, Matthew redefines social identity for the Matthean in-group from a social status to a virtue status, from the quantity of one’s giftings to the quality of one’s character, and from a mere sense of belonging to a pursuit of human flourishing through virtue.
{"title":"“Good and Faithful Slave”","authors":"D. I. Manomi","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The parable of the talents in Matt 25:14–30 has been often interpreted using either the lens of social identity or virtue ethics, respectively. However, a careful integrative analysis indicates the intrinsic interrelation of social identity and virtue in four aspects. Through such an integration of social identity and the notions of virtue and the good life, Matthew redefines social identity for the Matthean in-group from a social status to a virtue status, from the quantity of one’s giftings to the quality of one’s character, and from a mere sense of belonging to a pursuit of human flourishing through virtue.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44582373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10027
Nicholas List
Interpreters have often struggled to account for the way in which the author of James employs the figure of Job as an example of ὑπομονή (Jas 5:11). Since a “steadfast” or “patient Job” is clearly incongruous with the book of Job, the Testament of Job is often forwarded as the preferred source of James’ Joban tradition. This article argues that James’ language of ὑπομονή should be read against its wider Greco-Roman literary background, and when done so, the Greek term emerges as an active, aggressive virtue, best rendered “enduring resistance.” The article posits that the author of James has reread the book of Job within this Greco-Roman literary framework, resulting in a congruent, though thoroughly Hellenistic, reading of Septua-gint Job in which the virtue of endurance takes on a newfound centrality.
{"title":"Job’s Endurance (Jas 5:11b)","authors":"Nicholas List","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Interpreters have often struggled to account for the way in which the author of James employs the figure of Job as an example of ὑπομονή (Jas 5:11). Since a “steadfast” or “patient Job” is clearly incongruous with the book of Job, the Testament of Job is often forwarded as the preferred source of James’ Joban tradition. This article argues that James’ language of ὑπομονή should be read against its wider Greco-Roman literary background, and when done so, the Greek term emerges as an active, aggressive virtue, best rendered “enduring resistance.” The article posits that the author of James has reread the book of Job within this Greco-Roman literary framework, resulting in a congruent, though thoroughly Hellenistic, reading of Septua-gint Job in which the virtue of endurance takes on a newfound centrality.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44415351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10029
Susan E. Hylen
Scholars who study gender in the New Testament period largely agree that a person’s gender did not inevitably result from their sex. Masculinity was achieved through habits of behavior and bodily comportment. Men who did not maintain such standards could be criticized for becoming “effeminate,” a move downward on the gender hierarchy. Yet scholars have not understood women to have a comparable ability to move up the gender hierarchy by becoming masculine. Although a few examples of “manly” women are well known in early Christian literature, scholars have largely seen such women as an aberration from cultural expectations and as likely to draw criticism. This article argues instead that manliness was a positive trait in women, meant to convey praise. However, women were also criticized as tribades for pursing sexual relationships that were viewed as excessive and framed as masculine. The variety of possibilities and the positive valence of manliness in women point to greater complexity and fluidity in ancient gender construction.
{"title":"The Manliness of Women and the Social Construction of Gender in the New Testament Period","authors":"Susan E. Hylen","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Scholars who study gender in the New Testament period largely agree that a person’s gender did not inevitably result from their sex. Masculinity was achieved through habits of behavior and bodily comportment. Men who did not maintain such standards could be criticized for becoming “effeminate,” a move downward on the gender hierarchy. Yet scholars have not understood women to have a comparable ability to move up the gender hierarchy by becoming masculine. Although a few examples of “manly” women are well known in early Christian literature, scholars have largely seen such women as an aberration from cultural expectations and as likely to draw criticism. This article argues instead that manliness was a positive trait in women, meant to convey praise. However, women were also criticized as tribades for pursing sexual relationships that were viewed as excessive and framed as masculine. The variety of possibilities and the positive valence of manliness in women point to greater complexity and fluidity in ancient gender construction.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46249675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10021
Ruben van Wingerden
Ancient crucifixion has been the subject of some major studies in the last twenty years. However, they remain silent on how the patibulum was attached to the vertical post or stipes, either with or without an individual. This issue is addressed in this article. The author describes modern approaches to this issue and suggests that there is evidence that nails were used in attaching the patibulum to the crux/stipes. Moreover, the author suggests that the crux/stipes was not imagined to be always already erected before the patibulum was attached, contrary to what is usually related. The Gospel of Peter implies that both beams were attached to each other on the ground before being raised up, and this practice is attested with similar capital punishments in Antiquity as well.
{"title":"Crucifixion Practices","authors":"Ruben van Wingerden","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Ancient crucifixion has been the subject of some major studies in the last twenty years. However, they remain silent on how the patibulum was attached to the vertical post or stipes, either with or without an individual. This issue is addressed in this article. The author describes modern approaches to this issue and suggests that there is evidence that nails were used in attaching the patibulum to the crux/stipes. Moreover, the author suggests that the crux/stipes was not imagined to be always already erected before the patibulum was attached, contrary to what is usually related. The Gospel of Peter implies that both beams were attached to each other on the ground before being raised up, and this practice is attested with similar capital punishments in Antiquity as well.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10022
Dai Smith.
Scholars usually interpret 1 Cor 13:12 as depicting an eschatological encounter with God because of the repetition of ἄρτι … τότε and the verbal shift from present to future. Additionally, scholars propose that the implied object of βλέπομεν is God, and humanity will see God πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον. However, New Testament scholarship has struggled to explain the mirror metaphor, δι’ ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι. Scholars argue it is depicting: indirect theophany, mystery religion initiation, or philosophical agnosticism. Conversely, this article argues that 1 Cor 13:12 and the mirror metaphor is best understood within the socially charged discourse of virtue, ethics, and imitation.
{"title":"Reflecting Ancient Ethics","authors":"Dai Smith.","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Scholars usually interpret 1 Cor 13:12 as depicting an eschatological encounter with God because of the repetition of ἄρτι … τότε and the verbal shift from present to future. Additionally, scholars propose that the implied object of βλέπομεν is God, and humanity will see God πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον. However, New Testament scholarship has struggled to explain the mirror metaphor, δι’ ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγματι. Scholars argue it is depicting: indirect theophany, mystery religion initiation, or philosophical agnosticism. Conversely, this article argues that 1 Cor 13:12 and the mirror metaphor is best understood within the socially charged discourse of virtue, ethics, and imitation.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47758213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10020
Grant Adamson
This article critiques prior epistolary analysis of the Mar Saba Clementine done by Jeff Jay in comparison with a variety of other Greek and Latin epistles. As a closer match, it brings forward Serapion’s letter on the Gospel of Peter apud Eusebius. Due to a pair of formal and conceptual parallels, combined in the Historia ecclesiastica, the article hypothesizes that Morton Smith’s discovery is a modern forgery, which he based upon Eusebius’s excerpt of Serapion in Hist. eccl. 6.12 and upon Eusebius’s paraphrase of the authentic Clement in Hist. eccl. 6.14.
{"title":"What Are the Odds?","authors":"Grant Adamson","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article critiques prior epistolary analysis of the Mar Saba Clementine done by Jeff Jay in comparison with a variety of other Greek and Latin epistles. As a closer match, it brings forward Serapion’s letter on the Gospel of Peter apud Eusebius. Due to a pair of formal and conceptual parallels, combined in the Historia ecclesiastica, the article hypothesizes that Morton Smith’s discovery is a modern forgery, which he based upon Eusebius’s excerpt of Serapion in Hist. eccl. 6.12 and upon Eusebius’s paraphrase of the authentic Clement in Hist. eccl. 6.14.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45325285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10019
David Lincicum
This short note presents an update about the status of GA 2311. After having passed into private possession, it has now been acquired by the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, where it is catalogued as Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Library, cod. graec. a. 2.
{"title":"A Note on GA 2311","authors":"David Lincicum","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This short note presents an update about the status of GA 2311. After having passed into private possession, it has now been acquired by the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, where it is catalogued as Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Hesburgh Library, cod. graec. a. 2.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45007630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10010
T. E. Miller
That 1 Peter uses participles where imperatives are expected is clear. Why it does so is not. Scholarly discussion has focused on whether the participles are independent or dependent. Early grammarians argued that these participles were dependent but struggled to explain why the participles appeared far from their head verb. Modern grammarians have argued that they are independent, yet they have given insufficient attention to why the participle is used instead of the imperative. This article suggests a path forward, which vindicates the earlier interpretation by providing a discourse explanation for the “imperatival participles.” Stated simply, the participle is operating according to its normal function by structuring the discourse. That the participles in 1 Peter are far from their head verb shows the complex structuring of the letter, with the main imperatives moving the discourse along and the participles expressing ways that those head verbs may be accomplished.
{"title":"Choice Implies Meaning","authors":"T. E. Miller","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000That 1 Peter uses participles where imperatives are expected is clear. Why it does so is not. Scholarly discussion has focused on whether the participles are independent or dependent. Early grammarians argued that these participles were dependent but struggled to explain why the participles appeared far from their head verb. Modern grammarians have argued that they are independent, yet they have given insufficient attention to why the participle is used instead of the imperative. This article suggests a path forward, which vindicates the earlier interpretation by providing a discourse explanation for the “imperatival participles.” Stated simply, the participle is operating according to its normal function by structuring the discourse. That the participles in 1 Peter are far from their head verb shows the complex structuring of the letter, with the main imperatives moving the discourse along and the participles expressing ways that those head verbs may be accomplished.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47270043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1163/15685365-bja10024
B. Nongbri
The surviving portion of the papyrus codex of the letters of Paul split between the Chester Beatty Library and the University of Michigan (𝔓⁴⁶) consists of a well preserved but damaged single quire containing parts of nine of Paul’s letters. Because the pages of the codex are numbered, scholars have believed that it is possible to reconstruct the original size of the quire, which turns out to be too small for the traditional Pauline corpus of fourteen letters. Many scholars have taken this to mean that the codex did not contain the Pastoral letters (1–2 Timothy and Titus). Jeremy Duff has argued that the copyist increased the number of letters per page in the second half of the codex and intended to add extra leaves in order to produce a codex with all of the fourteen letters found in the majority of undamaged Greek manuscripts of Paul’s letters. While Duff’s hypothesis has been critically engaged on other grounds, this article assesses Duff’s proposed ancient comparanda for the addition of extra folia to the end of a single-quire codex and revisits the problem of the contents of this codex in light of the construction techniques of better preserved single-quire codices.
{"title":"The Construction and Contents of the Beatty-Michigan Pauline Epistles Codex (𝔓⁴⁶)","authors":"B. Nongbri","doi":"10.1163/15685365-bja10024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685365-bja10024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The surviving portion of the papyrus codex of the letters of Paul split between the Chester Beatty Library and the University of Michigan (𝔓⁴⁶) consists of a well preserved but damaged single quire containing parts of nine of Paul’s letters. Because the pages of the codex are numbered, scholars have believed that it is possible to reconstruct the original size of the quire, which turns out to be too small for the traditional Pauline corpus of fourteen letters. Many scholars have taken this to mean that the codex did not contain the Pastoral letters (1–2 Timothy and Titus). Jeremy Duff has argued that the copyist increased the number of letters per page in the second half of the codex and intended to add extra leaves in order to produce a codex with all of the fourteen letters found in the majority of undamaged Greek manuscripts of Paul’s letters. While Duff’s hypothesis has been critically engaged on other grounds, this article assesses Duff’s proposed ancient comparanda for the addition of extra folia to the end of a single-quire codex and revisits the problem of the contents of this codex in light of the construction techniques of better preserved single-quire codices.","PeriodicalId":19319,"journal":{"name":"Novum Testamentum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46865618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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