A. O. Agbato, O. H. Olabode, S. Mailafia, O. A. Agbato
Avian Infectious Bronchitis (AIB) is a viral disease of serious economic importance characterized by coughing, sneezing, loss of weight and drop in egg and quality. There is paucity of information its occurrence and distribution in Abuja-FCT, Nigeria. Hence this study was conducted to establish the sero-prevalence the virus (IBV) among selected poultry types (local chickens, broilers, pullets, and cockerels) in some area councils within FCT. A total of 360 sera were collected and subjected to Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at Animal Care Laboratory Nyanya, Abuja. The study found an overall prevalence of 80.56% (290/360). While the distribution according location showed the prevalence of 89.17% (107/120) in Kuje area council, 73.30% (88/120) in AMAC, and 79.10% (95/120) in Kwali area council. The distribution according to type of birds showed prevalence of 74.44% (67/90) for broilers, 78.88% (71/90) for cockerels, 71.11%(64/90) for pullets and 97.77% (88/90) for local chicken. The distribution of IBV occurrence according to management showed that the prevalence bird managed under the deep litter systems was 85.88%, while the prevalence in birds managed under cage system 56.00%. In conclusion, this study found an 80.55% prevalence of infectious bronchitis, associated with increased poultry activities. It is therefore recommended that more public education about infectious bronchitis viral disease be carried out in addition to laboratory diagnosis and other preventive measures.
{"title":"Seroprevalence studies of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in chickens in some area council in FCT, Nigeria","authors":"A. O. Agbato, O. H. Olabode, S. Mailafia, O. A. Agbato","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v44i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v44i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Avian Infectious Bronchitis (AIB) is a viral disease of serious economic importance characterized by coughing, sneezing, loss of weight and drop in egg and quality. There is paucity of information its occurrence and distribution in Abuja-FCT, Nigeria. Hence this study was conducted to establish the sero-prevalence the virus (IBV) among selected poultry types (local chickens, broilers, pullets, and cockerels) in some area councils within FCT. A total of 360 sera were collected and subjected to Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at Animal Care Laboratory Nyanya, Abuja. The study found an overall prevalence of 80.56% (290/360). While the distribution according location showed the prevalence of 89.17% (107/120) in Kuje area council, 73.30% (88/120) in AMAC, and 79.10% (95/120) in Kwali area council. The distribution according to type of birds showed prevalence of 74.44% (67/90) for broilers, 78.88% (71/90) for cockerels, 71.11%(64/90) for pullets and 97.77% (88/90) for local chicken. The distribution of IBV occurrence according to management showed that the prevalence bird managed under the deep litter systems was 85.88%, while the prevalence in birds managed under cage system 56.00%. In conclusion, this study found an 80.55% prevalence of infectious bronchitis, associated with increased poultry activities. It is therefore recommended that more public education about infectious bronchitis viral disease be carried out in addition to laboratory diagnosis and other preventive measures.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"27 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. O. Yusuf, D. Sani, M. A. Philip, J. S. Oyetunde, G. Ada, I. E. Shuaibu, A. O. Isaac, U. Yusuf, E. M. Ebinbi Maurice Ajagun
Background: Despite extensive research on snakes, although subject to some variation and ignored by many authors, scarce information is available on the morphology of Psammophis Sibilans.
Objectives: This research aimed to study the morphological characterization of Psammophis Sibilans in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria, as a basis for its morphological identification which may be extrapolated or used as baseline data to show the reliability of scale count in species determination of Psammophis Sibilans.
Methods: Active capture methods were used on free-range snakes and scales were counted to distinguish between the families, generic and specific levels.
Results: The result showed that on the head shield, the loreal [1.0±0.00], pre-nasal[2.0±0.00], internasal[2.0±0.00],preocular[4.0±0.00],supraocular[2.0±0.00],frontal[1.0±0.00], parietal[2.0±0.00] were all the same for all the population studied (n = 20). The dorsal scale [18.00±0.00], and anal plate [1.00±0.00] were also the same for all the snakes studied while the ventral scales [173±2.83], and tail scales [191.30±1.76] showed significant differences within the group. For the zoometric parameters, the body length [85.33±0.44], mid-circumference [7.40±0.10], head length [3.50±0.29], and tail length [32.17±0.17] all showed significant differences within and between the population except for the head width [1.00±0.00].
In conclusion: The head shields are more reliable in the identification of Psamophis sibilans than the zoometric parameters studied, except for the head width. We also discovered a significant variation in the loreal head shield which was just one for all the population studied as opposed to studies from Egypt and Ethiopia where a range of one to two was reported.
{"title":"Morphological identification of the whizzling sand snake: <i>Psammophis sibilans</i> in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"P. O. Yusuf, D. Sani, M. A. Philip, J. S. Oyetunde, G. Ada, I. E. Shuaibu, A. O. Isaac, U. Yusuf, E. M. Ebinbi Maurice Ajagun","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v44i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v44i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite extensive research on snakes, although subject to some variation and ignored by many authors, scarce information is available on the morphology of Psammophis Sibilans.
 Objectives: This research aimed to study the morphological characterization of Psammophis Sibilans in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria, as a basis for its morphological identification which may be extrapolated or used as baseline data to show the reliability of scale count in species determination of Psammophis Sibilans.
 Methods: Active capture methods were used on free-range snakes and scales were counted to distinguish between the families, generic and specific levels.
 Results: The result showed that on the head shield, the loreal [1.0±0.00], pre-nasal[2.0±0.00], internasal[2.0±0.00],preocular[4.0±0.00],supraocular[2.0±0.00],frontal[1.0±0.00], parietal[2.0±0.00] were all the same for all the population studied (n = 20). The dorsal scale [18.00±0.00], and anal plate [1.00±0.00] were also the same for all the snakes studied while the ventral scales [173±2.83], and tail scales [191.30±1.76] showed significant differences within the group. For the zoometric parameters, the body length [85.33±0.44], mid-circumference [7.40±0.10], head length [3.50±0.29], and tail length [32.17±0.17] all showed significant differences within and between the population except for the head width [1.00±0.00].
 In conclusion: The head shields are more reliable in the identification of Psamophis sibilans than the zoometric parameters studied, except for the head width. We also discovered a significant variation in the loreal head shield which was just one for all the population studied as opposed to studies from Egypt and Ethiopia where a range of one to two was reported.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"27 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen with public health implications being resistant to most used antibiotics. It has been associated with health facilities but has now become prevalent in community settings. The presence of MRSA in 240 apparently healthy horses and 65 horse handlers in Kaduna and Zaria was studied through nasal swabs collection by a one-stage cluster sampling and analysed using standard microbiological tests and genotyping methods. Questionnaires were also administered to assess for risk factors associated with MRSA carriage. Prevalence was 10% and 6.2% from the horses and horse handlers respectively. The S. aureus isolates showed highest resistance rates of 54.6% to penicillin and oxacillin. There were high resistance rates also to erythromycin, and tetracycline of 47.7% and 34.1% respectively. Resistance of 22.7% to amikacin and gentamicin, 6.8% to sulphamethoxazole+trimethoprim, 2.3% to ciprofloxacin, and 2.3% to chloramphenicol were also observed. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found among 74.8% of the MRSA isolates. SCCmec typing showed types I, III, and IV in both the horses and the horse handlers while one horse was found to carry SCCmec V. Possible risk factors identified for MRSA carriage by horse handlers included being a veterinarian, exposure to antimicrobial agents, healthcare facility visitation, and personal hygiene. For the horses, risk factors from this study were allergy and wound management. MRSA nasal carriage in horses and horse handlers, as well as MDR (multidrug resistant) strains of S. aureus have been established from this study, this is of public health concern.
{"title":"Prevalence study of methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and its SCC<i>mec</i> features in horses and handlers in Zaria and Kaduna, Nigeria","authors":"A. Abdulkadir, J. Kabir, M. Bello, B. Olayinka","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen with public health implications being resistant to most used antibiotics. It has been associated with health facilities but has now become prevalent in community settings. The presence of MRSA in 240 apparently healthy horses and 65 horse handlers in Kaduna and Zaria was studied through nasal swabs collection by a one-stage cluster sampling and analysed using standard microbiological tests and genotyping methods. Questionnaires were also administered to assess for risk factors associated with MRSA carriage. Prevalence was 10% and 6.2% from the horses and horse handlers respectively. The S. aureus isolates showed highest resistance rates of 54.6% to penicillin and oxacillin. There were high resistance rates also to erythromycin, and tetracycline of 47.7% and 34.1% respectively. Resistance of 22.7% to amikacin and gentamicin, 6.8% to sulphamethoxazole+trimethoprim, 2.3% to ciprofloxacin, and 2.3% to chloramphenicol were also observed. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found among 74.8% of the MRSA isolates. SCCmec typing showed types I, III, and IV in both the horses and the horse handlers while one horse was found to carry SCCmec V. Possible risk factors identified for MRSA carriage by horse handlers included being a veterinarian, exposure to antimicrobial agents, healthcare facility visitation, and personal hygiene. For the horses, risk factors from this study were allergy and wound management. MRSA nasal carriage in horses and horse handlers, as well as MDR (multidrug resistant) strains of S. aureus have been established from this study, this is of public health concern.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135948964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F.F, Oyebanji, A.T. Ajibola, T.H. Aroyehun, O.O. Omotara, T.H. Balogun, B.E. Lasabi, O, Salako, S.O. Elegbede, O.T. Dokunmu
This study assessed the sanitation and hygiene practices in an animal farm through walkthrough observation and one-on-one interviews, monitored the levels of selected air parameters in animal houses using portable air samplers, identified the Klebsiella species from the bacterial population in the nose and skin of selected ruminant animals, and skin of consented animal handlers; and examined the antibiotic sensitivity test (AST) on the confirmed Klebsiella (K.) isolates following standard procedures. Most handlers (77.78%) wash their hands before starting work without soap (55.56 %), with well (77.78 %) or spent water (22.22 %). A total of 181 and 132 distinct bacterial colonies and gram-negative bacteria species, respectively, were obtained. The highest bacteria count (28cfu/ml) was from Cattle nasal swab samples, while the lowest (17cfu/ml each) was from the skin samples of Goats and Sheep. Also, the highest gram-negative bacteria (24cfu/ml) was from sheep skin swab samples, while the least was from goat nasal swab samples. Eighteen of thirty-two presumed K. species were confirmed with colony characteristics and biochemical tests. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was prevalent in 77.7% of the confirmed K. species. Two-thirds of Klebsiella isolates in goats and cattle showed multidrug resistance, compared with 60% in Sheep and 100 % in handlers. Klebsiella's estimated resistance percentages against Penicillin, Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Nitrofurantoin, and Gentamicin were 100, 67.7, 50, 38.9, and 22.2, respectively. This study found a significant gram-negative bacteria load in the skin swabs of animal handlers, which will only worsen with inadequate personal hygiene and poor sanitation.
{"title":"Hygiene and environmental sanitation consequences on the spread of <i>Klebsiella species</i> and its antibiotic resistance in a ruminant animal farm","authors":"F.F, Oyebanji, A.T. Ajibola, T.H. Aroyehun, O.O. Omotara, T.H. Balogun, B.E. Lasabi, O, Salako, S.O. Elegbede, O.T. Dokunmu","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the sanitation and hygiene practices in an animal farm through walkthrough observation and one-on-one interviews, monitored the levels of selected air parameters in animal houses using portable air samplers, identified the Klebsiella species from the bacterial population in the nose and skin of selected ruminant animals, and skin of consented animal handlers; and examined the antibiotic sensitivity test (AST) on the confirmed Klebsiella (K.) isolates following standard procedures. Most handlers (77.78%) wash their hands before starting work without soap (55.56 %), with well (77.78 %) or spent water (22.22 %). A total of 181 and 132 distinct bacterial colonies and gram-negative bacteria species, respectively, were obtained. The highest bacteria count (28cfu/ml) was from Cattle nasal swab samples, while the lowest (17cfu/ml each) was from the skin samples of Goats and Sheep. Also, the highest gram-negative bacteria (24cfu/ml) was from sheep skin swab samples, while the least was from goat nasal swab samples. Eighteen of thirty-two presumed K. species were confirmed with colony characteristics and biochemical tests. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was prevalent in 77.7% of the confirmed K. species. Two-thirds of Klebsiella isolates in goats and cattle showed multidrug resistance, compared with 60% in Sheep and 100 % in handlers. Klebsiella's estimated resistance percentages against Penicillin, Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Nitrofurantoin, and Gentamicin were 100, 67.7, 50, 38.9, and 22.2, respectively. This study found a significant gram-negative bacteria load in the skin swabs of animal handlers, which will only worsen with inadequate personal hygiene and poor sanitation.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135948968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, studies have shown that the skin is the most commonly affected organ for both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions (Broden et al., 2010). This occurrence has been attributed to continuous exposure of the skin to physical, chemical, and environmental factors (Guzman et al., 2003; Pakhrin et al., 2007). Cutaneous tumours are the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in dogs resulting in approximately 30% of all tumours reported and are usually excised due to easy surgical access than tumours in other organs (Moraes et al., 2009). Several authors have reported the occurrence of tumours by utilizing data obtained from registries, animal hospital reports, and diagnostic laboratory reports. Most of these reports vary greatly in terms of data sources, sample numbers, the size of geographical regions assessed (Graf et al., 2018; Kok et al., 2019), prevalent environmental influences, and breed populations (Kaldrymidou et al., 2002; Sanja et al., 2005; Pakhrin et al., 2007). Previous studies have shown that dogs are susceptible to tumours at any age and there is a marked predisposition in aged dogs than young dogs because of a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations (Reif, 2007). Environmental chemical contaminants (especially pyrethroids) also have been implicated in the occurrence of mammary adenocarcinomas (Reif, 2007). Ultraviolet light rays have also been studied as a possible aetiology of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in animals with poor skin pigmentation (Reif, 2007). In Nigeria, different case reports on canine tumours have been documented (Amber and Ralph, 1982; Faramade et al., 2017), but the risk factors and distribution of the disease in these species are very limited and restricted to the databases of Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of universities and private veterinary clinics in the major cities. The documentation of occurrences of different tumour types in a particular geographical region is necessary because it provides easy access to data for further investigation and helps in prompt diagnosis and management by clinicians (Moraes et al., 2009).
多年来，研究表明，无论是肿瘤还是非肿瘤，皮肤都是最常受影响的器官(Broden et al.， 2010)。这种情况的发生归因于皮肤持续暴露于物理、化学和环境因素(Guzman et al.， 2003;Pakhrin et al.， 2007)。皮肤肿瘤是狗中第二大最常诊断的癌症，约占所有肿瘤报告的30%，由于手术容易进入，通常会切除，而不是其他器官的肿瘤(Moraes et al.， 2009)。一些作者利用从登记处、动物医院报告和诊断实验室报告获得的数据报道了肿瘤的发生。这些报告中的大多数在数据来源、样本数、评估的地理区域大小方面差异很大(Graf et al.， 2018;Kok等人，2019)，普遍的环境影响和品种种群(Kaldrymidou等人，2002;Sanja et al.， 2005;Pakhrin et al.， 2007)。先前的研究表明，狗在任何年龄都容易患肿瘤，由于基因突变的逐渐积累，老年狗比年轻狗更容易患肿瘤(Reif, 2007)。环境化学污染物(尤其是拟除虫菊酯)也与乳腺腺癌的发生有关(Reif, 2007)。紫外线也被研究为皮肤色素沉着差的动物鳞状细胞癌(SCC)的可能病因(Reif, 2007)。在尼日利亚，记录了犬类肿瘤的不同病例报告(Amber和Ralph, 1982;Faramade et al.， 2017)，但这些物种的危险因素和疾病分布非常有限，仅限于主要城市大学兽医教学医院和私人兽医诊所的数据库。在特定地理区域记录不同类型肿瘤的发生是必要的，因为它为进一步调查提供了方便的数据，并有助于临床医生及时诊断和管理(Moraes et al.， 2009)。
{"title":"Canine cutaneous tumours from three southwestern states of Nigeria: a retrospective study.","authors":"T.M. Oladipo, O.L. Ajayi, M.O. Olaniyi, F.M. Mshelbwala, E.R. Antia, A.K. Akinloye","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, studies have shown that the skin is the most commonly affected organ for both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions (Broden et al., 2010). This occurrence has been attributed to continuous exposure of the skin to physical, chemical, and environmental factors (Guzman et al., 2003; Pakhrin et al., 2007). Cutaneous tumours are the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in dogs resulting in approximately 30% of all tumours reported and are usually excised due to easy surgical access than tumours in other organs (Moraes et al., 2009). Several authors have reported the occurrence of tumours by utilizing data obtained from registries, animal hospital reports, and diagnostic laboratory reports. Most of these reports vary greatly in terms of data sources, sample numbers, the size of geographical regions assessed (Graf et al., 2018; Kok et al., 2019), prevalent environmental influences, and breed populations (Kaldrymidou et al., 2002; Sanja et al., 2005; Pakhrin et al., 2007). Previous studies have shown that dogs are susceptible to tumours at any age and there is a marked predisposition in aged dogs than young dogs because of a progressive accumulation of genetic mutations (Reif, 2007). Environmental chemical contaminants (especially pyrethroids) also have been implicated in the occurrence of mammary adenocarcinomas (Reif, 2007). Ultraviolet light rays have also been studied as a possible aetiology of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in animals with poor skin pigmentation (Reif, 2007). In Nigeria, different case reports on canine tumours have been documented (Amber and Ralph, 1982; Faramade et al., 2017), but the risk factors and distribution of the disease in these species are very limited and restricted to the databases of Veterinary Teaching Hospitals of universities and private veterinary clinics in the major cities. The documentation of occurrences of different tumour types in a particular geographical region is necessary because it provides easy access to data for further investigation and helps in prompt diagnosis and management by clinicians (Moraes et al., 2009).","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135948966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trypanosomosis is still a major impediment to livestock production in most tropical environments despite various efforts geared towards eradicating the disease. Small ruminants are known to be fully susceptible to pathogenic trypanosome infections, however, studies in small ruminants are still scanty compared to large ruminants. Comparative pathogenicity and biochemical changes in twenty West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep aged between 8-10 months were investigated. Sheep were randomly assigned into groups A and B and experimentally infected with either Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei. Both species of trypanosomes caused significant but varying degrees of alterations in the biochemical parameters studied. There was a consistent and significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of total proteins, globulin, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, sodium, bicarbonate, inorganic phosphate and chloride from day 21 post infection in both groups, and these were sustained till the experiment was terminated. Similarly, the levels of albumin, cholesterol and albumin/globulin ratio progressively decreased (p<0.05) post infection starting from day 28, whereas potassium levels remained unchanged throughout post-infection period. There was a strong positive correlation between total protein and urea in groups A and B (r = 0.937 and r = 0.908), respectively as well as between total protein and creatinine in groups A and B (r = 0.937 and r = 0.908), respectively. Generally, significantly higher biochemical alterations (p<0.05) in T. congolenseinfectedsheep. It can thus be concluded that trypanosome infection in sheep could lead to significant pathological and functional disorders in vital organs including liver and kidney which may have resulted in the biochemical alterations observed; these being influenced by individual trypanosome species.
{"title":"Comparative biochemical changes induced by experimental infection of <i>Trypanosoma congolense</i> and <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep","authors":"M.O. Olaniyi, F.C. Thomas, F.M. Mshelbwala, A.A. Adebiyi, T.M. Oladipo, O.E. Adeleye, O.L. Ajayi, A.O. Talabi","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Trypanosomosis is still a major impediment to livestock production in most tropical environments despite various efforts geared towards eradicating the disease. Small ruminants are known to be fully susceptible to pathogenic trypanosome infections, however, studies in small ruminants are still scanty compared to large ruminants. Comparative pathogenicity and biochemical changes in twenty West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep aged between 8-10 months were investigated. Sheep were randomly assigned into groups A and B and experimentally infected with either Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei. Both species of trypanosomes caused significant but varying degrees of alterations in the biochemical parameters studied. There was a consistent and significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of total proteins, globulin, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, sodium, bicarbonate, inorganic phosphate and chloride from day 21 post infection in both groups, and these were sustained till the experiment was terminated. Similarly, the levels of albumin, cholesterol and albumin/globulin ratio progressively decreased (p<0.05) post infection starting from day 28, whereas potassium levels remained unchanged throughout post-infection period. There was a strong positive correlation between total protein and urea in groups A and B (r = 0.937 and r = 0.908), respectively as well as between total protein and creatinine in groups A and B (r = 0.937 and r = 0.908), respectively. Generally, significantly higher biochemical alterations (p<0.05) in T. congolenseinfectedsheep. It can thus be concluded that trypanosome infection in sheep could lead to significant pathological and functional disorders in vital organs including liver and kidney which may have resulted in the biochemical alterations observed; these being influenced by individual trypanosome species.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135948970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.A. Oyewusi, O.A. Oridupa, A.B. Saba, I.K. Oyewusi
Oxidative stress-induced disease conditions are on the increase and there is need for natural sources of antioxidant for relieving stress. The crude extract of Allium cepa L. has been well published as a potential natural source of antioxidant. But there is inadequate information on the antioxidant activities of fractionated extracts of the plant. The in-vitro antioxidant capacity of crude extract of red cultivar A. cepa bulbs and its four solvent fractions were studied and compared using Nitric oxide radical inhibitory assay (NORIA), FRAP and DPPH antioxidant models. The results of the three models revealed that the crude methanol extract exhibited very good antioxidant activities. However, with the aid of DPPH, the crude methanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions exhibited excellent antioxidant activities in comparison with ascorbic acid. Serial extraction did not make any of the fractionated extracts better than the crude extract of the red cultivar A. cepa bulbs. These results also showed that red cultivar A. cepa bulbs is a natural source of antioxidants and could serve as therapeutic agent in the prevention or slowing down of oxidative stress. Further studies are currently underway to identify the active component responsible for the observed antioxidant properties.
{"title":"Comparative <i>in-vitro</i> antioxidant studies of crude methanol extract and four solvent fractions of red cultivar <i>Allium cepa</i> l. bulbs","authors":"J.A. Oyewusi, O.A. Oridupa, A.B. Saba, I.K. Oyewusi","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress-induced disease conditions are on the increase and there is need for natural sources of antioxidant for relieving stress. The crude extract of Allium cepa L. has been well published as a potential natural source of antioxidant. But there is inadequate information on the antioxidant activities of fractionated extracts of the plant. The in-vitro antioxidant capacity of crude extract of red cultivar A. cepa bulbs and its four solvent fractions were studied and compared using Nitric oxide radical inhibitory assay (NORIA), FRAP and DPPH antioxidant models. The results of the three models revealed that the crude methanol extract exhibited very good antioxidant activities. However, with the aid of DPPH, the crude methanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions exhibited excellent antioxidant activities in comparison with ascorbic acid. Serial extraction did not make any of the fractionated extracts better than the crude extract of the red cultivar A. cepa bulbs. These results also showed that red cultivar A. cepa bulbs is a natural source of antioxidants and could serve as therapeutic agent in the prevention or slowing down of oxidative stress. Further studies are currently underway to identify the active component responsible for the observed antioxidant properties.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135948965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
African swine fever outbreaks are ongoing in Europe and other parts of the world. In Nigeria, genotype I has been previously described, while genotype II was only reported recently. This study investigated a major disease outbreak in one of the largest pig farms in Nigeria, detected the etiology and determined the evolutionary history of African swine fever virus. Viral DNA was extracted and used to confirm the circulation of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) by Polymerase Chain Reaction, followed by the sequencing of the amplified products by Sanger’s method. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the ASFV detected in this study belong to genotype II and clustered with reference strains from the Euro-Asian region and Tanzania in East Africa. This being the second report of ASFV genotype II in quick succession from Nigeria, suggests there may have been an unrecognized indigenous circulation or re-emergence of previously contained, or introduction of ASFV genotype II into the country. This reinforces the need for active surveillance and biosecurity measures to prevent and control transmission.
{"title":"Detection of African swine fever virus genotype II in domestic pigs during a hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"A.B. Onoja, I.M. Ifeorah, M. Jolaoso, I.A. Onoja","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"African swine fever outbreaks are ongoing in Europe and other parts of the world. In Nigeria, genotype I has been previously described, while genotype II was only reported recently. This study investigated a major disease outbreak in one of the largest pig farms in Nigeria, detected the etiology and determined the evolutionary history of African swine fever virus. Viral DNA was extracted and used to confirm the circulation of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) by Polymerase Chain Reaction, followed by the sequencing of the amplified products by Sanger’s method. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the ASFV detected in this study belong to genotype II and clustered with reference strains from the Euro-Asian region and Tanzania in East Africa. This being the second report of ASFV genotype II in quick succession from Nigeria, suggests there may have been an unrecognized indigenous circulation or re-emergence of previously contained, or introduction of ASFV genotype II into the country. This reinforces the need for active surveillance and biosecurity measures to prevent and control transmission.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135948969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. T. Adenubi, O. G. Olatunbosun, O. A. Adekoya, F. A. Akande, S. C. Attama, J. A. Oyewusi
Ticks are a significant threat to livestock production, and the synthetic acarcides used to control them have had negative effects on the environment, non-target organisms and the animals being treated. As a solution to this problem, it is necessary to explore alternatives that are safer for humans, animals, and the environment. The use of medicinal plants offers a promising solution. In this study, the acaricidal efficacy of Momordica charantia, a medicinal plant, was evaluated using the adult immersion test (AIT). The aqueous extract and essential oil (EO) of M. charantia leaves were evaluated. A positive control (2% cypermethrin) and negative control (distilled water) were used. Different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, and 20%) of both aqueous and EO of plant were tested with 10 ticks per group. Tick mortality, reproductive index (RI), and inhibition of oviposition (IO %) were measured at 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days post-treatment (PT). Statistical analysis was conducted using the probit method, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that both the aqueous extract and EO of M. charantia exhibited low acaricidal activity. Even at the highest EO concentration (20%), only 45% tick mortality was observed. The effect on oviposition was negligible, as the aqueous extract did not inhibit oviposition in live engorged female ticks. Consequently, M. charantia may not be a suitable alternative to synthetic acaricidal agents available on the market.
{"title":"In vitro evaluation of the acaricidal efficacy of aqueous extract and essential oil of <i>Momordica charantia</i> L. against <i>Rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus</i> ticks.","authors":"O. T. Adenubi, O. G. Olatunbosun, O. A. Adekoya, F. A. Akande, S. C. Attama, J. A. Oyewusi","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Ticks are a significant threat to livestock production, and the synthetic acarcides used to control them have had negative effects on the environment, non-target organisms and the animals being treated. As a solution to this problem, it is necessary to explore alternatives that are safer for humans, animals, and the environment. The use of medicinal plants offers a promising solution. In this study, the acaricidal efficacy of Momordica charantia, a medicinal plant, was evaluated using the adult immersion test (AIT). The aqueous extract and essential oil (EO) of M. charantia leaves were evaluated. A positive control (2% cypermethrin) and negative control (distilled water) were used. Different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, and 20%) of both aqueous and EO of plant were tested with 10 ticks per group. Tick mortality, reproductive index (RI), and inhibition of oviposition (IO %) were measured at 24 hours, 7 days, and 14 days post-treatment (PT). Statistical analysis was conducted using the probit method, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that both the aqueous extract and EO of M. charantia exhibited low acaricidal activity. Even at the highest EO concentration (20%), only 45% tick mortality was observed. The effect on oviposition was negligible, as the aqueous extract did not inhibit oviposition in live engorged female ticks. Consequently, M. charantia may not be a suitable alternative to synthetic acaricidal agents available on the market.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135585555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. O. Oyenekan, O. A. Makinde, S. A. Olurode, L. Mustapha, S. A. Koleosho, T. A. Abati
Pain response during pig handling is aggravated due to difficulty in restraining them for surgical procedure and thus gives rise to more welfare concerns. This study evaluated the comparative advantage of either combination of ketamine/xylazine (KX) or Ketamine/diazepam (KD) for surgical castration in pigs. Ten client-owned grower pigs, scheduled for orchidectomy were randomly assigned to two treatment groups containing five pigs were used for the study. Group 1 were anaesthetized with simultaneous intramuscular injection of 0.3 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine while group 2 were simultaneously injected with 2mg/kg Xylazine and 10 mg/kg ketamine, intramuscularly. Orchidectomy was thereafter performed on each pig using standard procedures. Cardiopulmonary parameters and anaesthetic indices were measured before and after anaesthetic induction. Castration was successfully done in all the grower pigs and the recovery from anaesthesia was uneventful. There was no significant change in all the cardiopulmonary parameters measured throughout the procedure. Also there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperature between the two groups. There was faster but insignificant(p=0.15) loss of righting reflex in pigs in group KX compared to KD group. Also, the induction time, time of standing and duration of surgery was faster in KX group than KD group although not statistically significant. Following skin incision, all the pigs in the KD and non in KX group were found to require subcutaneous lidocaine inflitration. Ketamine-Xylazine combination provided better anaesthesia and analgesia sufficient for a 30 minutes surgical procedure like castration in grower pigs.
{"title":"Evaluation of anaesthetic and analgesic effects of ketamine-diazepam and ketamine-xylazine for chemical restraint in grower pigs undergoing surgical castration.","authors":"I. O. Oyenekan, O. A. Makinde, S. A. Olurode, L. Mustapha, S. A. Koleosho, T. A. Abati","doi":"10.4314/nvj.v43i4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v43i4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Pain response during pig handling is aggravated due to difficulty in restraining them for surgical procedure and thus gives rise to more welfare concerns. This study evaluated the comparative advantage of either combination of ketamine/xylazine (KX) or Ketamine/diazepam (KD) for surgical castration in pigs. Ten client-owned grower pigs, scheduled for orchidectomy were randomly assigned to two treatment groups containing five pigs were used for the study. Group 1 were anaesthetized with simultaneous intramuscular injection of 0.3 mg/kg diazepam and 10 mg/kg ketamine while group 2 were simultaneously injected with 2mg/kg Xylazine and 10 mg/kg ketamine, intramuscularly. Orchidectomy was thereafter performed on each pig using standard procedures. Cardiopulmonary parameters and anaesthetic indices were measured before and after anaesthetic induction. Castration was successfully done in all the grower pigs and the recovery from anaesthesia was uneventful. There was no significant change in all the cardiopulmonary parameters measured throughout the procedure. Also there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperature between the two groups. There was faster but insignificant(p=0.15) loss of righting reflex in pigs in group KX compared to KD group. Also, the induction time, time of standing and duration of surgery was faster in KX group than KD group although not statistically significant. Following skin incision, all the pigs in the KD and non in KX group were found to require subcutaneous lidocaine inflitration. Ketamine-Xylazine combination provided better anaesthesia and analgesia sufficient for a 30 minutes surgical procedure like castration in grower pigs.","PeriodicalId":19330,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135585557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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