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Degradation (or Lack Thereof) and Drag Reduction of HPAM Solutions During Transport in Turbulent Flow in Pipelines HPAM溶液在管道湍流输送过程中的降解(或缺乏)和减阻
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.2118/169699-PA
S. Jouenne, J. Anfray, P. Cordelier, K. Mateen, D. Levitt, I. Souilem, P. Marchal, C. Lemaitre, L. Choplin, Jonathon Nesvik, T. Waldman
Rules of thumb that are used in the industry for polymer-flooding projects tend to limit the distance over which hydrolyzed poly-acrylamide polymers can be transported in pipelines without under-going significant degradation. However, in sensitive environments, such as offshore facilities where footprint minimization is required, centralization of the polymer-hydration process and long-distance transport may be desirable. More-reliable rules are required to de-sign the pipe network and to estimate mechanical degradation of polymers during transport in turbulent conditions.In this work, we present evidence in the form of empirical large-scale pipeline experiments and theoretical development refuting the claim that polymer pipeline transport is limited by mechanical degradation. Our work concludes that mechanical degradation oc-curs at a critical velocity, which increases as a function of pipe di-ameter. Provided the critical velocity is not reached in a given pipe, there is no limit to the distance over which polymer solution can be transported. In addition, the drag reduction of viscous polymer solutions was measured as a function of pipe length, pipe diameter, fluid ve-locity, and polymer concentration. An envelope was defined to fix the minimum and maximum drag reductions expected for a given velocity in larger pipes. For pipes with diameters varying between 14 and 22 in. at a velocity greater than 1 m/s, the drag-reduction percentage is anticipated to be between 55 and 80%. A more- refined model was developed to predict drag reduction with less uncertainty. In conclusion, classical design rules applied for water transport (fluid velocity < 3 m/s) can be applied to the design of a polymer network. Therefore, for tertiary polymer projects, the existing water-injection network should be compatible with the mechanical requirements of polymer transportation. For secondary polymer projects, changing the rules of design by taking into account the high level of drag reduction should bring some economy to the pipe design and installation
在聚合物驱项目中使用的经验法则往往会限制水解聚丙烯酰胺聚合物在管道中运输的距离,而不会发生明显的降解。然而,在敏感环境中,如海上设施,需要最大限度地减少足迹,聚合物水化过程的集中和长途运输可能是可取的。需要更可靠的规则来设计管网,并估计聚合物在湍流条件下运输过程中的机械降解。在这项工作中,我们以经验大规模管道实验和理论发展的形式提出证据,反驳了聚合物管道运输受到机械降解限制的说法。我们的工作得出结论,机械退化发生在临界速度下,该速度随管道直径的增加而增加。如果在给定的管道中没有达到临界速度,那么聚合物溶液可以输送的距离就没有限制。此外,还测量了粘性聚合物溶液的减阻效果,并将其作为管道长度、管径、流体流速和聚合物浓度的函数。在较大的管道中,对于给定的速度,定义了一个包线来确定预期的最小和最大阻力降低。对于直径在14和22英寸之间变化的管道。当速度大于1m /s时,预计减阻率在55%至80%之间。开发了一个更精细的模型,以更小的不确定性预测减阻。综上所述,适用于水运的经典设计规则(流体速度< 3 m/s)可以应用于聚合物网络的设计。因此,对于三级聚合物项目,现有注水网络应与聚合物输运的力学要求相适应。对于二次聚合物项目,改变设计规则,考虑到高水平的减阻,应该会给管道设计和安装带来一定的经济效益
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引用次数: 14
Taking on the Technical Challenges of Sour Gas Processing 酸气处理的技术挑战
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2118/1214-0021-OGF
P. Boschee
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引用次数: 5
Polymer Flood Produced Water Treatment Trials 聚合物驱采出水处理试验
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2118/172024-PA
R. Al-Maamari, M. Sueyoshi, M. Tasaki, Kojima Keisuke, K. Okamura
Summary Polymer-enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) operation has been implemented for the production of oil from difficult mature oil fields in Oman. The polymer used to sweep oil toward production wells in this EOR technique is resulting in the generation of polymer-flood produced water (PFPW) of increasing viscosity. Current methods of treating oilfield produced water must be reconsidered for the effective treatment of PFPW of such changing quality. In a previous study, the use of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was proposed for the coagulation of oil in produced water to be separated by flotation and filtration. As such, laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the applicability of PAC and other chemicals for treatment of PFPW with higher viscosity than ordinary oilfield-produced water. These tests indicated clearly that aluminum sulfate (AS) was more effective for treatment of such higherviscosity water. A pilot plant developed during the earlier study was used to conduct coagulation/flocculation-, flotation-, filtration-, and adsorption-treatment trials for PFPW from an oil field at which polymer EOR was under way. For the final trial, the inlet PFPW viscosity was 1.4 cp at 40°C and oil concentration was greater than 200 mg/L. AS was applied for the coagulation/flocculation and flotation stages, and was found to be effective in reducing oil concentration to 1 mg/L. Filtration and adsorption stages resulted in further improvement of water quality. Most of the polymer used for EOR was believed to have been removed along with oil and suspended solids.
阿曼在难度较大的成熟油田实施了聚合物提高采收率(EOR)作业。在这种EOR技术中,用于将油扫向生产井的聚合物会导致聚合物驱采出水(PFPW)的粘度增加。为了有效地处理这种水质变化的PFPW,必须重新考虑现有的油田采出水处理方法。在之前的研究中,提出了使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)对采出水中的油进行混凝,然后通过浮选和过滤分离。因此,进行了实验室测试,以评估PAC和其他化学品处理粘度高于普通油田采出水的PFPW的适用性。试验结果表明,硫酸铝(AS)处理高粘度水的效果较好。在早期研究中开发的一个中试装置用于对正在进行聚合物EOR的油田的PFPW进行混凝/絮凝、浮选、过滤和吸附处理试验。在最后的试验中,进口PFPW在40°C时粘度为1.4 cp,油浓度大于200 mg/L。将AS应用于混凝/絮凝和浮选阶段,发现可有效地将油浓度降至1 mg/L。过滤和吸附两个阶段进一步改善了水质。大多数用于提高采收率的聚合物被认为已经与油和悬浮固体一起被去除。
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引用次数: 13
Thermodynamic Performance Indicators for Offshore Oil and Gas Processing: Application to Four North Sea Facilities 海上油气加工的热力学性能指标:在北海四个设施中的应用
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2118/171565-PA
M. Voldsund, Tuong-Van Nguyen, B. Elmegaard, I. S. Ertesvåg, S. Kjelstrup
Oil and gas extraction have been responsible for 25—28% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in Norway the last 10 years. The part from offshore oil and gas processing, including power production, flaring, and cold ventilation on production platforms, accounted for 20—22%. Exergy analysis is a method for systematic assessment of potential to perform work. It gives the possibility to identify where in a process inefficiencies occur: both losses to the surroundings and internal irreversibilities, and can be used as a tool for pinpointing improvement potential and for evaluation of industrial processes. When used in the petroleum sector, this can motivate more efficient oil and gas extraction, leading to a better utilisation of the resources and less greenhouse gas emissions.The objectives of this thesis were to: (i) establish exergy analyses of the oil and gas processing plants on different types of North Sea platforms; (ii) identify and discuss improvement potentials for each case, compare them and draw general conclusions if possible; and (iii) define meaningful thermodynamic performance parameters for evaluation of the platforms.Four real platforms (Platforms A—D) and one generic platform of the North Sea type were simulated with the process simulators Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Plus. The real platforms were simulated using process data provided by the oil companies. The generic platform was simulated based on literature data, with six different feed compositions (Cases 1—6). These five platforms presented different process conditions; they differed for instance by their exported products, gas-to-oil ratios, reservoir characteristics and recovery strategies.Exergy analyses were carried out, and it was shown that for the cases studied in this work, the power consumption was in the range of 5.5—30 MW, or 20—660 MJ/Sm3 o.e. exported. The heat demand was very small and covered by electric heating for two of the platforms, and higher, but low enough to be covered by waste heat recovery from the power turbines and by heat integration between process streams, for the other three platforms. The main part of the power was consumed by compressors in the gas treatment section for all cases, except Platform B and Case 4 of the generic model. Platform B had lower pressures in the products than in the feeds, resulting in a low compression demand. Case 4 of the generic model had a high content of heavy hydrocarbons in the feed, resulting in large power demand in the oil export pumping section. The recompression and oil pumping sections appeared to be the other major power consumers, together with the seawater injection system, if installed.The total exergy destruction was in the range of 12—32 MW, or 43—517 MJ/Sm3 o.e. exported. Most exergy destruction was related to pressure increase or decrease. Exergy destruction in the gas treatment section made up 8—57% of the total amount, destruction in the recompression section accounted for 11—29%, while 10—28% took place
过去10年,挪威温室气体排放总量的25-28%来自石油和天然气开采。海上油气加工的部分,包括发电、燃除和生产平台的冷通风,占20-22%。功能分析是一种系统地评估做功潜力的方法。它提供了确定过程中何处发生效率低下的可能性:对周围环境和内部不可逆性的损失,并且可以用作确定改进潜力和评价工业过程的工具。当用于石油行业时,这可以激发更高效的石油和天然气开采,从而更好地利用资源并减少温室气体排放。本文的目标是:(i)建立不同类型北海平台上的石油和天然气加工厂的能源分析;(ii)找出及讨论每宗个案的改善潜力,并加以比较,尽可能得出一般结论;(iii)定义有意义的热力性能参数,用于评估平台。使用过程模拟器Aspen HYSYS和Aspen Plus对四个真实平台(A-D平台)和一个北海型通用平台进行了模拟。使用石油公司提供的过程数据对真实平台进行了模拟。基于文献数据,模拟了6种不同饲料组成的通用平台(病例1-6)。五个平台的工艺条件不同;例如,它们的出口产品、气油比、储层特征和采收率策略都存在差异。进行了火用分析,结果表明,对于本工作所研究的案例,功率消耗范围为5.5-30 MW,或20-660 MJ/Sm3 o.e.输出。两个平台的热需求非常小,由电加热覆盖,更高,但足够低,可以由动力涡轮机的废热回收和工艺流之间的热集成覆盖,对于其他三个平台。除通用机型B平台和Case 4外,其余机型的主要功率均由气体处理段的压缩机消耗。平台B的产品压力低于进料压力,因此压缩需求较低。通用模型案例4的进料中重烃含量高,导致出口抽油段电力需求大。如果安装了海水注入系统,再压缩和抽油部分似乎是另一个主要的电力消耗者。总消能在12-32 MW之间,输出43-517 MJ/Sm3 o.e.。大多数火用破坏与压力的增加或减少有关。气体处理段的火用破坏占总量的8-57%,再压缩段的火用破坏占11-29%,而生产歧管的火用破坏占10-28%。燃除引起的火用损失在0-13 MW范围内变化。气油比高、产气压力高的平台能耗和火用破坏最高。提出了减少能源破坏和损失的若干措施。两种替代方案包括使用有潜力显著提高效率的成熟技术:(i)通过安装气体回收系统来限制燃除,(ii)通过更新/交换压缩机来提高气体压缩性能。讨论了几个热力学性能指标,并以A-D平台为例进行了研究。这些指标都不能同时评价(i)技术上可实现潜力的利用、(ii)理论上可实现潜力的利用和(iii)能源的总利用。得出的结论是,必须使用一套指标来评价热力学性能。建议采用以下指标:以火用为基础的BAT效率、火用效率和比火用破坏。由于(i)化学火用的高通量,(ii)工艺流中化学成分的种类繁多,(iii)操作条件的差异,海上处理厂的火用效率的制定是困难的。在文献中发现的类似过程的方法被应用于平台A-D。这些方法在应用于海上加工工厂时有几个缺点;它们对性能改进的敏感度较低,给出的结果不一致,或者在某些条件下偏爱平台。提出了一种新的能量效率,称为逐分量效率。这一效率可以很好地评价理论改进潜力。研究人员对挪威海上天然气加工进行了分析,发现液化天然气加工占挪威天然气加工总量的25-28%。
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引用次数: 6
Spar Innovations: Thinking Inside the Box Reaps Savings Spar创新:在盒子里思考,节省开支
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2118/1214-0026-OGF
W. Furlow
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引用次数: 0
A Modular Subsea Direct-Current Electrical-Power System 模块化海底直流电力系统
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2118/171564-PA
R. Lai, Di Zhang, D. Dong, S. Chi, M. H. Todorovic, R. Gupta, L. Garces, Satish Gunturi, R. Datta, T. Wijekoon, C. Sihler, S. Rocke, Kristin Moe Elgsaas, Elise Savarit, A. Anbarasu, Joseph Song Manguelle, J. Pappas
Summary Subsea processing has been increasingly accepted by the offshore oil and gas industry as a solution to boost production and reduce cost. Accordingly, the subsea power demand is growing to support various processing loads, including pumps and compressors. Depending on the application, the power rating of a field ranges from tens of kilowatts to tens of megawatts, and the step-out distance ranges from a few kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. Considering the hostile and remote environment, a reliable subsea electrical-power system that is suitable for subsea deployment is clearly desired. This paper presents a modular direct-current electrical-power system that is designed for use in a subsea field with medium or long step-out distance. The proposed system consists of multiple modular converters in the subsea station to achieve the required power-conversion functions. It features high reliability, high flexibility, and reduced installation weight. The system operation and protection are presented, and the performance is verified by a laboratory-scale demonstration.
作为一种提高产量和降低成本的解决方案,海底处理技术已经越来越被海上油气行业所接受。因此,海底电力需求不断增长,以支持各种处理负载,包括泵和压缩机。根据不同的应用,一个电场的额定功率范围从几十千瓦到几十兆瓦,步出距离范围从几公里到几百公里。考虑到恶劣和偏远的环境,一个可靠的海底电力系统显然是适合海底部署的。本文介绍了一种模块化直流电力系统,该系统设计用于中长步距的海底油田。该系统由水下站中的多个模块化转换器组成,以实现所需的功率转换功能。具有可靠性高、灵活性强、安装重量轻等特点。介绍了系统的操作和保护,并通过实验室规模的演示验证了系统的性能。
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引用次数: 1
Simplified Dynamic Models for Control of Riser Slugging in Offshore Oil Production 海上采油隔水管段塞控制的简化动力学模型
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2118/172998-PA
E. Jahanshahi, S. Skogestad
Summary Elaborated models, such as those used for simulation purposes [e.g., in the OLGA® simulator (Bendiksen et al. 1991)], cannot be used for model-based control design because these models use too many state variables and the model equations are not usually available for the user. The focus of this paper is on deriving simple, dynamical models with few state variables that capture the essential dynamic behavior for control. We propose a new simplified dynamic model for severe-slugging flow in pipeline/riser systems. The proposed model, together with five other simplified models found in the literature, are compared with results from the OLGA simulator. The new model can be extended to other cases, and we consider also a well/ pipeline/riser system. The proposed simple models are able to represent the main dynamics of severe-slugging flow and compare well with experiments and OLGA simulations.
精心设计的模型,如用于仿真目的的模型[例如,在OLGA®模拟器中(Bendiksen等人,1991)],不能用于基于模型的控制设计,因为这些模型使用了太多的状态变量,并且模型方程通常对用户来说是不可用的。本文的重点是推导具有少量状态变量的简单动态模型,这些模型捕获了用于控制的基本动态行为。我们提出了一种新的简化的管道/立管系统严重段塞流动力学模型。该模型与文献中发现的其他五种简化模型一起,与OLGA模拟器的结果进行了比较。新模型可以扩展到其他情况,我们也考虑了井/管道/立管系统。所提出的简单模型能够很好地反映严重段塞流的主要动力学过程,并与实验和OLGA模拟结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 15
Unconventional Resources: New Facilities Find Solutions to Limited Water Sources 非常规资源:新设施为有限的水资源找到解决方案
Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2118/1214-0011-OGF
S. Whitfield
It is common knowledge that hydraulic fracturing operations require a lot of water, and as they have become a more vital element of the oil and gas industry, sourcing this water has proven to be a challenge for companies operating in tough terrain. Drought plagues much of the United States, a country with significant hydraulic fracturing activity, and operators have to take hydrology concerns into consideration when constructing facilities in these environments. In most cases, the solution means recycling produced and flowback water and diminishing, or eliminating altogether, the need for fresh water. Depending on the region and its specific challenges, operators are finding unique ways to address the water issue. In the past couple of years, new facilities have been built or repurposed with new technologies that may affect how companies work in water-stressed shale plays in the future. Where are these new facilities with these new technologies, and how will they help operators solve the problem of finding water to use in an expanding sector of the industry? Hydrology The competition for water from users in fracturing and other users is high. According to Ceres, a nonprofit organization that focuses on water scarcity, 41% of wells in the US are in regions with extreme water stress, or areas where more than 80% of available water is being drawn by municipal, agricultural, and industrial users. Although hydraulic fracturing usually accounts for less than 2% of a state’s overall water usage, the figure can be much higher in some locations (Freyman and Salmon 2013).
众所周知,水力压裂作业需要大量的水,随着水力压裂成为石油和天然气行业中越来越重要的组成部分,对于在恶劣地形下作业的公司来说,获取这些水是一个挑战。干旱困扰着美国大部分地区,这是一个水力压裂活动频繁的国家,运营商在这些环境中建造设施时必须考虑水文因素。在大多数情况下,解决方案意味着回收产出水和返排水,减少或完全消除对淡水的需求。根据不同地区及其面临的具体挑战,运营商正在寻找独特的方法来解决水问题。在过去的几年里,新设施的建造或新技术的改造可能会影响公司未来在缺水的页岩地区的工作方式。这些采用新技术的新设施在哪里?它们将如何帮助运营商解决在不断扩大的行业中寻找用水的问题?水力压裂用户和其他用户对水资源的竞争非常激烈。根据关注水资源短缺的非营利组织Ceres的数据,美国41%的水井位于水资源极度紧张的地区,或者超过80%的可用水被市政、农业和工业用户抽取的地区。尽管水力压裂通常只占一个州总用水量的不到2%,但在某些地区,这个数字可能要高得多(Freyman和Salmon 2013)。
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引用次数: 3
The Value of Mentoring in Career Development 指导在职业发展中的价值
Pub Date : 2014-10-01 DOI: 10.2118/1014-0007-OGF
Brad Nelson
A few weeks ago, I noticed that someone had viewed my LinkedIn profile. We all have had this happen, and often it will be recruiters or business development professionals looking for contacts, or people who wish to remain anonymous for some reason. (Really? Do not be so sneaky.) But once in a blue moon, it will be an individual from your past with whom you have lost contact. For a brief moment, you take a trip down memory lane and reflect on how that person influenced you. Fortunately, most are positive influences and the recollection brightens your day. The viewer of my profile was one of my first bosses, Keith. He was the senior vice president of sales and marketing for a defense contractor in southern California, where I started my career almost 30 years ago. I remember him being larger than life in both size and presence. He was intimidating initially, but I soon came to realize that although his personality was strong, his management style was fair. He would certainly bust your chops when you made a mistake (I made a lot), but he would also ensure that you recognized the lesson learned from the mistake. I remember submitting an expense report in the early tenure of my position on Keith’s team. Because I was in the field for long periods of time, Keith permitted me to replace a few articles of ruined clothing. The company’s comptroller paged me one afternoon (Al Gore was still inventing the Internet, so email was not yet an option) and proceeded to chew me out for not complying with company procedures. When Keith heard about this, “it hit the fan” and he dressed down the comptroller with me listening to the conference call. The discussion included the signature for approval and why the issue was being addressed with me. After the call, I knew that my boss “had my back.” He looked out for his team. It gave me confidence in executing my job, knowing that no matter how I might mess up ... he would support me. A few years later, another boss affected my career development. Bill was a stickler for the correct writing of reports. Automatic spelling and/or grammar check did not exist on computer programs, so we were left to our own devices to “get it right.” Initially, Bill returned my reports, marked up with red ink and appearing as if they had been used to clean up a gruesome scene from a movie. Over time, I seemed to be getting the hang of it and the red markings became less frequent. It was a challenge to submit a report and to see how few comments were returned. I am fortunate to have been guided and molded by Keith, Bill, and others and have drawn upon their mentoring and management styles throughout my career and in interactions with junior colleagues.
几周前,我注意到有人浏览了我的LinkedIn资料。我们都遇到过这种情况,通常是招聘人员或业务发展专业人员寻找联系人,或者出于某种原因希望保持匿名的人。(真的吗?别这么鬼鬼祟祟的。但一旦在蓝色的月亮,它将是一个人从你的过去与你失去联系。在一个短暂的时刻,你回忆起过去,思考那个人是如何影响你的。幸运的是,大多数都是积极的影响,回忆会照亮你的一天。浏览我个人资料的人是我的第一个老板,基思。他是南加州一家国防承包商的销售和营销高级副总裁,我大约30年前在那里开始了我的职业生涯。我记得他在身材和存在感上都比真人大。他一开始很吓人,但我很快意识到,虽然他的个性很强,但他的管理风格很公平。当你犯错误时(我犯了很多错误),他肯定会严厉批评你,但他也会确保你认识到从错误中吸取的教训。我记得在基斯的团队任职初期,我提交了一份费用报告。因为我在野外待了很长时间,基思允许我更换几件破旧的衣服。一天下午,公司的审计长呼叫了我(当时阿尔·戈尔还在发明互联网,所以电子邮件还不是一个选项),并因为我没有遵守公司的程序而对我进行了严厉的批评。当基思听到这件事时,“它击中了扇”,他在我听电话会议时斥责了审计长。讨论内容包括签名等待批准,以及为什么要和我一起解决这个问题。打完电话后,我知道老板“支持我”。他照顾他的团队。这给了我执行工作的信心,因为我知道无论我怎么搞砸……他会支持我的。几年后,另一位老板影响了我的职业发展。比尔坚持报告的正确书写。计算机程序中不存在自动拼写和/或语法检查,所以我们只能靠自己的设备来“把它弄对”。一开始,比尔把报告还给我,上面用红墨水做了标记,看起来就像是用来清理电影里可怕的场景。随着时间的推移,我似乎掌握了窍门,红色的标记变得不那么频繁了。提交一份报告并看到收到的评论很少,这是一个挑战。我很幸运地受到了Keith、Bill和其他人的指导和塑造,并在我的职业生涯和与初级同事的互动中借鉴了他们的指导和管理风格。
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引用次数: 0
LLOG’s Delta House - Who Dat Writ Large LLOG的Delta House -谁写的大
Pub Date : 2014-10-01 DOI: 10.2118/1014-0030-OGF
W. Furlow
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引用次数: 0
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Oil and gas facilities
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