Open Veterinary Journal最新文献

Background: Camelids play an important role in the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, food security, economic growth, adaptation to climate change, and cultural and social aspects. Therefore, the United Nations has named 2024 the International Year of Camelids (IYC).

Aim: This study aimed to assess the recent progress in camel research and its citation effect as shown in the Scopus database in the IYC.

Methods: On March 17, 2024, a literature search was done to discover papers indexed in Scopus^® using the search terms "camel", "camelids", and "Camelus dromedarius". Automatic and manual screening processes were used.

Results: Between 1850 and 2024, a total of 15,844 camelid-related papers were published. Approximately 30% of these documents were released within the previous 5 years (2019-2023). Camel research was included into 28 scientific topics. The top five topics were agricultural and biological sciences, medicine, veterinary science, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, immunology, and microbiology. The top five authors in camel research were Faye B, Wernery U, Muyldermans S, Kinne J, and Sahani MS. The top five camel research contributors among 159 academic institutions were from King Saud University, King Faisal University, ICAR-National Research Centre on Camel, Bikane, Cairo University, and United Arab Emirates University. Out of 152 nations active in camel research, the top five were the United States, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Undefined, and India. The top five languages were English, French, Chinese, Russian, and German. The camel research was financed by 158 sponsors, with the top five being undefined, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation. Camel papers have been published under 161 source titles. The top five sources were: Journal of Camel Practice and Research, Tropical Animal Health and Production, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, Veterinary Parasitology, and Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture.

Conclusion: Although camelids are understudied in scientific studies, there has been a promising increase in camel research over the past 5 years. Furthermore, the IYC may give a unique opportunity to assist scientific research, particularly in low-income countries with large camelid populations.

Background: Oreochromis aureus is a member of the tilapia family that is considered one of the main food sources in different countries all over the world.

Aim: Thus, studying the different pathogens infecting tilapia species is still one of the interesting search points.

Methods: One hundred and eighty specimens of O. aureus were collected from Lake Manzala and transported directly in iceboxes to the laboratory of the faculty of Science at Port Said University. The fish were categorized into two groups depending on their sex. 0.1 g of muscles and the internal organs were examined. Statistical epidemiological parameters were used based on the sex of the fish. The histological changes of the most infected organs of each syndrome were detected.

Results: Diplopstomiasis was more prevalent in females than in males. On the contrary, acanthamoebiasis was more abundant in males than females. Muscles and the liver were the most infected organs in diplopstomiasis and acanthamoebiasis, respectively. Muscles suffered from severe deformations in the bundles, while there were many granulomatous areas in the liver and there were inflammatory immune cellular infiltrations in both tissues.

Conclusion: Besides diplopstomiasis, acanthamoebiasis was observed in all examined organs of the study samples, with different distributions and severity in these organs. Further investigations were recommended for more understanding of these pathological syndromes and their relationship to their host.

Background: Many protective proteins, including lactoferrin and heavy chain antibodies, are present in camel colostrum, giving it a distinctive composition. Beyond a broad spectrum of pathogens, these proteins demonstrate antibacterial properties.

Aim: The current research assessed the prophylactic properties of camel colostrum against Escherichia coli F17.

Methods: A microbroth dilution method was employed to assess the efficacy of camel colostrum, whereas a crystal violet assay was utilized to determine its antibiofilm potential. Extracellular deoxyribonuclease acid (eDNA) release, swarming, and swimming motilities were also examined.

Results: Showed that camel colostrum significantly reduced E. coli-F17 growth by 70% and above at different incubation periods (6-24 hours). The rate of cell attachment gradually decreased from approximately 40% to 24% as the concentration increased from 12.5 to 50 mg/ml. E. coli-F17 developed a biofilm at a rate of 54.8% when exposed to 50 mg/ml of camel colostrum. In contrast, the greatest level of biofilm formation against the tested bacteria (94%) was observed at a concentration of 1.5 mg/ml. A halo zone of camel colostrum ranging from 10 to less than 30 mm at concentrations between 6 and 50 mg/ml also inhibited swimming and swarming capabilities. The treated cells yielded no eDNA.

Conclusion: According to these results, camel colostrum inhibits the growth of E. coli-F17 by impeding the swarming and swimming motilities, and biofilm formation. Additionally, camel colostrum incubation with E. coli-F17 diminishes eDNA. To evaluate the potential protective effects of camel colostrum in an animal model, additional research is recommended.

Bovine trichomoniasis is a reproductive illness that affects cattle causing pyometra, early to mid-pregnancy miscarriages, and lower birth rates. Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellated protozoan which first discovered in France in 1888 and composts three phases during its lifecycle including trophozoite, cyst, and pseudocyst. In addition, several factors contributed to the prevalence of trichomoniasis and fall into three categories are management, cow, and bull-related factors. The fundamental causes of bovine trichomoniasis-related embryonic or fetal death have not been precisely determined. Immunity to T. foetus has been subjected to very little contemporary research, but a thorough assessment of earlier work has been conducted. Clinical symptoms in cattle ranged from moderate endometritis or vaginitis to acute inflammation of the entire reproductive system. In cows, pregnancy-related infections result in metritis, pyometra, early embryonic demise, and abortion; whereas in bulls, it is suspected that bovine trichomoniasis should have their preputial cavity sampled and then sent to a laboratory for positive organism identification. To date, sexual contact is the known method of transmission of T. foetus. There have not been any significant attempts to create a treatment plan for cows because the infection is self-limitation. The distinct epidemiological features of bovine trichomoniasis determine the best prevention and control measures.

Background: Canine mast cell tumors (MCT) in the skin are classified into cutaneous MCT (cMCT) and subcutaneous MCT (scMCT) types, which exhibit different clinical behaviors. Although these types have been classified only by histology, preoperative differentiation is important for proper surgical planning.

Aim: To examine the accuracy of differentiating these types based on the gross features before surgery.

Methods: Gross photographic and histologic features of 52 MCTs (2014-2022) were retrospectively compared between cMCTs and scMCTs. Based on these results, we grossly classified an additional 25 MCTs (2007-2013) into two forms using photographic observations. These observations were then compared with the results of histological classification performed by a blinded pathologist.

Results: The most notable difference between the two forms was hair loss on the tumor surface. Hair loss was prominent in all 36 cMCTs but minimal or absent in all 16 scMCTs. Histologically, only the cMCT showed prominent follicular reduction due to MCT infiltration. Using the hair loss feature, we classified an additional 25 MCTs: 15 cMCTs, 7 scMCTs, and 3 unclassifiable cases with overlapping features. Agreement with histological classification was 80% (12/15) for cMCT and 100% (7/7) for scMCT. Among the unclassifiable cases, one was cMCT, and two were scMCT. Large tumors (3.5-10.5 cm) were found in two of the three unclassifiable cases and in all three cases without agreement.

Conclusion: Hair loss on the tumor surface is a distinct feature of cMCT that enables accurate visual differentiation from scMCT, except for some large MCTs. This may assist in surgical planning, specifically for sc-MCT.

Background: Age-related changes in physiological parameters are crucial in understanding the health and performance of working dogs, particularly those in demanding roles such as military and law enforcement. However, limited research exists on how aging affects the hematological and biochemical health of these dogs.

Aim: This study aims to characterize age-related variations in hematological and biochemical parameters in working Belgian Shepherd dogs to provide insights that could inform health management strategies for these animals.

Methods: Blood samples were collected from 26 male Belgian Malinois working dogs, categorized into three age groups: adults (2-6 years), seniors (7-10 years), and geriatrics (11+ years). Comprehensive hematological and biochemical analyses were conducted. Analysis of complete blood count was performed for a total of 16 parameters: red blood cell, white blood cell, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, platelet, neutrophil, basophil, leukocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts. Mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, and mean platelet volume were subsequently determined. The biochemistry parameters included glucose, creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen:creatinive ratio, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, Na:K ratio, chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, as well as alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transeferase, total cholesterol, amylase, and lipase.

Results: Significant age-related changes were observed in various parameters. Older dogs exhibited decreased creatinine and increased phosphorus and potassium levels, indicating potential changes in muscle mass, renal function, and electrolyte balance. Additionally, the albumin-to-globulin ratio decreased with age, reflecting shifts in protein synthesis and immune function.

Conclusion: The study highlights important age-related variations in hematological and biochemical parameters in working Belgian Shepherd dogs. These findings emphasize the need for age-specific health management strategies to maintain the health, performance, and longevity of these dogs, thereby enhancing their effectiveness in critical service roles.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in domestic cattle is an economically significant malignant neoplasm and has been documented primarily in ocular and periocular tissues, vulva, and perineum. SCCs are often slow-growing and locally invasive, but metastasis is uncommon. Increased risk of developing SCC has been predominantly associated with high levels of sunlight exposure and hypopigmentation (skin and conjunctiva). This manuscript reports a case of ocular and perineal SCC in a Holstein Friesian cow with maxillary sinusitis secondary to tumor invasion.

Case description: An approximately 17-year-old Holstein Friesian cow was presented with a swollen, closed left eye and slow-growing perineal masses. The left eye was exenterated after showing poor response to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial therapies, and the largest perineal mass was excised. Twelve months later, the cow developed purulent nasal discharge and dyspnea. The animal was euthanized for postmortem investigation due to health deterioration, advanced age, and suspected tumor metastasis.

Conclusion: Ocular and perineal SCCs were diagnosed on biopsy and confirmed with immunohistochemistry. Postmortem gross and histological evaluations confirmed SCC invasion in the left maxillary sinus, with a secondary Trueperella pyogenes infection confirmed on aerobic culture. Histological evaluation of the enlarged lymph nodes revealed reactive lymphoid hyperplasia without evidence of tumor metastasis.

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum), fruit rich in bioactive constituents, is used as a feed supplement against bacterial pathogens in aquaculture.

Aim: This study examined the effects of supplementing the diet of the common carp (Cyprino carpio) infected with Aeromonas veronii on growth and some hematological, biochemical, and immunological health indicators.

Methods: Carp was fed for 7 weeks a diet of 30% crude protein and 7% crude fat, supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% pomegranate peel, and growth was monitored. Hematological, biochemical, and immunological analyses were performed, including liver and antioxidant enzymes.

Results: Bacteria from infected fish were identified by biochemical characteristics as A. veronii. Growth indicators (final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate), and feed utilization (relative growth rate and protein efficiency ratio) improved significantly in fish fed on 0.5% or 1.0% pomegranate-supplemented diets compared with the negative control (0%). red blood corpuscles, white blood cells, and Hct increased at all supplementation levels, and the highest hemoglobin was in the 1.5% group. Biochemical parameters, except globulin, decreased in fish-fed supplemented diets. No significant differences were observed in total protein and albumin levels. There was a significant improvement in immunological parameters and antioxidant enzymes.

Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with pomegranate peel is a promising strategy for enhancing C. carpio's health in the presence of A.veronii. Further work is necessary to determine the optimal supplementation level and its long-term effects.

Background: Cognitive impairment and attention deficit disorder have been on the rise among generations in recent times. A significant portion of the brain involved in learning and cognition is the hippocampus. Its development begins in utero till weaning. The mother's body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy indicates her health; however, little data links maternal BMI before pregnancy to fetal hippocampal health outcomes.

Aim: The study aimed to estimate the extent to which pre-pregnancy maternal BMI relates to their offspring brain status, and thus to what extent to this stage of life may be an opportunity for mental and cognitive development.

Methods: Thirty-six naive female albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) at 8 weeks of age with an average weight of 190-220 g body weight were obtained and assigned to three experimental groups according to their body mass index into; under-, over-, and normal weight. Following one week of habituation, all females were allowed to mate (3 female/ 1 male). On postnatal day 1 (PND1), pups were randomly adjusted to 8/dam with an equal gender ratio. On 15 days postpartum, all pups were sacrificed. Hippocampi were removed and processed for histological investigations, Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemically, and flow cytometric assessments of apoptosis. Measurements of the cognitive brain were carried out.

Results: The present findings manifested elevation in the inflammatory and apoptotic markers in the hippocampus of underweight mothers-offspring yielding a lower cognitive ability than overweight mothers-offspring compared to those whose mothers with normal weight before conception. The male offspring were more affected than female offspring especially those born to pre-pregnancy underweight mothers.

Conclusion: The study concluded that there may be a connection between a mother's pre-pregnancy BMI and her offspring's cognitive capacities, which calls for more study to gain a deeper knowledge and to create interventions that target the physical health of the mother prior to pregnancy in order to enhance their offspring's health and cognitive outcomes.

Background: Hyperglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar levels increase excessively due to a variety of factors, one of which is the body's inability to regulate insulin properly. Diabetes closely relates to this condition, which significantly contributes to premature death and disability. Long-term diabetes treatment accompanied by a strict diet provides real results in controlling blood glucose levels but can cause side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the potential for new drug sources with minimal side effects. Traditional medicine empirically uses the plant Petiveria alliacea.

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of P. alliacea on hyperglycemic model rat and to further determine the mechanism of its active compounds in silico.

Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups: 1 normal group, 1 group induced with Streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kgBW to treat hyperglycemia, and 3 other groups induced with STZ 50 mg/kgBW and given 70% ethanol extract of P. alliacea leaves (EEPa) in different doses. Each group was measured for B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) expression and apoptosis. We also carried out in silico identification of the isoarborinol acetate and myricitrin compounds contained in EEPa against alpha-glucosidase and caspase-3.

Results: It was found that giving STZ to rat can cause hyperglycemia. This was shown by measuring fasting blood glucose in rat and then measuring Bcl2 as an antiapoptotic agent. Bcl2 levels rose compared to the hyperglycemic control group and can lower apoptosis expression in heart cells of hyperglycemic model rat with an optimal dose of 90 mg/kgBW. In addition, the results showed that isoarborinol acetate and myricitrin compounds have inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and caspase-3.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that EEPa is one of the alternative choices to overcome hyperglycemia.