Open Veterinary Journal最新文献

Background: Eupatorium odoratum (EO) L (Siam weed) is a highly invasive species that contains various beneficial active compounds. This study was conducted to explore the antibacterial properties of EO ethanol extract against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of EO ethanolic extract against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to assess its potential as an antimicrobial agent.

Methods: The study employed the agar well diffusion method to measure the antimicrobial effectiveness of the EO ethanolic extract. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth microdilution assay for different bacterial strains.

Results: The results showed that the EO ethanol extract could not inhibit Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It presented weak to moderate inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Proteus vulgaris, and exhibited moderate to strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC and MBC of the EO ethanolic extract against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. vulgaris, and K. pneumoniae were 12.00 and 12.00 mg/ml; 5.00 and 7.50; 15.46 and 18.98 mg/ml; 75.00 and 87.50 mg/ml; 25.00 and 25.00; and 77.50 and 100.00 mg/ml.

Conclusion: It was concluded that while EO ethanolic extract showed moderate to strong effectiveness against S. aureus, it was less effective against other Gram-positive bacteria and showed no activity against the tested Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of EO was considered to have potential as an antimicrobial agent, particularly against S. aureus.

Background: Urinary retention in obstructed male cats leads to changes in blood and urine compounds, which, combined with the time of obstruction, are linked to the worsening of the animal's clinical status.

Aim: This study aimed to describe the primary laboratory changes in male cats with urethral obstruction (UO).

Methods: Medical records of 386 male cats diagnosed with UO and treated at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (FMVZ), UNESP-Botucatu, between 2010 and 2020 were reviewed. Data on sex, age, breed, body weight, and reproductive status were evaluated.

Results: Over the years, complete blood count, renal and hepatic biochemistry, blood gas analysis, electrolytes, urinalysis, and urine culture were performed upon request. Anaemia was not representative in obstructed cats. Thrombocytopenia was identified in 65.5% (169/258) of patients, and neutrophilic leukocytosis was identified in 52.4% (170/326) of patients. High urea and creatinine values were detected in 82.9% (273/329) and 77.1% (256/331) of the patients, respectively. Acidemia, increased PO₂, metabolic acidosis, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hypocalcemia were observed in 37.6% (90/239), 51.5% (120/233), 69.3% (160/231), 50.2% (115/229), 58.5% (138/239), 40.2% (93/231), and 85.7% (84/98) of the cats, respectively. Urinalysis revealed an acidic pH, isosthenuria, a low proportion of proteins, and a high presence of occult blood and erythrocytes per field (> 1,000). Finally, 19.49% had positive cultures. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. are commonly isolated.

Conclusion: This study provides a description of laboratory changes and those most prevalent in the population under study. UO may result mainly in isolated or combined laboratory changes such as azotemia, acidemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, acidic pH, and occult blood in the urine. Additional laboratory changes may be present; however, they must be deeply investigated as comorbidities might be associated with them. Therefore, the description of laboratory changes in large populations, such as in male cats with UO, provides a reference for veterinarians regarding the hematological and urinary changes expected in obstructed male cats and instigates the search for further studies in the field.

Background: Pain and inflammation are closely associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which affects the bones and joints.

Aim: While there are a number of therapeutic options for arthritis, their side effects restrict their use and encourage the search for alternative, natural remedies.

Methods: In male rats, we examined the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of Naja haje venom (NHV). Thirty adult albino rats were divided into five equal groups, each consisting of six rats. The 1st group was kept as a control, while the 2nd group Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) received an injection of 0.05 ml of FCA for eight days to induce RA and inflammation. The 3rd group (FCA/NHVL) and the 4th group (FCA/NHVH) received an injection of FCA followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.042 µg/kg (low; L) and 0.085 µg/kg (high; H) of lyophilized NHV, respectively, for 14 days. The 5th group (FCA/Indomethacin) received an injection of FCA followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.25 mg indomethacin/kg for 14 days.

Results: This study found that NHVH significantly increased the body's total antioxidant capacity after FCA while lowering the levels of interleukins IL-10 and IL-6, as well as the activity of genes that cause inflammation, like nuclear factor kappa B and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, histological findings in NHVH groups showed a partial regeneration of the cartilage, bone, and synovium in the palm and ankle joint compartments.

Conclusion: All of our findings suggest that NHV has anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic qualities that may help repair the joint damaging components caused by FCA and restore cellular equilibrium.

Background: Local hen layers play a crucial role in egg production and the poultry industry. Optimizing their performance, egg quality, and overall health is of paramount importance.

Aim: This research aims to examine the effects of different feed forms on gut bacteria and subsequent effects on productivity, egg quality, and intestinal morphology in indigenous laying hens.

Methods: Forty-five hens aged 73 weeks were randomly distributed into three treatment groups, each with three replicates of 5 chickens in ground cages. The dietary treatments included a 100% mash diet (T1), 50% mash + 50% pellet diet (T2), and 100% pellet diet (T3).

Results: Compared to the mash-fed group (T1), birds in the pellet and mixed-diet groups (T2 and T3) exhibited significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in productive performance and egg quality. Furthermore, there were significant reductions (p < 0.05) in intestinal weight, intestinal length, and gizzard weight, accompanied by significant increases (p < 0.05) in lactic acid bacteria and Spore-forming bacteria, along with a decrease in Aerobic bacteria and Colibacilli bacteria. Increases seen in beneficial bacteria were accompanied by increases in egg quality, especially when pellet form was utilized by the layer hens.

Conclusion: These findings support the advantages of using pellet diets to enhance productive performance and intestinal health and morphology in local hen layers.

Background: Senility influences fertility in women and companion animals, especially horses.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of aging in horses on the daily changes in the dominant follicle (DF) dynamics and hemodynamics, antimüllerian hormone (AMH), enzymes, antioxidants, and ovarian hormones during the estrous cycle.

Methods: Ovaries of old mares (n = 5, age >20 years) and young native mares (n = 6, age <10 years) were scanned during 6 different estrous cycles from March 2022 to August 2023 with Doppler ultrasound. The DF diameter and color area, the corpus luteum (CL) diameter, and the uterine horn area and color area were determined. In collected blood samples with each ultrasound and Doppler scanning, AMH, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), cholesterol, myeloperoxidase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were determined.

Results: Age significantly affected the DF area ( p < 0.0001), color area ( p < 0.0001), color area % (p = 0.020), CL area (p = 0.033), uterine horn area ( p < 0.0001), ovarian artery pulsatility index (PI, p < 0.05), E2 (p < 0.001), cholesterol ( p < 0.0001), LDH ( p < 0.0001), and NO ( p < 0.0001). Aging tended (p > 0.05) to decrease the DF antrum diameter but significantly decreased (p < 0.05) its area, antrum area, and color area % in addition to the decrease (p < 0.01) in the uterine horn diameter and area, estradiol, total cholesterol, LDH, NO, aging increased (p < 0.05) CL area and the ovarian artery PI, and tended (p > 0.05) to increase the ovarian artery resistance index.

Conclusion: Aging in mares did not disturb AMH, the ovarian macro-environmental dynamics, follicle growth, and recruiting but the disrupted blood flow mediators, enzymes, and antioxidant status may affect the intrafollicular mediators and influence the oocyte quality.

Background: Distal radius fractures are prevalent in small and toy-breed dogs, presenting significant treatment challenges due to complications such as delayed union or non-union. These complications are often exacerbated by reduced vascular density at the distal diaphyseal-metaphyseal junction of the radius, which is vital for bone healing, particularly in toy and small breed dogs. Circular external fixation (CEF) is known for its effectiveness in managing acute and chronic fractures and providing temporary stabilization in humans. This study documented the use of temporary CEF in a Toy Poodle with non-union fractures of the radius and ulna, addressing bone atrophy and resorption caused by repeated implant failures.

Case description: A 3-year-old, 4.2 kg, neutered male Toy Poodle was referred for treatment after multiple attempts to fix radial and ulnar fractures failed to achieve union over 1 year, leaving the dog barely using its forelimbs. In the first surgery, CEF was applied to heal holes in the bone caused by previous fixation devices and encourage forelimb use through rehabilitation. In the second surgery, a combination of cancellous bone grafting, plate fixation, and CEF was used, resulting in successful bone union and restoration of normal gait after 10 weeks.

Conclusion: In conclusion, CEF is a valuable option for temporary fixation and fracture reduction in toy-breed dogs and offers a promising approach to managing challenging cases.

Background: Toxocara cati is a known cause of a zoonotic infectious illness called toxocariasis. Parathenic hosts are important as they can transmit larvae 2 (L₂) through direct transmission. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques are needed to provide a three-dimensional image of each stage of T. cati larvae.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the morphology of L₂ and L₃ T. cati in parathenic host tissue for etiological diagnosis using SEM.

Methods: Mice were used as suitable paratenic hosts for this experiment. A total of 786 embryonated eggs (16 eggs/gram body weight) containing L₂ were inoculated into pregnant mice at day 11-13 of its gestation period. After delivery, L₂ was transmitted to the off-spring. After 14 days, L₂ was collected from mice, and L₃ was collected from its off-spring. Data were analyzed descriptively based on ultrastructure examination using SEM.

Results: SEM examination results indicate that the size of L₂ is smaller than L₃. Results also showed differences between L₂ and L₃ based on middle and posterior observations. In the middle of the larval body, the number of L₂ body rings was observed to be narrower and more than that of L₃. In addition, the distance between L₂ body rings was much larger than that of L₃. Posteriorly, the tail tip of L₃ was more curved than L₂.

Conclusion: Ultrastructural examination using SEM has the ability to show differences in L₂ and L₃ body rings of T. cati by observing the middle and posterior parts of its larvae.

Background: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a global contagious respiratory disease of ruminants caused by Bovine Herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1). It causes substantial financial losses in the dairy industry worldwide and is considered one of the most important causative agents of abortion and reproductive problems in dairy cattle.

Aim: This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of IBR and the related risk factors in the dairy population in Gharbia governorate, Egypt.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of IBR in bovine dairy herds in Qutur district, Gharbia governorate, Egypt from March 2023 to February 2024. A total of 12 smallholder farms and six commercial dairy farms that did not use vaccination protocol against BoHV-1 were randomly selected. Serum samples (n = 400) were collected from 360 cattle and 40 Italian buffaloes and were subjected to evaluation of the serological status of BoHV-1 using indirect ELISA. A multivariate logistic regression model was implemented to evaluate the strength of the risk factors associated with the infection.

Results: The overall seroprevalence of IBR was 22.5% (95% CI: 18.5%-26.9%). The prevalence of IBR in animals reared under traditional and commercial systems was 28.04% and 21.06%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression revealed that the risk of infection with IBR in winter months was significantly higher than in autumn [OR = 5.9, CI 95%: 2.22-16.16]. The seroprevalence of IBR was higher in weaned and yearling calves than in adult cattle (p-value = 0.000). The risk of exposure to IBR infection was higher in free stall houses than in tie stall houses [OR = 3.7, CI 95%: 1.11-12.35]. The risk of seropositivity to IBR was significantly higher in animals with a history of recent respiratory manifestation than those without a history of recent respiratory problems (p-value = 0.000).

Conclusion: This research study revealed that IBR is prevalent among dairy cattle reared under both production systems in the Gharbia governorate. Introducing an appropriate vaccination protocol becomes inevitable to protect our dairy industries from potential economic losses due to this disease.

Background: The lactation period is a crucial period where the nutritional status and the mother's environment influence milk production, impacting organ differentiation, function, and structure in the baby's body.

Aim: The study aimed to determine the impact of providing lactating rats with quail egg supplements enriched with marine macroalgae Eucheuma spinosum on their physiological condition (blood cells, lipids, blood glucose, antioxidant activity, and prolactin hormone levels) and the growth of their offspring.

Methods: The study involved 25 lactating Sprague Dawley white rats aged 3 months old and weighing approximately 200 g divided into five treatment groups thus; T0 as the control, T1 with quail eggs enriched with commercial feed, T2 with quail eggs enriched with 3% of marine macroalgae, T3 with quail eggs enriched with 4% of marine macroalgae, and T4 with quail eggs enriched with 5% of marine macroalgae, which received one quail egg for 21 days. At the end of the study period, the following parameters were assayed: vitamin A, iodine, weight and body length of rat pups, red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, lymphocytes, neutrophils, red blood cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, and mean platelet volume. Also, cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, blood glucose levels, prolactin hormone, antioxidant activity with SOD and MDA.

Results: The study result found that adding marine macroalgae to the quail feed significantly increased the vitamin A and iodine content in the quail egg yolks. Furthermore, the weight and body length of the rat pups in the supplemented groups significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. However, it did not have a significant impact (p > 0.05) on the rats' blood parameters, cholesterol, blood glucose, antioxidant activity, and prolactin hormone levels.

Conclusion: In conclusion, providing lactating rats with quail eggs enriched with marine macroalgae E. spinosum support the growth and development of the rat offspring without negatively impacting the rats' overall health parameters.

Background: Stress can cause an increase in proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, which plays a role in the inflammatory response and causes changes in the placenta, causing a low risk of the fetus being born. Giving nanocurcumin, which functions as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, is expected to reduce cortisol levels which increase during pregnancy.

Aim: This study aims to determine the effect of stress during pregnancy on pregnant mice, namely IL-6 expression and fetal body weight.

Methods: This study used 25 mice that were given 5 treatment groups, K(-) with no treatment, K(+) with an induced disturbance of 135 dB for 40 minutes with a continuous pattern, P1, P2, and P3 were given a disturbance of 135 dB for 40 minutes. With a continuous pattern and nanocurcumin doses of 14 mg/kg BW, 21 mg/kgBW, and 24.5 mg/kgBW. IL-6 expression in placental organs was measured using immunohistochemistry and fetal body weight was weighed using a digital balance. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test and continued with the Parwise Comparison test.

Results: The results of analysis of IL-6 expression in the placenta showed no significant difference in the P3 group compared to the negative control group. The results of fetal weight analysis showed no significant difference in groups P2 and P3 with the negative control group.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is the administration of nanocurcumin in group P3 has been proven to increase IL-6 to a level comparable to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Similarly, the administration of nanocurcumin in groups P2 and P3 can increase fetal weight to a level comparable to the negative control group (p < 0.05).