Open Veterinary Journal最新文献

Background: Plastic pollution, particularly microplastics, represents a persistent environmental threat due to their accumulation and ecological hazards. Biodegradation using bacteria provides a sustainable and ecofriendly strategy for mitigating plastic waste.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the biodegradation potential of B. cereus and B. subtilis against high-density polyethylene (HDPE) microplastics.

Methods: A 9 × 9-cm HDPE film was inoculated with either bacterial strain in 100 ml Bushnell-Haas (BH) medium for 90 days. Biodegradation was assessed by povidone-iodine dye permeability, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss measurement, light scattering, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis.

Results: The dye test revealed increased permeability, suggesting pore formation. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed structural modifications, with average pore diameters of 150.08 and 100.21 nm in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. FT-IR indicated new functional groups and bond modifications, consistent with polymer chain breakdown. Weight loss analysis after 30 days showed reductions of 2.2% and 3.8% for B. cereus and B. subtilis, respectively. Light scattering demonstrated decreased plastic fragment size. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of extracellular proteins, including a ~100 kDa band in B. subtilis, implying enzymatic involvement in the degradation process.

Conclusion: Both B. cereus and B. subtilis degraded HDPE microplastics, with B. subtilis showing slightly higher efficiency. These findings support their potential as bioremediation agents for plastic-contaminated environments.

Background: Treatment of honey bee nosemosis is complicated by the ban on the use of antibiotics, which contaminate bee products. A search for environmentally friendly preparations aimed at suppressing the development of nosemosis pathogens is underway.

Aim: The effect of herbal preparations Artemisia absinthium L. tincture and «HB-101»on the development of the nosemosis pathogen, Nosema ceranae, was studied.

Methods: Three experimental groups and one control group were formed to test the preparations. Three days after infection, the groups were fed the preparations-«HB-101», «Fumagilin-B», 1.5% tincture of wormwood four times within an interval of 3 days. The average number of spores in a bee and the probability of survival were determined at the end of the experiment.

Results: As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the most effective preparation was 1.5% tincture of A. absinthium (1.76 ± 0.47 million of spores), compared to the control group 4.94 ± 1.00 million spores per bee (q'=3.285, p ≤ 0.01). The approved preparation «Fumagilin-B» significantly reduced the number of spores to 2.13 ± 0.47 million spores. The preparation «HB-101» slightly reduced the count to 2.53 ± 0.66 million spores per bee. Together with the suppression of the development of the causative agent of nosemosis, the survival probability was also reduced. The greatest influence on survivability (p ≤ 0.01) was noted in 1.5% tincture of wormwood (0.073 ± 0.010) and preparation of «Fumagilin-B» (0.088 ± 0.005) compared with the control group (0.187 ± 0.008). Preparation «HB-101» reduced the probability of survival (p ≤ 0.05) to 0.161 ± 0.007.

Conclusion: Wormwood tincture is a promising drug for nosemosis treatment.

Background: In recent years, parasitic helminths and their fish hosts have been used as a biomonitoring tool to indicate the status of ecosystems and their relationship with human health.

Aim: This work aims to evaluate and use the potential ability of the cestode Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) as a bioaccumulative indicator of zinc and iron, and compare it with the tissues of its final host, Common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, and to see if this cestode provides substantial evidence of the aquatic ecosystem pollution.

Methods: Twenty-eight live fish were caught from the Tigris River passing through Rashidiya and Sharikhan sites in Mosul city, Iraq, during March 2024. The concentrations of Zn and Fe in the cestode tissues, gills, liver, intestines, and muscles of infected and uninfected fish were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer.

Results: The results showed that the ratio of accumulation of Fe and Zn in the cestode tissues to their host tissues was 1:0.622 and 1:0.616, respectively. In both uninfected and infected fish, the Zn levels were in the following order: gills > liver > intestine > muscles, while Fe levels were in the order liver > gills > intestine > muscles. Although the Fe concentrations were higher than the Zn in all samples that were analyzed, the values of Average Pollution Load Index were < 1, and they were within the permissible limits according to Food and Agriculture Organization and WHO.

Conclusion: Thecestode S. acheilognathi shows enormous promise as a sensitive bioindicator for heavy metal pollution in aquatic habitats, as does its fish host, Common carp C. carpio. Frequent observation of these species can yield early indicators in environmental monitoring programs.

Background: Piper crocatum extract contains bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolics, that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2, suppressing nuclear factor kappa B, and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Liposomal encapsulation enhances these compounds' stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, making it a promising strategy for anti-inflammatory drug development.

Aim: This review evaluates the potential of P. crocatum liposomes as drug carriers for inflammatory disorders and identifies key research gaps.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the Scopus database, following the PRISMA 2020 protocol and assisted by Parsif.ai for screening and data extraction.

Results: Piper crocatum liposomes improved the physicochemical stability and therapeutic activity of encapsulated compounds, exhibiting enhanced antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Their ability to modulate inflammation at the molecular level and deliver agents to specific sites demonstrates strong potential for therapeutic and preservative applications.

Conclusion: Piper crocatum liposomal formulations offer a stable and effective delivery system for inflammation-related therapies, supporting further investigation into their clinical and pharmaceutical applications.

Background: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting cloven-hoofed animals, causing severe economic impacts despite low mortality.

Aim: This study aimed to interpret the epidemiological risk factors contributing to the spread of FMD in the eastern region of Libya.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using field surveys, clinical examinations, and serological testing on 194 cattle and 2606 sheep in El-Beida and Benghazi. Odds ratios were calculated for risk factor analysis.

Results: The prevalence was 83.5% in cattle and 54.2% in sheep. The young animals were significantly more susceptible to Rearing conditions, and geographic location impacted infection rates. Vaccination coverage was absent.

Conclusion: Age, species, rearing style, geographic location, and lack of vaccination were significant contributors to the prevalence of FMD. These findings highlight the need for targeted control strategies, including vaccination.

Background: Equine babesiosis is a widespread protozoan disease in Saudi Arabia. The most common finding of clinical babesiosis is splenomegaly, which can be detected using non-invasive splenic ultrasonography.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate changes in the spleen size in horses infected with babesiosis using ultrasonography before and after treatment.

Methods: This study employed 15 male and female Arabian horses. Each animal was examined clinically for clinical signs, and blood samples were collected in plain tubes to detect antibodies against Babesia caballi. The spleens of healthy and affected horses were examined by ultrasound using a B-mode scan with a 3.5 MHz convex probe. Horses infected with babesiosis based on clinical and competitive, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay analysis were treated with imidocarb dipropionate, and the spleen ultrasound examination was repeated 2 weeks after treatment.

Results: Using ultrasonography, the diseased horses showed an increase in spleen measurements compared with the healthy horses before treatment. Splenomegaly in infected horses was reduced 14 days after treatment according to ultrasound measurements.

Conclusion: Ultrasonographic scanning of the spleen could be practically applied as a supportive method for the diagnosis and follow-up of babesiosis treatment in horses.

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects livestock and causes significant economic losses. Control of FMD relies on culling infected animals and implementing comprehensive vaccination programs. Armenia's livestock sector, with extensive use of remote pastures and proximity to countries where FMD is endemic, faces particular challenges in managing the disease.

Aim: This study aims to review the epidemiological trends of FMD in Armenia over the past 60 years, evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns, and assess strategies for maintaining a stable epidemiological situation.

Methods: Historical data on FMD outbreaks, vaccination coverage in cattle, small ruminants, and pigs, and vaccine effectiveness were analyzed. Special attention was given to the identification of circulating virus subtypes and the implementation of preventive vaccination strategies adapted to Armenia's geographic and epidemiological conditions.

Results: Armenia has implemented a nationwide preventive vaccination program for cattle, small ruminants, and pigs, which has proven practical and economically viable. Regular monitoring of virus subtypes in high-risk areas and updating vaccine antigens to match emerging strains have ensured strong immunological protection. The main route of FMD introduction has been through shared summer pastures with neighboring countries. Timely preventive actions and systematic vaccination campaigns have contributed to a stable epidemiological situation and a reduced risk of outbreaks.

Conclusion: Sustained preventive strategies, regional surveillance, and updated vaccines have been key to controlling FMD in Armenia. The combination of timely preventive measures, systematic vaccination, and antigen-matched vaccines has effectively reduced outbreak risk and supported long-term disease containment in the country.

Background: Apoptosis is crucial in avoiding excessive fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix precipitation. Several growth factors present in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and collagen from Tilapia Mozambique (TM) worked in synergy to hasten auto skin graft (ASG) healing.

Aim: This research aimed to evaluate the difference in histopathology and the expression of caspase-3 on ASG between those treated by TM skin bio-dressing and those given PRP and treated by TM bio-dressing.

Methods: The research used 9 male local cats aged 2-3 years old, weighing 3-4 kg, which were divided into three groups. The first surgery for creating a defect forelimb of 2 × 2 cm in size was performed on all cats; the wound was treated with ASG. Post ASG surgery, the cats were treated by moist dressing (Control/Group-I [G-I]), treated with only TM bio-dressing (G-II), given PRP, and treated with TM bio-dressing (G-III). The skin biopsy occurred on day 21 post-ASG to be made into a histopathology preparation stained by hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome (MT), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) against caspase-3 expression.

Results: The HE staining result on the thickness of the epithelial tissue (epidermis), hair follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, and neovascularization appears to be better in cats given PRP and treated with TM bio-dressing (p < 0.05). The MT staining result on average collagen density showed that G-III is less dense compared with G-I and G-II (p value < 0.05). The IHC staining for immunopositive cells against caspase-3 in G-III, the cells are distributed in hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and around blood vessels, while in G-I and G-II, the cells are distributed in hair follicles and sweat glands.

Conclusion: The administration of PRP coupled with TM bio-dressing treatment (G-III) has better results in terms of tissue structure formations, collagen tissue density, and caspase-3 expression. Thus, the treatment is recommended to be used for ASG in cats.

Background: Ketoprofen (KP) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that treats musculoskeletal injuries, osteoarthritis, and acute gouty arthritis. However, its use has been linked to certain detrimental effects on the stomach, liver, and renal function.

Aim: This study investigated the ameliorative effects of omeprazole and quercetin on the negative effects of KP in rats.

Methods: The experimental rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I consisted of negative control rats. Rats were treated with KP in Group II (50 mg/kg b.wt.), omeprazole in Group III (20 mg/kg b.wt.), and quercetin in Group IV 1 h before KP (50 mg/kg b.wt.). Gastric juice volume and pH, gastric ulcer, ulcer score, and curative ratio, serum biochemical analysis (liver function and kidney function), and evaluation of gastric, hepatic, and renal oxidant/antioxidant status were all evaluated.

Results: The obtained results showed significant ameliorative effects of omeprazole and quercetin against the induced alterations in the liver and kidney function tests compared with those in nontreated rats. In addition, KP caused significant oxidative damage, which was significantly improved upon omeprazole and quercetin administration.

Conclusion: Therefore, it is highly recommended that either omeprazole or quercetin be used during the treatment course by KP to decrease its induced adverse effects.

Background: Although seafood is a major source of high-quality nutrients, it may also harbor pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, posing risks to food safety and public health. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. are important pathogens associated with seafood contamination and antimicrobial resistance.

Aim: To determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance patterns of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from seafood sold in markets in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Methods: A total of 120 seafood samples (squid, fish, shrimp, and oyster) were collected from retail markets in Hanoi and immediately transported to the laboratory for analysis. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and biochemical tests were used to isolate and identify E. coli and Klebsiella spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was assessed using the disc diffusion method.

Results: The prevalence of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in seafood was 35/120 (29.2%) and 24/120 (20.0%), respectively, with oysters showing significantly higher contamination rates than squid, fish, and shrimp. Among the 35 E. coli isolates, the highest resistance was observed against ceftazidime (71.4%), followed by cefotaxime (57.2%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (45.7%), ampicillin (37.2%), and tetracycline (37.2%). In contrast, 24 Klebsiella spp. isolates showed the highest resistance rates to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (95.8%), ampicillin (91.7%), and ceftazidime (50.0%). Multidrug resistance was observed in nine E. coli and three Klebsiella spp. isolates.

Conclusion: The high prevalence and antimicrobial resistance rates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolated from seafood sold in the study area highlight the need for improved surveillance, stricter control of antimicrobial use in aquaculture, and enhanced food safety measures.