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Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 《远大前程:1945-1974年的美国
Pub Date : 1996-04-18 DOI: 10.2307/2170805
J. Patterson
Beginning in 1945, America rocketed through a quarter-century of extraordinary economic growth, experiencing an amazing boom that soared to unimaginable heights in the 1960s. At one point, in the late 1940s, American workers produced 57 percent of the planet's steel, 62 percent of the oil, 80 percent of the automobiles. The U.S. then had three-fourths of the world's gold supplies. English Prime Minister Edward Heath later said that the United States in the post-War era enjoyed "the greatest prosperity the world has ever known." It was a boom that produced a national euphoria, a buoyant time of grand expectations and an unprecedented faith in our government, in our leaders, and in the American dream--an optimistic spirit which would be shaken by events in the '60s and '70s, and particularly by the Vietnam War. Now, in Grand Expectations, James T. Patterson has written a highly readable and balanced work that weaves the major political, cultural, and economic events of the period into a superb portrait of America from 1945 through Watergate. Here is an era teeming with memorable events--from the bloody campaigns in Korea and the bitterness surrounding McCarthyism to the assassinations of the Kennedys and Martin Luther King, to the Vietnam War, Watergate, and Nixon's resignation. Patterson excels at portraying the amazing growth after World War II--the great building boom epitomized by Levittown (the largest such development in history) and the baby boom (which exploded literally nine months after V-J Day)--as well as the resultant buoyancy of spirit reflected in everything from streamlined toasters, to big, flashy cars, to the soaring, butterfly roof of TWA's airline terminal in New York. And he shows how this upbeat, can-do mood spurred grander and grander expectations as the era progressed. Of course, not all Americans shared in this economic growth, and an important thread running through the book is an informed and gripping depiction of the civil rights movement--from the electrifying Brown v. Board of Education decision, to the violent confrontations in Little Rock, Birmingham, and Selma, to the landmark civil rights acts of 1964 and 1965. Patterson also shows how the Vietnam War--which provoked LBJ's growing credibility gap, vast defense spending that dangerously unsettled the economy, and increasingly angry protests--and a growing rights revolution (including demands by women, Hispanics, the poor, Native Americans, and gays) triggered a backlash that widened hidden rifts in our society, rifts that divided along racial, class, and generational lines. And by Nixon's resignation, we find a national mood in stark contrast to the grand expectations of ten years earlier, one in which faith in our leaders and in the attainability of the American dream was becoming shaken. Grand Expectations is the newest volume in the prestigious Oxford History of the United States. The earlier releases were highly acclaimed, and one, Battle Cry of Freedom, was bot
从1945年开始,美国经历了四分之一个世纪的非凡经济增长,经历了令人惊叹的繁荣,并在20世纪60年代飙升至难以想象的高度。在20世纪40年代末,美国工人一度生产了全球57%的钢铁、62%的石油和80%的汽车。当时,美国拥有全球四分之三的黄金供应。英国首相爱德华·希思(Edward Heath)后来说,美国在战后享有“世界上有史以来最繁荣的时期”。这是一段繁荣时期,它带来了举国上下的欢欣鼓舞,人们满怀着远大的期望,对我们的政府、我们的领导人和美国梦产生了前所未有的信心——这种乐观精神被上世纪六七十年代发生的事件,尤其是越南战争所动摇。现在,在《伟大的期望》一书中,詹姆斯·t·帕特森写了一本高度可读且平衡的作品,将这一时期的主要政治、文化和经济事件编织成一幅从1945年到水门事件的美国的精彩肖像。这是一个充满难忘事件的时代——从血腥的朝鲜战争和围绕麦卡锡主义的苦涩,到肯尼迪和马丁·路德·金遇刺,再到越南战争、水门事件和尼克松辞职。帕特森擅长描绘二战后的惊人增长——以莱维敦(Levittown)为代表的建筑热潮(历史上规模最大的此类发展)和婴儿潮(二战胜利日9个月后爆发)——以及由此产生的精神活力,从流线型的烤面包机到大型豪华汽车,再到纽约TWA航空公司航站楼高耸的蝴蝶屋顶,一切都反映了这种精神活力。他还展示了随着时代的发展,这种乐观进取的情绪如何激发了越来越大的期望。当然,并不是所有的美国人都分享了这种经济增长,贯穿全书的一条重要线索是对民权运动的全面而扣人心弦的描述——从激动人心的布朗诉教育委员会案的决定,到小石城、伯明翰和塞尔玛的暴力冲突,再到1964年和1965年具有里程碑意义的民权法案。帕特森还展示了越南战争是如何引发了约翰逊总统日益扩大的可信度差距,巨大的国防开支危险地动摇了经济,以及日益愤怒的抗议活动,以及日益增长的权利革命(包括妇女、西班牙裔、穷人、美洲原住民和同性恋的要求)引发了一场反弹,扩大了我们社会中隐藏的裂痕,这些裂痕沿着种族、阶级和代际线分裂。随着尼克松的辞职,我们发现了一种与十年前的宏伟期望形成鲜明对比的民族情绪,当时人们对我们的领导人和美国梦的实现能力的信心正在动摇。《远大前程》是著名的《牛津美国史》的最新一卷。早期出版的书受到了高度赞扬,其中一本《自由的呐喊》不仅是《纽约时报》的畅销书,还获得了普利策奖。帕特森的书在这些杰出的作品中占有应有的地位。这是对创造了我们今天所知道的美国的岁月的辉煌总结,这是一个挫折与无与伦比的持久成就并存的时代。
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引用次数: 253
Pension Schemes and Pension Funds in the United Kingdom 英国的养老计划和养老基金
Pub Date : 1995-08-24 DOI: 10.2307/2555025
D. Blake
Never has there been so much media interest in pensions as there is currently. Never has the pensions world changed so rapidly as it has over the last few years; we have seen the introduction of a new state supplementary pension scheme, new stakeholder pensions, and a flood of companies closing their final salary schemes and replacing them with defined contribution schemes. Never have there been so many complaints about our pension system; about the state pension falling behind earnings, about the misselling of personal pensions, about the perceived poor value of annuities, and about high charges and poor investment performance. This new edition of Pension Schemes and Pension Funds in the United Kingdom provides the latest information on all the key state and private pension schemes operating in the UK, including: the basic state pension, minimum income guarantee and pension credit; the state second pension; company pension schemes; and personal and stakeholder pension schemes. It does this within the context of the long historical development of the UK pensions system since medieval times. It also examines government pensions policy over the last twenty years, in particular the reduction in state pensions and the transfer of the burden of pension provision to the funded private sector. It also examines future trends and future concerns, such as increasing longevity and the adequacy of savings for retirement when people are young and in work. As most pension schemes are funded, the author also examines the latest issues in pension funding, such as the new accounting standard FRS17, active and passive fund management, investment risk budgeting and management, global investment performance standards, short-termism and the Myners review of institutional investment. The book concludes with a proposal for the Ideal Pension Scheme.
媒体从来没有像现在这样对养老金如此感兴趣。过去几年里,养老金世界从未发生过如此迅速的变化;我们看到了新的国家补充养老金计划、新的利益相关者养老金计划的出台,以及大量公司关闭了它们的最终工资计划,代之以固定缴款计划。对我们的养老金制度从未有过如此多的抱怨;关于国家养老金落后于收入,关于个人养老金的不当销售,关于年金的低价值,以及关于高收费和糟糕的投资表现。新版《英国养老金计划和养老基金》提供了在英国运营的所有主要国家和私人养老金计划的最新信息,包括:基本国家养老金、最低收入保障和养老金信贷;国家第二养老金;公司养老金计划;以及个人和利益相关者养老金计划。这是在中世纪以来英国养老金制度长期历史发展的背景下进行的。报告还审查了过去二十年来政府的养恤金政策,特别是减少国家养恤金和将提供养恤金的负担转移给有资金的私营部门的情况。它还研究了未来的趋势和未来的担忧,比如人们在年轻和工作时寿命的延长和退休储蓄的充足性。由于大多数养老金计划都是基金化的,因此作者还研究了养老金基金的最新问题,如新会计准则FRS17,主动和被动基金管理,投资风险预算和管理,全球投资绩效标准,短期主义和Myners对机构投资的审查。该书最后提出了理想养老金计划的建议。
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引用次数: 148
Enclosure and the Yeoman: The Agricultural Development of the South Midlands 1450-1850 圈地与自耕农:1450-1850年南部中部地区的农业发展
Pub Date : 1995-05-01 DOI: 10.2307/2598413
R. Allen
This book traces the shift from medieval to modern institutions in English agriculture. It explores their importance for productivity growth, income distribution, and the contribution of agriculture to British economic development. Robert C. Allen's pioneering study shows that, contrary to the assumption of many historians, small-scale farmers in the open-field system were responsible for a considerable proportion of the productivity growth achieved between the middle ages and the nineteenth century. The process of enclosure and the replacement of these yeomen by large-scale tenant farming relying on wage labour had relatively little impact on the agricultural contribution to economic development during the industrial revolution. Enclosures and large farms enriched landowners without benefiting consumers, workers, or farmers. Thoroughly grounded in the archival sources, and underpinned by rigorous economic analysis, Enclosure and the Yeoman is a scholarly and challenging reassessment of the history of English agriculture. It will be indispensable reading for all historians concerned with the making of modern Britain.
这本书追溯了英国农业制度从中世纪到现代的转变。它探讨了它们对生产力增长、收入分配以及农业对英国经济发展的贡献的重要性。罗伯特·c·艾伦(Robert C. Allen)开创性的研究表明,与许多历史学家的假设相反,在中世纪至19世纪期间,露天田系统中的小农对生产力增长的很大一部分负责。在工业革命期间,圈地和依靠雇佣劳动的大规模佃农取代自耕农的过程对农业对经济发展的贡献影响相对较小。圈地和大农场使地主富裕起来,却没有使消费者、工人或农民受益。《圈地与自耕农》以档案资料为基础,以严谨的经济分析为基础,对英国农业历史进行了学术性和挑战性的重新评估。对于所有关注现代英国形成的历史学家来说,这本书都是不可或缺的读物。
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引用次数: 165
Market Structure, Corporate Performance, and Innovative Activity 市场结构、公司绩效与创新活动
Pub Date : 1995-03-23 DOI: 10.2307/2234946
P. Geroski
Innovation - in products and processes - is an increasingly significant source of competitive advantage for firms and nations. Analysing extensive data on major innovations in the UK, this book examines the role of innovative activity in the structure of markets and the performance of firms. From this the author draws lessons on strategies for innovation for governments and firms alike. In particular, he addresses four questions which have long attracted the interst of economists: - does the structure of product markets affect the pace of innovative activity? - what are the effects of innovative activity on market structure? - how large a contribution does innovative activity make to productivity growth? - how does innovative activity affect corporate performance? In answering these important questions the author draws lessons for makers of public and business policy towards innovation.
产品和工艺方面的创新日益成为企业和国家竞争优势的重要来源。本书分析了英国重大创新的大量数据,探讨了创新活动在市场结构和企业绩效中的作用。由此,作者为政府和企业的创新策略提供了经验教训。特别是,他提出了长期以来一直引起经济学家兴趣的四个问题:产品市场的结构是否影响创新活动的速度?-创新活动对市场结构的影响是什么?-创新活动对生产力增长的贡献有多大?-创新活动如何影响企业绩效?在回答这些重要问题时,作者为公共和商业创新政策的制定者提供了经验教训。
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引用次数: 366
War and Economy in the Third Reich 第三帝国的战争与经济
Pub Date : 1995-02-01 DOI: 10.2307/205067
R. Overy
War and Economy in the Third Reich examines the nature of the German economy in the 1930s and the Second World War. Richard Overy's essays, collected here for the first time with a substantial new introduction, explore the tension between Hitler's vision of an armed economy and the reality of German economic and social life. Often thought-provoking, always informed, War and Economy opens a window on an essential aspect of Hitler's Germany.
《第三帝国的战争与经济》考察了20世纪30年代和第二次世界大战期间德国经济的性质。理查德·奥弗里(Richard Overy)的文章首次收录在这里,并有一个实质性的新介绍,探讨了希特勒武装经济的愿景与德国经济和社会生活的现实之间的紧张关系。《战争与经济》通常发人深省,内容丰富,为了解希特勒统治下的德国的一个重要方面打开了一扇窗。
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引用次数: 148
An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution 对幸福与贫困的调查
Pub Date : 1994-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/2137502
P. Dasgupta
An interdisciplinary book by one of the most respected scholars in what is broadly development economics but encompasses the most recent insights from philosophical research and empirical work on resource allocation, nutrition science, and anthropology. It has been widely recognized as a seminal work presenting a wide-ranging description of the causes and remedies of poverty and undernourishment, and addressing the current debate over methods of estimating their incidence.
这是一本跨学科的书,作者是发展经济学领域最受尊敬的学者之一,但涵盖了哲学研究和资源分配、营养科学和人类学的实证工作的最新见解。它被广泛认为是一项开创性的工作,广泛描述了贫困和营养不良的原因和补救措施,并解决了目前关于估计其发生率方法的争论。
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引用次数: 1537
Universal banking in the United States : what could we gain? What could we lose? 美国的全能银行:我们能得到什么?我们能失去什么呢?
Pub Date : 1994-07-01 DOI: 10.2307/1060155
A. Saunders, I. Walter
In 1933 and 1956, the United States sharply limited the kinds of securities, commercial, and insurance activities banks could engage in. These regulations remain in place despite profound changes in the economic environment, in the structure of the national and international financial markets, and in technology. This book evaluates the case for and against eliminating these barriers. The authors study the consequences of bank regulation in the US as it relates to competition in international financial markets. They examine universal banking systems in other countries, especially Germany, Switzerland, and the UK, and how they work. They then apply the lessons to US banking, paying particular attention to the benchmarks of stability, equity, efficiency, and competitiveness against which the performance of national financial systems should be measured. They propose a level playing field on which any number of forms of organization can grow in the financial services sector, in which universal banking is one of the permitted structures, and where regulation is linked to function.
在1933年和1956年,美国严格限制了银行可以从事的证券、商业和保险活动的种类。尽管经济环境、国内和国际金融市场结构以及技术发生了深刻变化,但这些规定仍然有效。这本书评估了支持和反对消除这些障碍的情况。两位作者研究了美国银行监管对国际金融市场竞争的影响。他们研究了其他国家的全能银行体系,尤其是德国、瑞士和英国,以及它们是如何运作的。然后,他们将这些经验教训应用于美国银行业,特别关注稳定性、公平性、效率和竞争力等基准,以衡量各国金融体系的表现。他们提出了一个公平的竞争环境,在这个环境中,任何形式的组织都可以在金融服务业中发展起来,其中,全能银行是允许的结构之一,监管与职能联系在一起。
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引用次数: 241
Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate 响应性监管:超越放松管制之争
Pub Date : 1993-05-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.30-1033
I. Ayres, J. Braithwaite
This book transcends current debate on government regulation by lucidly outlining how regulations can be a fruitful combination of persuasion and sanctions. The regulation of business by the United States government is often ineffective despite being more adversarial in tone than in other nations. The authors draw on both empirical studies of regulation from around the world and modern game theory to illustrate innovative solutions to this problem. Their ideas include an argument for the empowerment of private and public interest groups in the regulatory process and a provocative discussion of how the government can support and encourage industry self-regulation.
这本书超越了目前关于政府监管的争论,清晰地概述了监管如何成为说服和制裁的有效结合。美国政府对企业的监管往往是无效的,尽管语气上比其他国家更具对抗性。两位作者借鉴了世界各地对监管的实证研究和现代博弈论,阐述了解决这一问题的创新方案。他们的想法包括在监管过程中赋予私人和公共利益集团权力的论点,以及政府如何支持和鼓励行业自我监管的挑衅性讨论。
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引用次数: 2168
Volume 1: Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal 第一卷:1700年以前:走向煤炭时代
Pub Date : 1993-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/2168023
J. Hatcher
This is the eagerly awaited first volume of the definitive History of the British Coal Industry. Well before 1700 Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. John Hatcher traces the production and trade of coal from the intermittent small-scale activity which prevailed in the Middle Ages to the rapid expansion and rising importance which characterized the early modern era. Thoroughly grounded in a formidable range of sources, the book explores the economics and management of mining, the productivity and profitability of colliery enterprise, and the progress of technology. Dr Hatcher examines the owners and operators of collieries and the sources of mining capital, as well as the colliers themselves, their working conditions and earnings. He argues that the spectacular growth of coal output in this period was achieved more through evolutionary than revolutionary processes. This is a scholarly, detailed, and comprehensive study, which will be an essential source for all historians of the medieval and early modern economy, and fascinating reading for anyone with an interest in the British coal industry.
这是人们热切期待的英国煤炭工业史的第一卷。早在1700年之前,英国就已经严重依赖煤炭作为燃料,煤矿开采已经在该国的主要工业中占据了一席之地。约翰·哈切尔追溯了煤的生产和贸易,从中世纪断断续续的小规模活动到近代早期的迅速扩张和重要性的上升。这本书以广泛的资料为基础,探讨了采矿的经济和管理,煤矿企业的生产力和盈利能力,以及技术的进步。哈切尔博士考察了煤矿的所有者和经营者、矿业资本的来源,以及煤矿工人本身、他们的工作条件和收入。他认为,这一时期煤炭产量的惊人增长更多是通过进化而非革命过程实现的。这是一本学术性的、详细的、全面的研究,对于所有研究中世纪和早期现代经济的历史学家来说,这将是一本重要的资料,对于任何对英国煤炭工业感兴趣的人来说,这都是一本迷人的读物。
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引用次数: 4
Capitalists and Christians: Business Leaders and the Churches in Britain 1900-1960 《资本家和基督徒:1900-1960年英国的商业领袖和教会
Pub Date : 1991-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/2597822
D. Jeremy
This is a study of the relationship between capitalism and Christianity in twentieth-century Britain. David Jeremy examines the collective biographies of three business elites in order to explore issues important to business and religion. How did the churches shape the thinking of future business leaders? What impact did Christianity have on big business? How has the participation of business people in religious life affected the major Protestant denominations? David Jeremy traces the development of business values in a formally Christian society; he shows how churchmen among business leaders related their faith to their business and the dilemmas this could entail; and he uncovers the varying parts played by businessmen from personal involvement in their local congregation to funding and organizing major denominations, or an interdenominational venture like the 1954 Billy Graham Crusade to London. Using a wide range of sources, including newspapers and journals, unpublished records, and interviews, Dr Jeremy has produced a thought-provoking analysis of a relationship that can be both tense and fruitful. His insights into the private faith and business ethics of leading entrepreneurs and businessmen are underpinned by intensive quantitative analysis. Capitalists and Christians is an invaluable study of the intertwining of two vital strands in twentieth-century British history.
这是对二十世纪英国资本主义与基督教关系的研究。大卫·杰里米考察了三位商业精英的集体传记,以探讨对商业和宗教重要的问题。教会如何塑造未来商业领袖的思想?基督教对大企业有什么影响?商人参与宗教生活对主要新教教派有何影响?大卫·杰里米追溯了在一个正式的基督教社会中商业价值观的发展;他展示了商界领袖中的神职人员如何将他们的信仰与企业联系起来,以及这可能带来的困境;他揭示了商人在教会中扮演的不同角色,从个人参与当地教会,到资助和组织主要教派,或者像1954年比利·格雷厄姆(Billy Graham)到伦敦的十字军东征那样的跨教派冒险。利用广泛的资料来源,包括报纸和期刊、未发表的记录和采访,杰里米博士对一种既紧张又富有成果的关系进行了发人深省的分析。他对主要企业家和商人的私人信仰和商业道德的见解得到了深入的定量分析的支持。《资本家与基督徒》是对二十世纪英国历史上两条重要线索相互交织的宝贵研究。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
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