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Food security: The ultimate one-health challenge 粮食安全：健康的终极挑战
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100864

Food insecurity is a serious and immediate concern for the world due to challenges including overpopulation; conflicts; animal, plant, and human diseases; climate change; depletion of resources; and environmental degradation. Long-term solutions for food production must consider the impacts on the environment, water and other resources, human and animal health, and sustainable crop production.

The fundamental cause of food insecurity is the rapid and unprecedented increase in human population from approximately 2 billion people in 1925 to over 8 billion in 2023. The need for food has led to major expansion of both crop and food animal production including movement into new areas; increased production requires more resources, some of which are being depleted. This paper focuses on food animal production. Humans depend on three major species for most animal-origin food: Chickens (meat and eggs), cattle (meat and milk), and swine (meat). Each species is currently threatened by diseases that can rapidly spread internationally, and some have zoonotic potential. Diversification of animal-based food, such as expanding aquaculture can help to protect against food shortages should an epizootic occur in one or more of the above species.

Cutting-edge science is needed to improve food animal production and pathogen control. This requires an interdisciplinary one-world, one-health approach led by international organizations and funded by the developed world. An optimal response will involve scientists and policy experts from government, the private sector, and universities worldwide. Strengthening all nations' public health infrastructure and veterinary services is essential to this aim.

Fortunately, concerns about worldwide food security are concurrent with rapid advances in nearly all aspects of science, which can be applied to sustainably increase food production both locally and globally. There must be a collective will to apply science and to implement policies to solve current food security problems and to prepare for future challenges.

由于人口过剩、冲突、动物、植物和人类疾病、气候变化、资源枯竭和环境退化等挑战，粮食不安全是世界面临的一个严重而紧迫的问题。粮食生产的长期解决方案必须考虑到对环境、水和其他资源、人类和动物健康以及可持续作物生产的影响。粮食不安全的根本原因是人类人口从 1925 年的约 20 亿迅速增加到 2023 年的 80 多亿，这是前所未有的。对粮食的需求导致农作物和食用动物生产大幅扩张，包括向新的地区迁移；生产的增加需要更多的资源，而其中一些资源正在枯竭。本文重点讨论食用动物生产。人类的大部分动物源性食物都依赖于三大物种：鸡（肉和蛋）、牛（肉和奶）和猪（肉）。目前，每种动物都受到疾病的威胁，这些疾病可在国际范围内迅速传播，其中一些还可能造成人畜共患病。以动物为基础的食物多样化，如扩大水产养殖，有助于在上述一个或多个物种发生流行病时防止食物短缺。这需要在国际组织的领导下，在发达国家的资助下，采取跨学科的 "一个世界、一种健康 "的方法。一个最佳的应对方案需要来自政府、私营部门和世界各地大学的科学家和政策专家的参与。幸运的是，在关注全球粮食安全的同时，几乎所有科学领域都取得了突飞猛进的进步，这些进步可以用于可持续地提高本地和全球的粮食产量。必须有一种集体意愿来应用科学和实施政策，以解决目前的粮食安全问题，并为应对未来的挑战做好准备。
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引用次数: 0
The contribution of animal antibiotic use to antibiotic resistance in human infections: Panel evidence from Denmark 动物抗生素的使用导致人类感染产生抗生素耐药性：来自丹麦的小组证据
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100856

Antibiotic use (ABU) in animals is postulated to be a major contributor to selection of antibiotic resistance (ABR) which subsequently causes infections in human populations. However, there are few quantifications of the size of this association. Denmark, as a country with high levels of pig production and strong ABR surveillance data, is an ideal case study for exploring this association.

This study compiles a dataset on ABU across several animal species and antibiotic classes, and data on the rate of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in humans across key pathogens, in Denmark over time (2010−2020). Panel data regressions (fixed effects, random effects, first difference and pooled ordinary least squares) were used to test the association between the level of ABR in human isolates and the level of ABU in animals.

A positive relationship was identified between ABR in humans and ABU in cattle, with some evidence of a positive relationship for poultry and companion animals, and a negative relationship for fish, although the latter is likely driven by confounding factors. When lagging ABU by one year, the effect of ABU in cattle and companion animals remained similar, the effect of ABU in poultry fell in size, and ABU in fish was no longer significant, perhaps due to differences in life cycle length among animal species. Additional covariates were explored, including pet populations, agricultural production and GDP per capita (at purchasing power parity), but these results were limited by the statistical power of the dataset. Under all models, animal ABU determined only a minority of the change in human ABR levels in this context with adjusted R2 ranging from 0.19 to 0.44.

This paper supports the role of animal ABU in determining human ABR levels but suggests that, despite comprising a large portion of systemwide ABU, it only explains a minority of the variation. This is likely driven in part by data limitations, and could also be due to a persistence of ABR once resistance has emerged, suggesting a significant role for socioeconomic and transmission factors in bringing ABR down to desirable levels.

据推测，动物使用抗生素（ABU）是导致抗生素耐药性（ABR）产生的主要因素，而抗生素耐药性随后会导致人类感染。然而，关于这种关联的规模却鲜有量化数据。丹麦是一个生猪生产水平高、抗生素耐药性监测数据强大的国家，是探索这种关联的理想案例研究。
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引用次数: 0
A cross-sectional survey of Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in non-human primates and their caregivers in Czech zoos 捷克动物园非人灵长类动物及其看护者体内布氏囊虫和脆弱片阿米巴的横断面调查
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100862

Intestinal protists in the gut microbiome are increasingly studied, but their basic epidemiology is not well understood. We explored the prevalence, genetic diversity, and potential zoonotic transmission of two protists colonizing the large intestine - Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis - in 37 species of non-human primates (NHPs) and their caregivers in six zoos in the Czech Republic. We analyzed 179 fecal samples (159 from NHPs, 20 from humans) by qPCR. Blastocystis sp. was detected in 54.7% (98/179) of samples, in 24 NHP species and in 57.2% of NHP samples (prevalence ranged between 36 and 80%), and in 35% of human samples (prevalence ranged between 0 and 67%). Using next generation amplicon sequencing, nine Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST5, ST7, ST8, and two novel subtypes) were identified. The two new Blastocystis subtypes (named ST47 and ST48) were described using Nanopore sequencing to produce full-length reference sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Some subtypes were shared between NHPs and their caregivers, suggesting potential zoonotic transmission. Mixed subtype colonization was frequently observed, with 52% of sequenced samples containing two or more subtypes. Dientamoeba was found only in NHPs with a prevalence of 6%. This study emphasizes the critical role of molecular diagnostics in epidemiological and transmission studies of these protists and calls for further research to better understand their impact on public health.

人们对肠道微生物组中的肠道原生动物的研究越来越多，但对它们的基本流行病学却不甚了解。我们研究了捷克共和国 6 个动物园中 37 种非人灵长类动物（NHPs）及其看护者大肠定植的两种原生动物--sp. 和--的流行率、遗传多样性和潜在的人畜共患病传播。我们通过 qPCR 分析了 179 份粪便样本（159 份来自非人灵长类动物，20 份来自人类）。在 54.7% 的样本（98/179）、24 种非人灵长类动物和 57.2% 的非人灵长类动物样本（流行率介于 36% 和 80% 之间）以及 35% 的人类样本（流行率介于 0% 和 67% 之间）中检测到了 sp.。通过新一代扩增子测序，确定了九个亚型（ST1-ST5、ST7、ST8 和两个新型亚型）。这两个新亚型（分别命名为 ST47 和 ST48）是利用 Nanopore 测序技术获得的小亚基核糖体 RNA 基因全长参考序列。一些亚型在 NHPs 及其看护者之间共享，这表明可能存在人畜共患病传播。经常观察到混合亚型定植，52% 的测序样本含有两种或两种以上亚型。这项研究强调了分子诊断在这些原生动物的流行病学和传播研究中的关键作用，并呼吁开展进一步研究，以更好地了解它们对公共卫生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Antimicrobial resistance of Clostridioides difficile in veterinary medicine around the world: A scoping review of minimum inhibitory concentrations 全球兽医学中艰难梭菌的抗菌药耐药性：最低抑菌浓度范围综述
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100860

Objective

To provide a comprehensive characterization of Clostridioides difficile antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data in veterinary medicine based on the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all antimicrobial agents tested in relation to the techniques used.

Methods

A systematic scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and its associated checklist. The objective was to provide a synthesis of the evidence in a summarized and analyzed format.

To this end, three scientific databases were consulted: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, up until December 2021. Subsequently, all identified literature was subjected to screening and classification in accordance with the established study criteria, with the objective of subsequent evaluation.

Study selection and data extraction

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on studies regarding Clostridioides difficile antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary medicine across various animal species and related sources. The analysis included studies that presented data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the E-test, agar dilution, or broth microdilution techniques. The extracted data included minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and a comprehensive characterization analysis.

Results

A total of 1582 studies were identified in scientific databases, of which only 80 were subjected to analysis. The research on Clostridioides difficile antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in veterinary medicine is most prolific in Europe and North America. The majority of isolates originate from production animals (55%) and pets (15%), with pigs, horses, and cattle being the most commonly studied species. The tested agents' minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and resulting putative antimicrobial resistance profiles exhibited considerable diversity across animal species and sources of isolation. Additionally, AMR characterization has been conducted at the gene and genomic level in animal strains. The E-test was the most frequently utilized method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Furthermore, the breakpoints for interpreting the MICs were found to be highly heterogeneous and frequently observed regardless of the geographical origin of the publication.

Conclusions

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing techniques and results were found to be diverse and heterogeneous. There is no evidence of an exclusive antimicrobial resistance pattern in any animal species. Despite the phenotypic and genomic data collected over the years, further interdisciplinary studies are necessary. Our findings underscore the necessity for international collaboration to establish uniform standards for C. difficile antimicrobi

根据与所用技术相关的所有抗菌剂测试的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)，提供兽医抗菌剂耐药性 (AMR) 数据的综合特征。根据系统综述和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）扩展范围综述（PRISMA-ScR）及其相关清单进行了系统范围综述。目的是以总结和分析的形式提供证据综述。我们对不同动物物种和相关来源的兽医抗菌药耐药性（AMR）研究进行了综合分析。分析包括使用-试验、琼脂稀释或肉汤微量稀释技术进行抗菌药敏感性测试的研究数据。提取的数据包括最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 值和综合特性分析。在科学数据库中共找到 1582 项研究，其中只有 80 项进行了分析。兽医抗菌药耐药性（AMR）研究在欧洲和北美最为活跃。大多数分离物来自生产动物（55%）和宠物（15%），其中猪、马和牛是最常被研究的物种。受测制剂的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和由此产生的假定抗菌药耐药性特征在不同动物种类和分离来源中表现出相当大的多样性。此外，还对动物菌株的基因和基因组水平进行了 AMR 鉴定。-试验是最常用的抗菌药物敏感性试验（AST）方法。此外，还发现用于解释 MIC 的断点具有高度异质性，并且经常被观察到，与出版物的地理来源无关。抗菌药物药敏试验的技术和结果也存在多样性和差异性。没有证据表明在任何动物物种中都存在唯一的抗菌药耐药性模式。尽管多年来收集了大量表型和基因组数据，但仍有必要开展进一步的跨学科研究。我们的研究结果突出表明，有必要开展国际合作，建立统一的抗菌药敏感性检测（AST）方法和报告标准。这种合作将有助于采用 "统一健康 "方法进行监测和控制，这一点至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Contract governance to reduce antimicrobial overuse in hog farms in China 通过合同管理减少中国养猪场过度使用抗菌药的情况
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100859

Antimicrobial resistance caused by the overuse of antimicrobials by farmers is an essential health issue. Currently, signing contracts between farmers and cooperatives has become crucial for small farmers to integrate into the modern agricultural industry chain. Unlike vertical government governance, which aims to intervene in the overuse of antimicrobials by farmers through many mandatory or incentive measures, contract governance refers to the social governance model that clarifies rights and obligations between farmers and cooperatives to ensure the adequate performance of contracts, which is especially beneficial to regulate farmers' safe production behavior such as the standard use of antimicrobials. However, there is a research gap concerning the effectiveness of contract governance in inhibiting farmers' overuse of animal antimicrobials. This study applies propensity score matching and mediation analysis method to assess how contract governance affects the overuse of antimicrobials by hog farmers. The paper uses data from 498 hog farmers of China's Hebei, Henan, and Hubei provinces to explore the impact and underlying mechanisms of contract governance on antimicrobial overuse in agriculture. The results showed that contract governance was found to inhibit the overuse of antimicrobials, with the amount paid for antimicrobials reduced by 118 yuan/household. We found evidence that this effect is exerted through three mechanisms: cooperative supervision (CS), technical guidance (TG), and product premium perception (PP). The CS, TG, and PP mediation effects accounted for 19.94%, 27.90%, and 26.93% of the total impact, respectively. Therefore, policy implications of these results include strengthening the standard of contract signing procedures and the integrity of executing contracts, increasing the market premium for products that meet the antimicrobial residue standards, and enhancing farmers' knowledge and contracting ability.

农民过度使用抗菌素导致的抗菌素耐药性是一个重要的健康问题。目前，农民与合作社签订合同已成为小农户融入现代农业产业链的关键。与政府通过诸多强制或激励措施干预农户过度使用抗菌素的纵向治理不同，合同治理是指明确农户与合作社之间的权利和义务，确保合同充分履行的社会治理模式，尤其有利于规范农户规范使用抗菌素等安全生产行为。然而，关于合同治理在抑制农户过度使用动物抗菌素方面的有效性还存在研究空白。本研究采用倾向得分匹配和中介分析方法来评估合同管理如何影响生猪养殖者过度使用抗菌素。论文利用中国河北省、河南省和湖北省 498 个生猪养殖户的数据，探讨了合同治理对农业抗菌药过度使用的影响及其内在机制。结果表明，合同治理抑制了抗菌素的过度使用，抗菌素的支付额减少了 118 元/户。我们发现，这种效应是通过合作监督（）、技术指导（）和产品溢价感知（）三种机制产生的。其中，、和中介效应分别占总影响的 19.94%、27.90% 和 26.93%。因此，这些结果的政策含义包括加强合同签订程序的规范性和合同执行的诚信度，提高符合抗菌剂残留标准产品的市场溢价，以及提高农民的知识水平和签约能力。
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引用次数: 0
Isolation of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type (ST) 30 from house rats (Rattus tanezumi) in Hong Kong. 从香港的家鼠（Rattus tanezumi）中分离出社区相关的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）序列类型（ST）30。
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100861

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is of major public health concern due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics. This resistance has been observed in various settings, including hospitals and communities, and has been detected in both animals and humans. Although peridomestic rat species (Rattus spp.) are well described reservoirs of several human pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria, little is known about their role in MRSA epidemiology. In order to investigate whether Rattus spp. in Hong Kong are potential carriers of MRSA, 221 rats were caught from various ecological areas and nasopharyngeal samples were cultured on MRSA selective media. Genotypic characteristics of MRSA were confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Two clonal sequence type (ST) 30 MRSA isolates, harbouring mecA on staphylococcal chromosome cassette (SCC) mec type IVc, were cultured from two house rats (Rattus tanezumi) caught in two densely populated urban areas. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first detection of community-associated (CA)-MRSA strain ST30 SCCmec IVc in peridomestic rodents in Hong Kong and globally. Our finding indicates that house rats can be carriers of MRSA strains that are widely distributed in the community.

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）对多种抗生素具有耐药性，是公共卫生领域的一个重大问题。这种耐药性已在医院和社区等各种环境中观察到，并在动物和人体内检测到。尽管家鼠（Rattus spp.）是多种人类病原体和抗菌药耐药细菌的贮藏地，但人们对其在 MRSA 流行病学中的作用却知之甚少。为了研究香港的鼠类是否可能携带 MRSA，我们从不同的生态区域捕获了 221 只老鼠，并用 MRSA 选择性培养基对鼻咽部样本进行培养。全基因组测序证实了 MRSA 的基因型特征。从两个人口稠密的城市地区捕获的两只家鼠（Rattus tanezumi）身上培养出了两个克隆序列类型（ST）30的MRSA分离物，它们带有葡萄球菌染色体盒（SCC）mec类型IVc上的mecA。据作者所知，这是香港乃至全球首次在家鼠身上发现社区相关（CA）-MRSA菌株ST30 SCCmec IVc。我们的发现表明，家鼠可能是广泛分布于社区的 MRSA 菌株的携带者。
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引用次数: 0
IHR-PVS National Bridging Workshop for Somalia: An interactive and participatory approach for operationalizing the One Health roadmap IHR-PVS 索马里国家桥梁讲习班：实施 "一个健康 "路线图的互动和参与式方法
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100858

Background

National Bridging Workshops (NBW) are a tool for reviewing collaboration gaps between line ministries relevant to the One Health framework.

Methods

The NBW for Somalia was held on November 11–13, 2023 in Nairobi, Kenya with support from WHO and WOAH. Participants included representatives from the Somali government both national and sub-national (including Ministry of Health; Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range; Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation; and Ministry of Environment and Climate Change). Other participants included representatives from non-governmental organizations, academia and the quadripartite. Structured sessions guided participants through a step-by-step process, starting from identifying gaps to collectively developing solutions. The design of these sessions aimed to foster active engagement and collaboration with the outcomes of each session contributing to the subsequent one.

Results

A total of 60 participants partook in the exercise, representing human health (35%), animal health (27%), agriculture (13%), environmental health (7%) and other relevant sectors (18%). Eighty-three percent of participants represented the national level and 17% the sub-national level. The collaborative effort yielded a joint roadmap comprising 36 activities and 11 objectives. Priority objectives included: development of national joint surveillance systems for selected One Health threats (41/47 votes, or 87% of the total votes); establishment of a high-level ministerial system to govern and coordinate One Health activities (30/47; 64%); and establishment of emergency funding structures for priority zoonotic diseases along with development of a 5-year national investment plan for One Health (27/47; 57%). A total of 94% of activities required low or moderate cost to be implemented, and 90% of activities were identified to have a likely high impact on multisectoral collaboration. The timeline for implementing the activities is projected to span one to two years.

Conclusion

The workshop promoted high-level engagement, national ownership, and leadership in addressing health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. The resulting co-created roadmap will be integrated into the National Action Plan for Health Security, supporting ongoing One Health efforts in Somalia.

背景国家衔接研讨会（NBW）是审查与 "一个健康 "框架相关的职能部委之间合作差距的一种工具。方法在世界卫生组织和世界奥林匹克卫生组织的支持下，索马里国家衔接研讨会于2023年11月11-13日在肯尼亚内罗毕举行。与会者包括索马里国家和国家以下各级政府的代表（包括卫生部、畜牧、林业和牧场部、农业和灌溉部以及环境和气候变化部）。其他与会者包括来自非政府组织、学术界和四方的代表。结构化会议引导与会者逐步完成从确定差距到集体制定解决方案的过程。这些会议的设计旨在促进积极参与和合作，每次会议的成果都有助于后续会议的开展。结果共有 60 名与会者参加了此次活动，他们分别代表人类健康（35%）、动物健康（27%）、农业（13%）、环境健康（7%）和其他相关部门（18%）。83%的参与者代表国家层面，17%代表国家以下层面。合作努力产生了一个联合路线图，包括 36 项活动和 11 个目标。优先目标包括：针对选定的 "一体健康 "威胁建立国家联合监测系统（41/47 票，占总票数的 87%）；建立一个高级别部长级系统，以管理和协调 "一体健康 "活动（30/47；64%）；为优先人畜共患病建立应急供资结构，同时制定一项为期 5 年的 "一体健康 "国家投资计划（27/47；57%）。共有 94% 的活动需要较低或中等成本来实施，90% 的活动被认为可能会对多部门合作产生较大影响。研讨会促进了高层参与、国家自主权和领导力，以应对人类-动物-环境交界处的健康威胁。共同制定的路线图将纳入《国家健康安全行动计划》，支持索马里正在开展的 "一个健康 "工作。
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引用次数: 0
Salmonella carriage by geckos detected within households in Malawi 马拉维家庭发现壁虎携带沙门氏菌
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100848

Salmonella was isolated from 23/79 (29.1%) pooled gecko stool samples from households in southern Malawi. Whole genome sequencing of 47 individual isolates within this collection revealed 27 Salmonella serovars spanning two subspecies. Our results demonstrate that geckos play an important role in the carriage of Salmonella within households.

从马拉维南部家庭的23/79（29.1%）壁虎粪便样本中分离出沙门氏菌。对样本中的 47 个分离株进行了全基因组测序，发现了跨越两个亚种的 27 个沙门氏菌血清型。我们的研究结果表明，壁虎在家庭沙门氏菌携带中发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of zoonotic hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs and wild boar in Vietnam: Implications for public health 越南家猪和野猪中人畜共患戊型肝炎病毒的特征：对公共卫生的影响
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100857
Le Chi Cao , Le Nguyen Nhat Ha , Tran Thi Giang , Vo Minh Tiep , Ngo Thi Minh Chau , Ton Nu Phuong Anh , Pham Khanh Duy , Le Phuc Nhan , Nguyen Thi Thu Hoai , Le Thi Kieu Linh , Nourhane Hafza , C. Thomas Bock , Truong Nhat My , Bui Tien Sy , Nguyen Linh Toan , Le Huu Song , Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan

Vietnam's unprecedented demand for meat from livestock, including pigs and farmed wildlife, underscores the importance of understanding zoonotic reservoirs for hepatitis E virus (HEV). This study aimed to identify and characterize circulating zoonotic HEV in domestic pigs and wild boar to understand genotype frequencies, transmission dynamics, and associated human health burdens. Rectal swabs, feces, and liver samples from 415 pigs and 102 wild boars were collected across various farms and slaughterhouses in central and southern Vietnam and screened for HEV RNA using nested PCR. HEV RNA-positive samples underwent sanger sequencing and genotyping. Overall, 10% (n = 54/517) of samples were HEV RNA-positive, with wild boars exhibiting the highest HEV positivity rate at 25%, followed by domestic pigs at 7%. Southern Vietnam showed a higher HEV RNA positivity rate (20%) compared to central Vietnam (7%). Notably, rectal swabs demonstrated the highest positivity rate (15%), followed by feces (8%) and liver (4%). HEV-3a was the predominant genotype at 85%, followed by HEV-4b at 9% and HEV-3f at 6%. While HEV-3a was distributed across both central and southern Vietnam, HEV-3f was exclusively detected in central Vietnam, and HEV-4b was identified in wild boar in southern Vietnam. These findings underscore the substantial prevalence of HEV in wild boars, emphasizing their potential as crucial zoonotic reservoirs alongside domestic pigs. Further investigations involving occupationally exposed individuals in high-prevalence areas are warranted to evaluate the human health impact of zoonotic hepatitis E and inform preventive measures. Regular epidemiological studies are imperative for assessing the prevalence and transmission of zoonotic HEV infections among common reservoirs, thereby aiding in the prevention of spillover events within the community.

越南对猪和养殖野生动物等家畜肉类的需求量空前巨大，这凸显了了解人畜共患病戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）储库的重要性。这项研究旨在确定家猪和野猪中循环的人畜共患戊型肝炎病毒的特征，以了解基因型频率、传播动态和相关的人类健康负担。研究人员在越南中部和南部的多个农场和屠宰场采集了 415 头猪和 102 头野猪的直肠拭子、粪便和肝脏样本，并使用巢式 PCR 对其进行了 HEV RNA 筛查。对 HEV RNA 阳性样本进行了桑格测序和基因分型。总体而言，10%（n = 54/517）的样本 HEV RNA 阳性，其中野猪的 HEV 阳性率最高，为 25%，其次是家猪，为 7%。越南南部的 HEV RNA 阳性率（20%）高于越南中部（7%）。值得注意的是，直肠拭子的阳性率最高（15%），其次是粪便（8%）和肝脏（4%）。HEV-3a 是主要的基因型，占 85%，其次是 HEV-4b，占 9%，HEV-3f 占 6%。HEV-3a 分布在越南中部和南部，HEV-3f 只在越南中部检测到，HEV-4b 则在越南南部的野猪中发现。这些发现强调了 HEV 在野猪中的大量流行，强调了野猪与家猪一起成为重要的人畜共患病毒库的潜力。为了评估人畜共患戊型肝炎对人类健康的影响并为预防措施提供信息，有必要对高流行地区职业暴露人群进行进一步调查。定期的流行病学研究对于评估人畜共患病戊型肝炎病毒感染在常见蓄养者中的流行和传播情况至关重要，从而有助于预防社区内的外溢事件。
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引用次数: 0
Seroreactivity against Leptospira spp. differs between community cats and privately-owned cats in Hong Kong 香港社区猫与私人饲养猫对钩端螺旋体属血清反应性的差异
IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
One Health
Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100851
Wing Yan Jacqueline Tam , Omid Nekouei , Francesca Rizzo , Lok See Tiffany Cheng , Yan Ru Choi , Megan Staples , Stefan Hobi , Jane Gray , Fiona Woodhouse , Patricia Yi Man Shuen , Ying Fei Chai , Julia A. Beatty , Vanessa R. Barrs

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease of major One Health significance and public health impact globally, with a wide host range including mammals, cetaceans and herpetofauna. This study aimed to determine Leptospira seroprevalence, risk factors for seroreactivity and prevalence of urinary Leptospira shedding among domestic cats in Hong Kong.

Microagglutination testing of 22 Leptospira serovars from 20 serogroups was performed on 738 sera from outdoor free-roaming “community” cats (n = 391) and privately-owned (n = 347) cats. Urine from 268 community cats was tested for pathogenic Leptospira DNA by qPCR targeting lipL32. Potential risk factors associated with exposure were assessed using logistic regression.

Overall Leptospira seroprevalence was 9.35%. Of 14 serogroups detected, Javanica (4.3%), Djasiman (2.3%) and Australis (1.5%) were most common. Seroreactivity was significantly higher among community (13.3%) than privately-owned cats (4.9%; OR 2.98 [95% CI 1.68–5.25], P < 0.001), especially to Javanica (7.65% of community cats versus 0.58% of privately-owned cats (P < 0.001). Antibody titres to all serogroups ranged from 1:100 to 1:6400 (median 1:200) and were highest for Javanica (median 1:800).

Leptospira DNA was detected in urine from 12/268 community cats (4.48%; median load 6.42 × 102 copies/mL urine; range 1.40 × 101–9.63 × 104). One in three seroreactive community cats with paired urine and blood samples had leptospiruria. After adjusting for source, none of breed, sex, neuter status, age, district rodent infestation rate, serum alanine transaminase or creatinine values were associated with seroreactivity.

Cats in Hong Kong are exposed to a diversity of Leptospira serogroups and can shed Leptospira silently in urine. The higher seroprevalence among outdoor free-roaming community cats highlights the importance of environmental drivers in leptospirosis transmission and risks of exposure for sympatric human populations. Gloves should be worn when handling feline urine to minimise the risk of zoonotic transmission from subclinically infected cats.

钩端螺旋体病是一种细菌性人畜共患病，在全球具有重大的 "一体健康 "意义和公共卫生影响，宿主范围广泛，包括哺乳动物、鲸类动物和爬行动物。这项研究旨在确定香港家猫的钩端螺旋体血清流行率、血清反应的风险因素以及尿液中钩端螺旋体脱落的流行率。研究人员对来自户外自由活动的 "社区 "猫（391 只）和私人饲养的猫（347 只）的 738 份血清进行了微凝集试验，检测了 20 个血清群中的 22 种钩端螺旋体血清。通过针对 lipL32 的 qPCR，对 268 只社区猫的尿液进行了致病性钩端螺旋体 DNA 检测。采用逻辑回归法评估了与暴露相关的潜在风险因素。在检测到的 14 个血清群中，爪哇血清群（4.3%）、贾西曼血清群（2.3%）和澳大利亚血清群（1.5%）最为常见。社区猫（13.3%）的血清反应性明显高于私人养猫（4.9%；OR 2.98 [95% CI 1.68-5.25]，P <0.001），尤其是对爪哇猫（社区猫为 7.65%，私人养猫为 0.58%，P <0.001）。在 12/268 只社区猫的尿液中检测到钩端螺旋体 DNA（4.48%；中位数为 6.42 × 102 拷贝/毫升尿液；范围为 1.40 × 101-9.63 × 104）。在尿液和血液样本配对的血清反应性社区猫中，每三只就有一只患有钩端螺旋体尿症。經調整來源後，貓的品種、性別、絕育狀況、年齡、地區鼠患率、血清丙氨酸轉氨酶或肌酸酐值均與血清反應無關。在户外自由活动的社区猫中，血清阳性反应率较高，这凸显了环境因素在钩端螺旋体病传播中的重要性，以及同域人类接触该病毒的风险。处理猫尿时应戴手套，以尽量减少亚临床感染猫的人畜共患传播风险。
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