One Health最新文献

H10 subtype avian influenza viruses were endemic in wild and domestic avian species worldwide. Strikingly, it frequently crossed the species barrier to infect mammalian hosts. Human infection with H10N3 and H10N8 were reported previously. Recently, a 63-year-old woman from Anhui province of China who died from a mixed infection of H3N2 and H10N5 influenza viruses, which have drawn widespread public health attention. Here, we perform the evolutionary dynamics of H10N5 influenza viruses of bird- and human-origin worldwide, and found that wild bird-origin H10N5 influenza viruses from China did not cluster together with human-origin H10N5 influenza viruses, while grouped together with LPAIV gene pools circulating in wild birds that derived from other Eurasian countries. Human-derived H10N5 virus is a novel reassortant, which frequently reassorted with wild bird-derived influenza viruses, and in turn, spillover into humans. Collectively, our results suggested that H10 subtype influenza viruses continuously pose threat to public health.

Background

Hypertension and diabetes are major components of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with a substantial number of patients residing in underdeveloped areas. Limited medical resources in these areas often results in underreporting of disease prevalence, masking the true extent of diseases. Taking the underdeveloped Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in China as an example, this study aimed to correct the underreported prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes so as to provide inspiration for the allocation of medical resources in such areas.

Methods

Assuming the true number of patients in each area follows a Poisson distribution, we applied a Compound Poisson Model based on Clustering of Data Quality (CPM-CDQ) to estimate the potential true prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, as well as the registration rate of existing patients. Specifically, a hierarchical clustering approach was utilized to group the counties based on the data quality, and then the registration rate of the cluster with the best data quality was used as a priori information for the model. The model parameters were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model.

Results

The estimated prevalence of hypertension in the entire Liangshan Prefecture from 2018 to 2020 ranged from 24.59 % to 25.28 %, and for diabetes, it ranged from 4.95 % to 8.42 %. The registration rates for hypertension and diabetes were 14.10 % to 24.59 % and 15.98 % to 29.12 %, respectively. Additionally, the accuracy of clustering the counties with the best data quality had a significant impact on the performance of the model.

Conclusion

Liangshan Prefecture is experiencing a significant high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, accompanied by a concerningly low registration rate. The CPM-CDQ proved useful for assessing underreporting risks and facilitating targeted interventions for NCDs control and prevention, particularly in underdeveloped areas.

The Region of Central Macedonia (RCM) in Northern Greece recorded the highest number of human West Nile virus (WNV) infections in Greece, despite considerable local mosquito control actions. We examined spatial patterns and associations of mosquito levels, infected mosquito levels, and WNV human cases (WNVhc) across the municipalities of this region over the period 2010–2023 and linked it with climatic characteristics. We combined novel entomological and available epidemiological and climate data for the RCM, aggregated at the municipality level and used Local and Global Moran's I index to assess spatial associations of mosquito levels, infected mosquito levels, and WNVhc. We identified areas with strong interdependencies between adjacent municipalities in the Western part of the region. Furthermore, we employed a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to first, identify the factors driving the observed levels of mosquitoes, infected mosquitoes and WNVhc and second, estimate the influence of climatic features on the observed levels. This modeling approach indicates a strong dependence of the mosquito levels on the temperatures in winter and spring and the total precipitation in early spring, while virus circulation relies on the temperatures of late spring and summer. Our findings highlight the significant influence of climatic factors on mosquito populations (∼60 % explained variance) and the incidence of WNV human cases (∼40 % explained variance), while the unexplained ∼40 % of the variance suggests that targeted interventions and enhanced surveillance in identified hot-spots can enhance public health response.

The occurrence of carbapenemases encoding genes in Providencia rettgeri is a critical public health concern since this species has intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobials, including polymyxins. The identification of this multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen outside the hospital setting has become increasingly frequent, and raises an alert for the global health agencies, as they indicate a possible spread of such pathogens. Herein, we described three MDR P. rettgeri isolates carrying a diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) isolated from stool samples of swine and bovine in Brazil. Molecular analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to the same clone. The whole genome sequencing (WGS) of a representative isolate (PVR-188) was performed by MiSeq Illumina® platform, while the assembling and annotation was achieved using SPAdes and Prooka, respectively. The WGS analyses indicated the presence of ARGs that confer resistance to β-lactams (bla_NDM-1, bla_CTX-M-2), quinolones (qnrD1), aminoglycosides (aadA2, aadA1, aph(3′)-Via), phenicol (catB2), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2), and trimethoprim (dfrA12, dfrA1). The presence of three plasmid replicons (Col3M, IncQ1, and IncT) was detected, but no phage sequences were found. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the genomic relationship of the PVR-188 with P. rettgeri isolates recovered from animals and humans in the USA and Malaysia. In conclusion, we report the occurrence of MDR P. rettgeri clone colonizing the gut microbiota of food-producing animals in Brazil, revealing the spread of this pathogen beyond hospital boundaries.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food chain remains a global public health concern for both humans and animals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, resistance profiles, and clonal relatedness of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamases- producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) isolated from slaughtered pigs and slaughterhouse workers in Yaoundé, Cameroon.

A cross-sectional study was conducted over four months, from February to May 2023 in two selected pig's slaughterhouse markets in Yaoundé. Rectal swabs were collected from 375 pigs at four time points and pooled per three according to gender, origin, and abattoirs leading to 125 pooled samples. Seven faecal samples from 60 contacted exposed workers were collected. Samples were cultured on CHROMagar™ ESBL medium, dark pink to reddish colonies were considered E. coli. Resistance genes including bla_CTX-M, bla_SHV and bla_TEM were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while ERIC-PCR was used to assess the genetic relatedness between isolates.

The prevalence of ESBL-Ec was elevated among exposed workers (71.4 %; n = 5/7) and pigs (70.4 %; n = 88/125). Overall, ESBL-Ec exhibited high resistance to cefuroxime (100 %, n = 105/105), cefotaxime (100 %, n = 105/105), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (98.1 %, n = 103/105), cefixime (92.4 %, n = 97/105), tetracycline (86.7 %, n = 91/105) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (81.9 %, n = 86/105). However, these isolates showed good susceptibility to gentamicin (3.8 %, n = 4/105), chloramphenicol (8.6 %, n = 9/105), and fosfomycin (14.3 %, n = 15/105). All human isolates and 75.8 % (n = 75/99) of pig isolates were multi-drug resistant. The bla_CTX-M was the most prevalent resistance gene among exposed workers (100 %, n = 6/6) and pigs (80.8 %, n = 80/99) followed by bla_TEM (33.3 % each). High clonal relatedness of ESBL-Ec strains was observed among pig and human isolates across slaughterhouses.

This study showed that the gastrointestinal tract of pigs might be an important reservoir of MDR and ESBL-Ec in Yaoundé, Cameroon and these resistant bacteria might be circulating between sources, especially humans. Heightening awareness on appropriate antibiotic use in humans and animals as well as implementing stringent biosecurity and food safety measures are imperative to prevent the emergence and spread of AMR in the country.

In this multicenter study conducted in France, we challenged the hypothesis of the transmission of pathogens other than Borrelia spp. in 22 patients developing erythema migrans following a tick bite. Using a combination of high-throughput microfluidic PCRs and agnostic metagenomics on skin biopsies and blood samples, no microorganisms other than Borrelia spp. was found.

Background

Rabies in Turkey is maintained by dogs, but following a sustained spill-over, red fox mediated rabies had spread from the Aegean region to the central part of Türkiye. During the past four years from 2019 to 2023 large scale efforts used oral rabies vaccination (ORV) to control rabies in red foxes. Here, we present the results of the largest ORV campaign on the Asian continent.

Methods

ORV campaigns were carried out twice a year in spring and autumn with a targeted bait density of 20–23 baits/km². Monitoring of ORV campaigns included the GIS-based analyses of bait distribution, the assessment of bait uptake through biomarker detection and the determination of seroconversion (sero-positivity in ELISA) in the target species collected within the vaccination area. For determination of fox rabies incidence in vaccination areas as the main indicator of the performance of the ORV campaigns, epidemiological data was obtained from the national passive surveillance program.

Results

Aerial bait distribution was highly accurate, with >99 % of baits being recorded from targeted zones, thus meeting the desired bait densities. Although the overall bait uptake (28.1 %; 95 %CI: 23.2–32.8) and seroprevalance (36.3 %; 95 %CI: 30.0–43.2) were low, rabies incidence drastically decreased in ORV areas and rabies was eliminated from western and central parts of Turkey, with no reported cases in foxes from ORV areas in 2022 and 2023.

Conclusions

A large-scale ORV campaign against fox rabies using high quality vaccine baits and the GIS-aided and monitored bait distribution was able to control fox mediated rabies in the western and central parts of Türkiye. Rabies control both in dogs and foxes should be expanded to cover also the eastern parts of Türkiye, to become eventually rabies free.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) evolution and onward transmission of resistance genes is impacted by interrelated biological and social drivers, with evidence and impacts observed across human, animal and environmental One Health domains. Systems-based research examining how food production impacts on AMR in complex agrifood systems is lacking, with little written on management approaches in the UK that might prevent and respond to this challenge. One approach is the creation of a transdisciplinary network to enhance capacity, capability and collaboration between agrifood-focused disciplines and stakeholders. This co-creation platform for network-wide systems-based activities would reduce inefficiencies in AMR-related activities around agrifood, providing a cross-cutting, cohesive community to deliver transformational guidance on relevant, practical agrifood solutions that add value by reducing AMR, antimicrobial usage and associated costs, and decreasing resultant environmental contamination by prioritising challenges, sharing knowledge and best practice, and co-creating practical solutions with key stakeholders. An online survey determined prospective network focus, structure and priorities, with responses analysed using mixed methods.

Survey results suggested respondents have interests in synthesising data using systems-approaches and using certain disciplines such as ‘social sciences’ within network activities. There were disconnects in how and whom to work with on this, with generalised use of ‘social science/scientists’ but lack of disciplinary understanding (e.g., anthropology, sociology) suggesting disciplinary differences awareness-training is useful. A similar generalisation is seen for mathematics/statistics. There are strong interests in working with food system practitioners (e.g., farmers/vets), providing opportunities for farm/field visits/knowledge exchange, and human health, reflecting the need for farm-to-fork understanding of impacts. There were notable mentions of policy/governance, emphasising translational research desires to create meaningful change. Disciplines/fields did not always align with identified interests e.g., systems and implementation science, suggesting the utility of network activity around introducing these disciplines e.g., methodology-focused rather than subject-focused conferences exploring lateral thinking about subjects. We suggest starting by developing understanding of the most important research questions by working with stakeholders, then working back to how we would achieve desirable project outcomes and who else is needed for this.

In Australia, antimicrobials are given an importance rating by the Australian Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on antimicrobial resistance. High importance antimicrobials are those essential for the treatment or prevention of infections in humans, where there are few or no treatment alternatives. In this study we consulted with experts from across human and animal health using the Delphi consensus-building process to establish the circumstances under which antimicrobials with high importance to human health could be used in animals in Australia. We used three rounds of online surveys. Group responses were provided to participants in each subsequent round to facilitate convergence of opinion. Consensus was defined as 80 % or more of respondents selecting the same option for a question. By the end of the third round, consensus was achieved on eight items. This included the use of high importance antimicrobials being appropriate if culture and sensitivity testing indicated the organism was resistant to low- and medium-rated antimicrobials that could be used to treat the case. If any high-importance antimicrobials are prescribed for animals there was also agreement that a clear indication for this use and justification for antimicrobial choice must be recorded in the medical history, along with the dose rate, route of administration, the duration and the time point for review of the condition and associated antimicrobial therapy.

Appropriateness of use of high importance antimicrobials in critically ill animals where culture and sensitivity results are not available is still undefined. Further work is also required to establish which particular organisation should be notified of the use of high importance antimicrobials not registered for use in animals. The Delphi process was valuable in facilitating consensus amongst international experts from a broad range of health backgrounds and experience.