Objective: To investigate the effects of cytokines IL-10 and IL-15 in osteoporosis, and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 101 subjects who underwent bone density testing in Linyi People’s Hospital from January 2018-December 2019 were selected and divided into normal bone density group, osteopenia group and osteoporosis group according to their bone density. At the same time, the peripheral serum IL-10 and IL-15 levels of subjects were detected. Results: The serum IL-10 and IL-15 levels of subjects with normal bone density were significantly higher than those of subjects with bone loss (t = 5.31, P < 0.001) (t = 6.87, P < 0.001) and osteoporosis. In the subjects (t = 5.38, P < 0.001) (t = 5.30, P < 0.001), the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine L1-L4 was positively correlated with serum IL-15 levels (r = 0.216, P = 0.030), but with IL-10 No correlation (r = ?0.025, P = 0.801). Femoral neck bone mineral density was positively correlated with serum IL-10 levels (r = 0.209, P = 0.036), and femoral neck bone mineral density was positively correlated with serum IL-15 levels (r = 0.405, P < 0.001). Stepwise regression analysis shows that IL-15 is closely related to bone density. Conclusion: Serum IL-10 and IL-15 have a protective effect on bone mass. Two anti-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. Low levels of serum IL-10 and IL-15 have a protective effect on bone mass. Bone loss and osteoporosis have certain evaluation value, which can be used to prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis, reduce the risk of fracture, and reduce the difficulty and burden of nursing.
目的:探讨细胞因子IL-10和IL-15在骨质疏松症中的作用，为骨质疏松症的防治提供依据。方法:选取2018年1月- 2019年12月在临沂市人民医院行骨密度检测的101例受试者，根据骨密度分为正常骨密度组、骨质减少组和骨质疏松组。同时检测受试者外周血血清IL-10、IL-15水平。结果:骨密度正常组血清IL-10、IL-15水平显著高于骨质疏松组(t = 5.31, P < 0.001)和骨质疏松组(t = 6.87, P < 0.001)。在受试者中(t = 5.38, P < 0.001) (t = 5.30, P < 0.001)，腰椎骨密度l1 ~ l4与血清IL-15水平呈正相关(r = 0.216, P = 0.030)，与IL-10水平无相关性(r = - 0.025, P = 0.801)。股骨颈骨密度与血清IL-10水平呈正相关(r = 0.209, P = 0.036)，股骨颈骨密度与血清IL-15水平呈正相关(r = 0.405, P < 0.001)。逐步回归分析表明，IL-15与骨密度密切相关。结论:血清IL-10、IL-15对骨量有保护作用。两种抗炎细胞因子在骨质疏松症的发生和发展中起重要作用。低水平的血清IL-10和IL-15对骨量有保护作用。骨质流失与骨质疏松具有一定的评价价值，可用于预防骨质疏松的发生，降低骨折的风险，减轻护理的难度和负担。
{"title":"The Application Value of Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-15 in Osteoporosis","authors":"Tianxiang Lei, Meng Wang, Cheng Zuo, Hui-ying Xu","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107279","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate the effects of cytokines IL-10 and IL-15 in osteoporosis, and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 101 subjects who underwent bone density testing in Linyi People’s Hospital from January 2018-December 2019 were selected and divided into normal bone density group, osteopenia group and osteoporosis group according to their bone density. At the same time, the peripheral serum IL-10 and IL-15 levels of subjects were detected. Results: The serum IL-10 and IL-15 levels of subjects with normal bone density were significantly higher than those of subjects with bone loss (t = 5.31, P < 0.001) (t = 6.87, P < 0.001) and osteoporosis. In the subjects (t = 5.38, P < 0.001) (t = 5.30, P < 0.001), the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine L1-L4 was positively correlated with serum IL-15 levels (r = 0.216, P = 0.030), but with IL-10 No correlation (r = ?0.025, P = 0.801). Femoral neck bone mineral density was positively correlated with serum IL-10 levels (r = 0.209, P = 0.036), and femoral neck bone mineral density was positively correlated with serum IL-15 levels (r = 0.405, P < 0.001). Stepwise regression analysis shows that IL-15 is closely related to bone density. Conclusion: Serum IL-10 and IL-15 have a protective effect on bone mass. Two anti-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. Low levels of serum IL-10 and IL-15 have a protective effect on bone mass. Bone loss and osteoporosis have certain evaluation value, which can be used to prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis, reduce the risk of fracture, and reduce the difficulty and burden of nursing.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88943825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean Pierre Kabongo Tshaibukole, Gertrude Pongi Khonde, André Matondo Phongo, N. Ngoma, Amand Mbuya Kankolongo, R. K. Vumilia, A. Djamba
In this paper, to assess the varietal ability to compensate defoliation damage caused by the fall armyworm, a trial was carried out at the INERA Mvuazi research center. The aim of this study was to determine the limit threshold of damage that could cause the significant loss of the harvest of the quality protein maize distributed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. To do this, three factors including two varieties (Mudishi-1 and Mudishi-3) of quality protein maize, four rating damage and two growth stages were used into a factorial design with 3 replications. Simulation of damage caused by FAW consisted of cutting of blades for all visible leaves of plants. Damage rates simulating leaf destroying were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, occurring at two growth stages: stage V3 (2 to 4 weeks after emergence) and stage V7 (flowering stage). Results showed that damage factor combined with growth stage factor significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the yield component variables including yield losses, harvest rate, ear sizes, number of ears harvested and yield as well as the market quality of the ears, based on appearance quotation. Damage rate more than 50%, at all growth stages studied, caused grain losses upper than 50% regardless of variety. However, damage less than 50% at V3 stage resulted in grain losses under 10%. At the end of this study, we showed that the varieties of maize QPM (Mudishi-1 and Mudishi-3) would be able to compensate the damage caused by the FAW and achieve its yield, if the attacks damaging 25% of the leaves occur during V3.
{"title":"Simulation of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Attacks and the Compensative Response of Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays, var. Mudishi-1 and Mudishi-3) in Southwestern DR Congo","authors":"Jean Pierre Kabongo Tshaibukole, Gertrude Pongi Khonde, André Matondo Phongo, N. Ngoma, Amand Mbuya Kankolongo, R. K. Vumilia, A. Djamba","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107217","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, to assess the varietal ability to compensate defoliation damage caused by the fall armyworm, a trial was carried out at the INERA Mvuazi research center. The aim of this study was to determine the limit threshold of damage that could cause the significant loss of the harvest of the quality protein maize distributed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. To do this, three factors including two varieties (Mudishi-1 and Mudishi-3) of quality protein maize, four rating damage and two growth stages were used into a factorial design with 3 replications. Simulation of damage caused by FAW consisted of cutting of blades for all visible leaves of plants. Damage rates simulating leaf destroying were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, occurring at two growth stages: stage V3 (2 to 4 weeks after emergence) and stage V7 (flowering stage). Results showed that damage factor combined with growth stage factor significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the yield component variables including yield losses, harvest rate, ear sizes, number of ears harvested and yield as well as the market quality of the ears, based on appearance quotation. Damage rate more than 50%, at all growth stages studied, caused grain losses upper than 50% regardless of variety. However, damage less than 50% at V3 stage resulted in grain losses under 10%. At the end of this study, we showed that the varieties of maize QPM (Mudishi-1 and Mudishi-3) would be able to compensate the damage caused by the FAW and achieve its yield, if the attacks damaging 25% of the leaves occur during V3.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"133 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79668474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biogas technology is one of the renewable technologies that use biodegradable waste such as human waste (HW), agricultural waste, animal and food waste. Over 90% of the population in Malawi is heavily reliant on firewood as their primary source of energy for cooking. This results in deforestation, pollution of the environment, and great monetary expenditure to buy firewood, more especially by boarding schools. A co-digestion biogas plant that uses human, animal, agriculture, and canteen food waste has been designed. This study design was based on the use of HW and canteen food wastes (CFW) as the substrate for the biodigester to produce methane (CH4) gas that could be used for cooking and lighting at Phalombe Secondary School in Malawi to replace firewood. With a school population of 757 people, design calculations/stimations were performed to find out the amount of HW and CFW required per day. A field survey at the school was carried out to appreciate the problem the school is facing so that a solution could be found. Based on factors such as energy demand at the school, availability of feedstock, size of the digester, biogas yield, life span of the biodigester, and availability of construction materials, the type of biogas plant suitable for this purpose has been selected and designed. A computer-aided design (Auto CAD) software was used for the drawing. These design parameters were arrived at through a baseline survey, observation methods, and literature reviews. Through a questionnaire, a detailed energy demand analysis was carried out from whose results a fixed dome biogas plant of digester size 62 m3, gasometer of size 19 m3, and digestate collection tank size of 61 m3 has been designed. The design came up with an amount of HW and CFW of 286 and 60 kg per day respectively making total organic raw materials of 346 kg per day. The macromolecular composition of the HW, CFW, and mixture of HW and CFW in terms of dry matter (DM) was 11%, 45% and 56% of carbohydrate, 3%, 15%, and 18% of protein, 15%, 40%, and 30% lipids, and 15%, 0%, and 15% of ash respectively. The substrate showed a high degradability of 90%. The simulation analysis showed that HW produced 185 m3 per kg of biogas which represented 64% and 35.9% CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2), CFW produced 58.9 m3 per kg that represented 61.1% and 38.4% of CH4 ad CO2, and mixture produced 265 m3 per kg contained 59% and 41% of CH4 and CO2 in 40 days respectively. A cost estimate of the design has been carried out to appreciate the economic viability of the biogas technology and is estimated at the US$5277. The cost of constructing a biogas plant at the school is less than what the school is spending currently on firewood and electricity, a recommendation has been made to adopt the technology to reduce the financial burden the school is facing.
{"title":"Design of a Co-Digestion Biogas Plant to Curb Deforestation-Case Study of Phalombe Secondary School in Malawi","authors":"Limbe, Industrial, Eldoret, Kigali, Rwanda","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107255","url":null,"abstract":"Biogas technology is one of the renewable technologies that use biodegradable waste such as human waste (HW), agricultural waste, animal and food waste. Over 90% of the population in Malawi is heavily reliant on firewood as their primary source of energy for cooking. This results in deforestation, pollution of the environment, and great monetary expenditure to buy firewood, more especially by boarding schools. A co-digestion biogas plant that uses human, animal, agriculture, and canteen food waste has been designed. This study design was based on the use of HW and canteen food wastes (CFW) as the substrate for the biodigester to produce methane (CH4) gas that could be used for cooking and lighting at Phalombe Secondary School in Malawi to replace firewood. With a school population of 757 people, design calculations/stimations were performed to find out the amount of HW and CFW required per day. A field survey at the school was carried out to appreciate the problem the school is facing so that a solution could be found. Based on factors such as energy demand at the school, availability of feedstock, size of the digester, biogas yield, life span of the biodigester, and availability of construction materials, the type of biogas plant suitable for this purpose has been selected and designed. A computer-aided design (Auto CAD) software was used for the drawing. These design parameters were arrived at through a baseline survey, observation methods, and literature reviews. Through a questionnaire, a detailed energy demand analysis was carried out from whose results a fixed dome biogas plant of digester size 62 m3, gasometer of size 19 m3, and digestate collection tank size of 61 m3 has been designed. The design came up with an amount of HW and CFW of 286 and 60 kg per day respectively making total organic raw materials of 346 kg per day. The macromolecular composition of the HW, CFW, and mixture of HW and CFW in terms of dry matter (DM) was 11%, 45% and 56% of carbohydrate, 3%, 15%, and 18% of protein, 15%, 40%, and 30% lipids, and 15%, 0%, and 15% of ash respectively. The substrate showed a high degradability of 90%. The simulation analysis showed that HW produced 185 m3 per kg of biogas which represented 64% and 35.9% CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2), CFW produced 58.9 m3 per kg that represented 61.1% and 38.4% of CH4 ad CO2, and mixture produced 265 m3 per kg contained 59% and 41% of CH4 and CO2 in 40 days respectively. A cost estimate of the design has been carried out to appreciate the economic viability of the biogas technology and is estimated at the US$5277. The cost of constructing a biogas plant at the school is less than what the school is spending currently on firewood and electricity, a recommendation has been made to adopt the technology to reduce the financial burden the school is facing.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82999883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carine Nkembi Nzuzi, M. Onyamboko, Jacques I Kokolomami, Hervé Alex Tukadila, Aliocha Nkodila Natuhoyila, B. Longo-Mbenza
Aim: To determine the factors associated with the increase in the proportion of HIV-infected TB patients of Kiamvu and Baobab Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment Health Center (TSTHC) in the Nzanza HZ, Matadi, between January 2012 and December 2017. Methods: This was a control case study of 187 HIV-positive TB patients and 187 HIV-negative TB patients followed at the Nzanza HZ Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment Health Center (TSTHC) from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017. We used Pearson’s Khi square test and homogeneity as well as logistic regression. This identified the factors associated with TB/HIV co-infection. Results: HIV-positive TB patients had a high daily household income [OR: 2.90; p: 0.000]) than HIV-negative people. The majority of HIV-positive TB patients had unprotected sex with a casual partner prior to diagnosis [OR: 1.82; p: 0.000]) than HIV-negative. After adjustment, alcohol intake [OR: 12.2; p: 0.004]) and extra pulmonary forms of tuberculosis [OR: 31.5; 0.002] were associated with increased TB/HIV co-infection. Conclusion: Alcohol intake and extra-pulmonary forms of tuberculosis were factors associated with increased TB/HIV co-infection. Awareness of TB patients may help reduce the risk of HIV infection.
{"title":"Factors Associated with Tuberclosis-HIV Co-Infection in Diagnosis in the Nzanza Health Zone","authors":"Carine Nkembi Nzuzi, M. Onyamboko, Jacques I Kokolomami, Hervé Alex Tukadila, Aliocha Nkodila Natuhoyila, B. Longo-Mbenza","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107105","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To determine the factors associated with the increase in the proportion of HIV-infected TB patients of Kiamvu and Baobab Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment Health Center (TSTHC) in the Nzanza HZ, Matadi, between January 2012 and December 2017. Methods: This was a control case study of 187 HIV-positive TB patients and 187 HIV-negative TB patients followed at the Nzanza HZ Tuberculosis Screening and Treatment Health Center (TSTHC) from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017. We used Pearson’s Khi square test and homogeneity as well as logistic regression. This identified the factors associated with TB/HIV co-infection. Results: HIV-positive TB patients had a high daily household income [OR: 2.90; p: 0.000]) than HIV-negative people. The majority of HIV-positive TB patients had unprotected sex with a casual partner prior to diagnosis [OR: 1.82; p: 0.000]) than HIV-negative. After adjustment, alcohol intake [OR: 12.2; p: 0.004]) and extra pulmonary forms of tuberculosis [OR: 31.5; 0.002] were associated with increased TB/HIV co-infection. Conclusion: Alcohol intake and extra-pulmonary forms of tuberculosis were factors associated with increased TB/HIV co-infection. Awareness of TB patients may help reduce the risk of HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88294355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loop-shaped trajectories are commonly observed in the stock-recruitment relationship (SRR). A mechanism that explains why the loops emerge in SRR has been proposed, and the aim of this study was to validate this mechanism using 62 stocks that live in the waters around Japan, the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization area, and elsewhere. We discuss the relationship between the age at maturity and the slope of the regression line adapted for the SRR data. Further, we discuss whether or not the age at maturity determines whether clockwise or anticlockwise loops are dominant. The results were as follows: 1) The slopes of the regression line adapted for the SRR had positive values when the age at maturity was low. As the age at maturity increased, the slopes decreased to zero and then became negative values. As the age at maturity increased even further, the slopes again changed from negative values to zero and then from zero to positive values. 2) Clockwise loops were dominant when the age at maturity was low, and anticlockwise loops were dominant when the age at maturity was high. As the age at maturity increased even more, clockwise loops again became dominant. These findings coincide well with the results presented by Tanaka et al. In the past, a density-dependent effect has been considered to be the main factor driving the fluctuations, but the present results indicated that a different mechanism may control the SRR and the fluctuations in the population.
{"title":"Further Analysis of Clockwise Loops and Anticlockwise Loops Observed in a Stock-Recruitment Relationship","authors":"Kei Tanaka, Naoki Suzuki, K. Sakuramoto","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107164","url":null,"abstract":"Loop-shaped trajectories are commonly observed in the stock-recruitment relationship (SRR). A mechanism that explains why the loops emerge in SRR has been proposed, and the aim of this study was to validate this mechanism using 62 stocks that live in the waters around Japan, the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization area, and elsewhere. We discuss the relationship between the age at maturity and the slope of the regression line adapted for the SRR data. Further, we discuss whether or not the age at maturity determines whether clockwise or anticlockwise loops are dominant. The results were as follows: 1) The slopes of the regression line adapted for the SRR had positive values when the age at maturity was low. As the age at maturity increased, the slopes decreased to zero and then became negative values. As the age at maturity increased even further, the slopes again changed from negative values to zero and then from zero to positive values. 2) Clockwise loops were dominant when the age at maturity was low, and anticlockwise loops were dominant when the age at maturity was high. As the age at maturity increased even more, clockwise loops again became dominant. These findings coincide well with the results presented by Tanaka et al. In the past, a density-dependent effect has been considered to be the main factor driving the fluctuations, but the present results indicated that a different mechanism may control the SRR and the fluctuations in the population.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86589155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the development of social economy and the improvement of learning quality and quality education requirements, the social attention to the psychological health of college students and social adaptability needs is also more and more high. The research shows that, due to the influence of various factors such as region, economy and culture, the social service needs of minority and Han university students will also be different at different levels. As the hope and future of all ethnic groups, minority college students are the backbone of inheriting, developing and innovating the traditional culture of ethnic groups. It is an important aspect of the development of ethnic education to pay attention to the psychological status of such a special group. At present, there are a lot of researches on the psychological health service needs of college students at home and abroad, but the researches on the psychological health service needs of minority college students are less, and mainly focus on the application. Therefore, the research on the needs of minority college students for group counseling and group counseling is of great theoretical significance.
{"title":"The Needs of Group Counseling for Ethnic Minority College Students from the Perspective of Social Psychological Service","authors":"Yuxi Liu, Shicheng Li","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107224","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of social economy and the improvement of learning quality and quality education requirements, the social attention to the psychological health of college students and social adaptability needs is also more and more high. The research shows that, due to the influence of various factors such as region, economy and culture, the social service needs of minority and Han university students will also be different at different levels. As the hope and future of all ethnic groups, minority college students are the backbone of inheriting, developing and innovating the traditional culture of ethnic groups. It is an important aspect of the development of ethnic education to pay attention to the psychological status of such a special group. At present, there are a lot of researches on the psychological health service needs of college students at home and abroad, but the researches on the psychological health service needs of minority college students are less, and mainly focus on the application. Therefore, the research on the needs of minority college students for group counseling and group counseling is of great theoretical significance.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79112238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Héman Kabemba Bukasa, Teiggy Birhula Mongane, Sylvain Kilima Kunda, Lutula B’Tient Jean-Jacques Saturnin, David Libala Ayumba, James Kayembe Tube, Abigael Mukonkole Kapenga, Jean-Pally Ngoyi-Ngoyi Kampule, John Ntabo Shebeni, Didier Kasumba Ilunga, C. Ilunga, Ghislain Kalombo Mushinga, Tshite Tshite
Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the areas where maternal deaths are most prevalent. This situation is linked to a number of maternal risk factors including obstetric experience, age, disease history, socio-economic conditions and the quality of the health system. The objective of this study is to determine the epidemiological profile of childbirth in rural primiparous women. Methods: This is a multi-centre, retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study among primiparous women in Moba (DR. Congo). The period from 2015 to 2016 was chosen. Epi Info 7 and Excel software were used for data analysis. Results: Of the 2644 deliveries selected for this study, 474 (17.9%) were among primiparous women. The average age of primiparous women was 18.4 ± 1.9 years (extremes 15 to 24 years). The majority of primiparous women were educated, married, housewives, with poor prenatal monitoring of pregnancies, having given birth by eutocic mode (53.6%) and vaginal route (92.0%). Maternal and early neonatal mortality was 0.8% and 1.7% respectively. This mortality only significantly (p < 0.05) concerned dystocic deliveries and the 18- to 21-year-old age group. Maternal age (p < 0.001), especially before the age of 18 (p < 0.000), and occupation (p < 0.01) significantly determine the mode of childbirth. Conclusion: The primiparous under 18 years of age presents risks of dystocic childbirth. Dystocia is responsible for several complications that can lead to maternal or neonatal death. Efforts should be made to discourage early pregnancy and improve the quality of obstetric care.
{"title":"Epidemiological Profile of Childbirth among Primiparous Women in Rural Areas of Tanganyika Province, Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Héman Kabemba Bukasa, Teiggy Birhula Mongane, Sylvain Kilima Kunda, Lutula B’Tient Jean-Jacques Saturnin, David Libala Ayumba, James Kayembe Tube, Abigael Mukonkole Kapenga, Jean-Pally Ngoyi-Ngoyi Kampule, John Ntabo Shebeni, Didier Kasumba Ilunga, C. Ilunga, Ghislain Kalombo Mushinga, Tshite Tshite","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107243","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the areas where maternal deaths are most prevalent. This situation is linked to a number of maternal risk factors including obstetric experience, age, disease history, socio-economic conditions and the quality of the health system. The objective of this study is to determine the epidemiological profile of childbirth in rural primiparous women. Methods: This is a multi-centre, retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study among primiparous women in Moba (DR. Congo). The period from 2015 to 2016 was chosen. Epi Info 7 and Excel software were used for data analysis. Results: Of the 2644 deliveries selected for this study, 474 (17.9%) were among primiparous women. The average age of primiparous women was 18.4 ± 1.9 years (extremes 15 to 24 years). The majority of primiparous women were educated, married, housewives, with poor prenatal monitoring of pregnancies, having given birth by eutocic mode (53.6%) and vaginal route (92.0%). Maternal and early neonatal mortality was 0.8% and 1.7% respectively. This mortality only significantly (p < 0.05) concerned dystocic deliveries and the 18- to 21-year-old age group. Maternal age (p < 0.001), especially before the age of 18 (p < 0.000), and occupation (p < 0.01) significantly determine the mode of childbirth. Conclusion: The primiparous under 18 years of age presents risks of dystocic childbirth. Dystocia is responsible for several complications that can lead to maternal or neonatal death. Efforts should be made to discourage early pregnancy and improve the quality of obstetric care.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"494 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77067039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper redefines the Shape of numbers, makes it more natural and concise, and the domain of definition is extended to ring. The inconvenient PCHG() and PH() are removed. The concept of subsets is also removed. The new definition can be used to calculate ∑n-0N-1Πi-1M (Ki+n×Di) ∑ni,j-0j-N-1Πi-1M (Ki+ni,j×Di), ni,j≤ni+1,j or ni,j=ni+1,j; Ki,Di∈ring. Three forms corresponding to three calculation methods are obtained. They can be used as a powerful tool for analysis. Some of the conclusions are: 1) Expressions and properties of two kinds of Stirling number, Lah number and Eulerian number; 2) Expression of power sum of natural numbers; 3) Vandermonde identity, Norlund identity; 4) New congruence and new proof of Wilson theorem; 5) ∑n-1P-1≡0 MOD P2, P>3; 6) ∑C-0C-M-1(-1)M-1-C∑PM(PS)-M,PB(PS)-CMIN(PS)=1.
本文重新定义了数的形状，使其更加自然和简洁，并将定义的范围扩展到环。去掉了不方便的PCHG()和PH()。子集的概念也被删除了。新定义可用于计算∑n-0N-1Πi-1M (Ki+n×Di)∑ni,j-0j-N-1Πi-1M (Ki+ni,j×Di)， ni,j≤ni+1,j或ni,j=ni+1,j;Ki, Di∈戒指。得到了三种计算方法对应的三种形式。它们可以作为一种强大的分析工具。得到的结论有:1)两类斯特林数、拉数和欧拉数的表达式和性质;2)自然数幂和的表达式;3) Vandermonde恒等式，Norlund恒等式;4) Wilson定理的新同余性与新证明;5)∑n-1P-1≡0 MOD P2, P>3;6)∑C-0C-M-1 (1) M-1-C∑点(PS) - m, PB (PS) -CMIN (PS) = 1。
{"title":"Redefining the Shape of Numbers and Three Forms of Calculation","authors":"Ji Peng","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107277","url":null,"abstract":"This paper redefines the Shape of numbers, makes it more natural and concise, and the domain of definition is extended to ring. The inconvenient PCHG() and PH() are removed. The concept of subsets is also removed. The new definition can be used to calculate ∑n-0N-1Πi-1M (Ki+n×Di) \u0000∑ni,j-0j-N-1Πi-1M (Ki+ni,j×Di), ni,j≤ni+1,j or ni,j=ni+1,j; Ki,Di∈ring. Three forms corresponding to three calculation methods are obtained. They can be used as a powerful tool for analysis. Some of the conclusions are: 1) Expressions and properties of two kinds of Stirling number, Lah number and Eulerian number; 2) Expression of power sum of natural numbers; 3) Vandermonde identity, Norlund identity; 4) New congruence and new proof of Wilson theorem; 5) ∑n-1P-1≡0 MOD P2, P>3; 6) ∑C-0C-M-1(-1)M-1-C∑PM(PS)-M,PB(PS)-CMIN(PS)=1.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"134 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77365060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ketevi, D. Ajavon, B. Douaguibe, A. Bassowa, Carmelle Schola Assogba, Assiaham Walawita Ténété, Nagbe Massogblé Kodjo Koffi, K. Fiagnon, A. Aboubakari, K. Akpadza
Introduction: Obstetric Fistula (OF) is an abnormal communication between the bladder and the vagina or between the rectum and the vagina and or both. The objective was to describe the experience of OF by the victims. Methodology: The gynecology-obstetrics clinic of the CHU Sylvanus Olympio in Lome served as the framework for this study. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which took place from February 28 to March 19, 2011. Results: A total of 76 women with OF were interviewed. Mothers were more attentive to the problems of women with OF (38.2%). More than half of women with OF (53.9%) were rejected by non-family circle. The vast majority of them have experienced a change in their sex life (75%). Before the fistula, 77.6% had an income-generating activity. The fistula was associated with a vulvar rash (55.3%). Women with OF (93.4%) had a permanent need for cleanliness. Conclusion: The pursuit of cleanliness is an important characteristic of women with OF. The latter are often abandoned by their husbands. All this experience leads women with OF to a “social death”.
{"title":"Life Experience of Women with Obstetric Fistula in Togo","authors":"A. Ketevi, D. Ajavon, B. Douaguibe, A. Bassowa, Carmelle Schola Assogba, Assiaham Walawita Ténété, Nagbe Massogblé Kodjo Koffi, K. Fiagnon, A. Aboubakari, K. Akpadza","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1106968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1106968","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Obstetric Fistula (OF) is an abnormal communication between the bladder and the vagina or between the rectum and the vagina and or both. The objective was to describe the experience of OF by the victims. Methodology: The gynecology-obstetrics clinic of the CHU Sylvanus Olympio in Lome served as the framework for this study. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which took place from February 28 to March 19, 2011. Results: A total of 76 women with OF were interviewed. Mothers were more attentive to the problems of women with OF (38.2%). More than half of women with OF (53.9%) were rejected by non-family circle. The vast majority of them have experienced a change in their sex life (75%). Before the fistula, 77.6% had an income-generating activity. The fistula was associated with a vulvar rash (55.3%). Women with OF (93.4%) had a permanent need for cleanliness. Conclusion: The pursuit of cleanliness is an important characteristic of women with OF. The latter are often abandoned by their husbands. All this experience leads women with OF to a “social death”.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"2019 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82633525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the advancement of higher education internationalization, an increasing number of Chinese students choose to study abroad for higher education. However, differing socio-cultural and educational contexts in host countries bring great challenges to their intercultural adaptation. Taking a double first-class university in Shanghai as an example, by using anonymous online questionnaire and interviewing approaches, this study explored the features and challenges of intercultural adaptation encountered by the selected Chinese undergraduate students in this university’s Sino-foreign cooperative education programs.
{"title":"Intercultural Adaptation of Undergraduate Students in Germany under the Framework of Sino-Foreign Cooperative Education: An Empirical Study","authors":"Yi-yan Li, Jing’an Qian, Xiaofei Rao","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1106837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1106837","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement of higher education internationalization, an increasing number of Chinese students choose to study abroad for higher education. However, differing socio-cultural and educational contexts in host countries bring great challenges to their intercultural adaptation. Taking a double first-class university in Shanghai as an example, by using anonymous online questionnaire and interviewing approaches, this study explored the features and challenges of intercultural adaptation encountered by the selected Chinese undergraduate students in this university’s Sino-foreign cooperative education programs.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"505 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78139314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：