Sandeep Shrestha, R. Bhandari, Ashish Bashyal, Nischal Shrestha
We conducted a detailed study in comparing physico-chemical parameters of glacier melt water between two years (2016 & 2019) in upstream sites with an elevation ranging from 4100 m to 3550 m above sea level of Ponkar glacier, Manang district, Nepal. We conducted onsite testing of physical parameter like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity by using multiprobes and chemical parameters like anions, cations, total silica and heavy metals were analyzed following standard methods from APHA, AWWA, WEF (2012). The mean concentration of total silica was found to be higher in upstream sites than downstream. The elemental ratio Ca/Si was found to be higher in glacial melt water with low elemental values for K/Na, Na/Cl and K/Cl. The average concentration of parameters like electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness in glacier melt water was recorded to be higher in year 2019 than 2016. The mean concentration of anions and heavy metal was recorded to be higher in year 2016 than 2019. This study has provided a baseline information in comparing physico-chemical parameters in glacial melt water of Ponkar glacier and will be helpful in mitigating adverse impacts of climate change in Nepal’s glacier.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Physico-Chemical Parameter in Glacial Melt Water, Ponkar Glacier, Nepal","authors":"Sandeep Shrestha, R. Bhandari, Ashish Bashyal, Nischal Shrestha","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107160","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a detailed study in comparing physico-chemical parameters of glacier melt water between two years (2016 & 2019) in upstream sites with an elevation ranging from 4100 m to 3550 m above sea level of Ponkar glacier, Manang district, Nepal. We conducted onsite testing of physical parameter like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity by using multiprobes and chemical parameters like anions, cations, total silica and heavy metals were analyzed following standard methods from APHA, AWWA, WEF (2012). The mean concentration of total silica was found to be higher in upstream sites than downstream. The elemental ratio Ca/Si was found to be higher in glacial melt water with low elemental values for K/Na, Na/Cl and K/Cl. The average concentration of parameters like electrical conductivity, turbidity, total hardness in glacier melt water was recorded to be higher in year 2019 than 2016. The mean concentration of anions and heavy metal was recorded to be higher in year 2016 than 2019. This study has provided a baseline information in comparing physico-chemical parameters in glacial melt water of Ponkar glacier and will be helpful in mitigating adverse impacts of climate change in Nepal’s glacier.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87747773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If to apply bidimensional Fourier’s transform to homogeneous system of equations of the theory of elasticity, then we will receive system of ordinary differential equations. The general solution of this system contains 6 arbitrary constants and allows to solve problems for the layer and the multilayer environment. It is shown that it is convenient to do statement and the solution of such tasks in the matrix form. The task for the layer on the elastic half-space is solved. Ways of inverse of Fourier’s transformation are considered.
{"title":"Elastic Layer on the Elastic Half-Space: The Solution in Matrixes","authors":"I. P. Dobrovolsky","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107191","url":null,"abstract":"If to apply bidimensional Fourier’s transform to homogeneous system of equations of the theory of elasticity, then we will receive system of ordinary differential equations. The general solution of this system contains 6 arbitrary constants and allows to solve problems for the layer and the multilayer environment. It is shown that it is convenient to do statement and the solution of such tasks in the matrix form. The task for the layer on the elastic half-space is solved. Ways of inverse of Fourier’s transformation are considered.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"130 1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83955489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today’s business environment, companies are facing increased pressure from different sources, such as consumers and communities, stricter governmental regulations and scarcity of resources; to enhance their sustainable behavior. This escalating global awareness of the impact of manufacturing and operational processes on the environment has translated into increased managerial action to balance incorporates economic, financial and environmental performance. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as an important organizational philosophy to achieve targeted economic and market objectives while reducing environmental risk, reducing cost, optimizing resources and enhancing operations throughout the supply chain. Green supply chain management practices, activities, and their impact on different aspects of corporate performance have been gaining increased attention from academia, industry and customers. The current research aims to investigate the effect of GSCM practices; Greenhouse Emissions, Recycling, Waste, and Renewable Energy on firms’ profitability. Results showed that waste had a significant negative impact on the profitability measured by return on equity which implied that companies should strive to reduce their waste to be able to increase their profitability.
{"title":"The Relationship between Green Supply Chain Management and Profitability","authors":"Dina Allam, E. Elseify, Amr Youssef, N. Khourshed","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1105892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1105892","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s business environment, companies are facing increased pressure from different sources, such as consumers and communities, stricter governmental regulations and scarcity of resources; to enhance their sustainable behavior. This escalating global awareness of the impact of manufacturing and operational processes on the environment has translated into increased managerial action to balance incorporates economic, financial and environmental performance. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as an important organizational philosophy to achieve targeted economic and market objectives while reducing environmental risk, reducing cost, optimizing resources and enhancing operations throughout the supply chain. Green supply chain management practices, activities, and their impact on different aspects of corporate performance have been gaining increased attention from academia, industry and customers. The current research aims to investigate the effect of GSCM practices; Greenhouse Emissions, Recycling, Waste, and Renewable Energy on firms’ profitability. Results showed that waste had a significant negative impact on the profitability measured by return on equity which implied that companies should strive to reduce their waste to be able to increase their profitability.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"545 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77189890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study discusses on the identification of the tourists’ destination satisfaction attributes and the influence of these factors on their revisit intention to Nepal. This study used the survey methodology for data collection and involved the distribution of self-administered questionnaires to a sample of tourists. An exploratory factor analysis, with principal component analysis and varimax rotation, was used to extract significant factors related to satisfaction with destination features. Using maximum likelihood method, a probit model was analyzed to test the impact of tourists’ satisfaction with their revisit intention. The probit model predicts 93.5% of the cases correctly. The tourists were considered to be budget travellers as 92% of them spent less than $40 per person per day during their visit. The result also shows that satisfaction with destination characteristics such as historic and religious places, experiencing different lifestyle, trekking & mountaineering, adventure sports, and tourist guide service, are realized to significantly influence the probability of revisit intention of budget travellers to Nepal.
{"title":"Probit Model Analysis of Tourists’ Revisit Intention to Nepal","authors":"Noora Shrestha","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107210","url":null,"abstract":"This study discusses on the identification of the tourists’ destination satisfaction attributes and the influence of these factors on their revisit intention to Nepal. This study used the survey methodology for data collection and involved the distribution of self-administered questionnaires to a sample of tourists. An exploratory factor analysis, with principal component analysis and varimax rotation, was used to extract significant factors related to satisfaction with destination features. Using maximum likelihood method, a probit model was analyzed to test the impact of tourists’ satisfaction with their revisit intention. The probit model predicts 93.5% of the cases correctly. The tourists were considered to be budget travellers as 92% of them spent less than $40 per person per day during their visit. The result also shows that satisfaction with destination characteristics such as historic and religious places, experiencing different lifestyle, trekking & mountaineering, adventure sports, and tourist guide service, are realized to significantly influence the probability of revisit intention of budget travellers to Nepal.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"310 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73284801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gaspard Makambo Mohilo, Vincent Danvene Gonda, Maurice Masoda Nyamalyongo
Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a very rare but often malignant congenital embryonic tumor. We report a case in an infant X aged 5 months, born eutocically in a pregnancy estimated at term. It was a third gesture, two parities and an abortion, a pregnancy punctuated by several episodes of illnesses not elucidated by her mother until childbirth. Due to the lack of a technical platform, the infant was not taken care of.
{"title":"Sacro-Coccygian Teratoma: About a Case Reported in a Context with a very Limited Technical Plate in Yakoma, Nord-Ubangi, Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Gaspard Makambo Mohilo, Vincent Danvene Gonda, Maurice Masoda Nyamalyongo","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107084","url":null,"abstract":"Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a very rare but often malignant congenital embryonic tumor. We report a case in an infant X aged 5 months, born eutocically in a pregnancy estimated at term. It was a third gesture, two parities and an abortion, a pregnancy punctuated by several episodes of illnesses not elucidated by her mother until childbirth. Due to the lack of a technical platform, the infant was not taken care of.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79847801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 99 of the top 100 male professional boxers enrolled in the present study, weight division midpoints are linked by 1) an average strength correlation with the number of non-knockout wins; 2) weak correlations with the number of all wins pooled together, the number of knockout wins as well as with the number of draws; and 3) strong correlations with the number of all losses pooled together, the number of knockout losses, as well as the number of non-knockout losses. Wins arithmetic mean values are lower than those of losses but higher than those of draws. Being weight division midpoints the independent variable, losses are linked with it with correlations stronger than those that link it with wins. Thus, 1) variables other than body weight could influence more the wins than the losses and 2) improving body weight could contribute less to increasing wins numbers than to decreasing losses numbers. As competition draws near, the selector must make sure that values shown by the weight as well as other variables (physical or non-physical) about each boxer are not far from values that could allow an ideal pugilistic performance. As average weight of boxers may vary with the passing time, the validity of conclusions drawn from the present study should be examined yearly within sight of possible necessary modifications.
{"title":"Boxing Match Decisions as Influenced by the Practitioner Body Weight","authors":"A. M. N. Tshibangu","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107159","url":null,"abstract":"In 99 of the top 100 male professional boxers enrolled in the present study, weight division midpoints are linked by 1) an average strength correlation with the number of non-knockout wins; 2) weak correlations with the number of all wins pooled together, the number of knockout wins as well as with the number of draws; and 3) strong correlations with the number of all losses pooled together, the number of knockout losses, as well as the number of non-knockout losses. Wins arithmetic mean values are lower than those of losses but higher than those of draws. Being weight division midpoints the independent variable, losses are linked with it with correlations stronger than those that link it with wins. Thus, 1) variables other than body weight could influence more the wins than the losses and 2) improving body weight could contribute less to increasing wins numbers than to decreasing losses numbers. As competition draws near, the selector must make sure that values shown by the weight as well as other variables (physical or non-physical) about each boxer are not far from values that could allow an ideal pugilistic performance. As average weight of boxers may vary with the passing time, the validity of conclusions drawn from the present study should be examined yearly within sight of possible necessary modifications.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75880786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Nyengeri, R. Nizigiyimana, Jean-Pierre Mutankana, Henry Bayaga, Ferdinand Bayubahe
In this paper, we present formulas that turn finite power series into series of shifted Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Thereafter, we derive formulas for coefficients of economized power series obtained by truncating the resulting Chebyshev series. To illustrate the utility of our formulas, we apply them to the solution of first order ordinary differential equations via Taylor methods and to solving the Schr?dinger equation (SE) for a spherically symmetric hyperbolic potential via the Fr?benius method. In each of the two applications, we show that the use of our formulas makes it possible to reduce the computing time, while preserving the accuracy of the results.
{"title":"Power and Chebyshev Series Transformation Formulas with Applications to Solving Ordinary Differential Equations via the Fröbenius and Taylor’s Methods","authors":"H. Nyengeri, R. Nizigiyimana, Jean-Pierre Mutankana, Henry Bayaga, Ferdinand Bayubahe","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107142","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present formulas that turn finite power series into series of shifted Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Thereafter, we derive formulas for coefficients of economized power series obtained by truncating the resulting Chebyshev series. To illustrate the utility of our formulas, we apply them to the solution of first order ordinary differential equations via Taylor methods and to solving the Schr?dinger equation (SE) for a spherically symmetric hyperbolic potential via the Fr?benius method. In each of the two applications, we show that the use of our formulas makes it possible to reduce the computing time, while preserving the accuracy of the results.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86026207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pin Lv, Wenrui Li, Ruoyu Wang, Guojun Huang, Yi Zhu, Qiqiang Tao
As a kind of important innate lymphocytes in vivo, Natural killer (NK) cells have a rapid and efficient capacity to recognize and destroy tumor cells, senescent cells and virus-infected cells. In the past decades, NK cells have been widely applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies in clinic, even solid tumors. Successful results have been made against hematological malignancies (NCT00697671, NCT00990717, NCT00145626), but also a number of considerable challenges have been encountered during this period, such as poor outcomes in the treatment of solid tumors, difficult to migrate to and infiltrate into tumor sites, little functioning NK cell was seen in tumor stroma. Now we know tumor microenvironment has great influence on NK cell function, phenotype and activation, and it can finally give rise to NK cell dysfunction or/and exhaustion. Many strategies have been made to try to overcome those drawbacks. In this review, we discuss the current strategies to increase the NK cell-mediated tumor cell killing capacity and homing to the solid tumor site with the aim of heightening the clinical outcome in NK cell-based immunotherapy against solid cancer.
{"title":"Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy against Solid Cancer","authors":"Pin Lv, Wenrui Li, Ruoyu Wang, Guojun Huang, Yi Zhu, Qiqiang Tao","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107056","url":null,"abstract":"As a kind of important innate lymphocytes in vivo, Natural killer (NK) cells have a rapid and efficient capacity to recognize and destroy tumor cells, senescent cells and virus-infected cells. In the past decades, NK cells have been widely applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies in clinic, even solid tumors. Successful results have been made against hematological malignancies (NCT00697671, NCT00990717, NCT00145626), but also a number of considerable challenges have been encountered during this period, such as poor outcomes in the treatment of solid tumors, difficult to migrate to and infiltrate into tumor sites, little functioning NK cell was seen in tumor stroma. Now we know tumor microenvironment has great influence on NK cell function, phenotype and activation, and it can finally give rise to NK cell dysfunction or/and exhaustion. Many strategies have been made to try to overcome those drawbacks. In this review, we discuss the current strategies to increase the NK cell-mediated tumor cell killing capacity and homing to the solid tumor site with the aim of heightening the clinical outcome in NK cell-based immunotherapy against solid cancer.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78690052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On basis of dosimetric measurement, this article compares the radiation doses received by the main interventional cardiologist during the angiographic procedures. The dose load during three procedures is compared—LAD-stenting, LCx-stenting and RCA-stenting. An angiographic X-ray system Philips Allura Xper FD10 (with G-arm) was used. The dose obtained was measured with an X-ray-Gamma Dosimeter 27091. During each procedure, two modes of the equipment are used—radiography and fluoroscopy. The dose measurements were made for the respective projections of each angiographic procedure and for the operation modes of the equipment used during the respective procedure at three measurement points on the operator’s body—head, gonads and feet and at three position of the patient’s table—lowest, highest and zero. The results obtained from the calculations, based on the measured dose values, show maximum dose load in the procedure that uses the radiographic mode of operation for the longest time, namely RCA-stenting. The other two procedures have the same time on radiography and fluoroscopy. From them a higher dose load was obtained for the procedure LAD-stenting. Of the three procedures studied, the lowest dose load is obtained for the procedure LCx-stenting.
在剂量学测量的基础上，本文比较了主要介入心脏病专家在血管造影过程中所接受的辐射剂量。比较了三种方法的剂量负荷:lld支架置入、lcl支架置入和rca支架置入。血管造影x线系统Philips Allura Xper FD10(带g臂)。所获得的剂量用x射线-伽马剂量计27091测量。在每个过程中，使用两种模式的设备-射线照相和透视。在操作者身体、头部、性腺和脚上的三个测量点以及患者桌子的三个位置(最低、最高和零)上，对每个血管造影程序的各自投影和各自程序中使用的设备的操作模式进行剂量测量。基于测量剂量值的计算结果显示了使用放射照相操作方式时间最长的过程中的最大剂量负荷，即rca支架置入。另外两种手术在x线摄影和透视上有相同的时间。从他们那里获得了更高的剂量负荷，用于手术lad支架置入。在研究的三种手术中，lcx支架置入的剂量负荷最低。
{"title":"Dose Load during Angiographic Procedures","authors":"N. Ivanova, Javor Ivanov","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107109","url":null,"abstract":"On basis of dosimetric measurement, this article compares the radiation doses received by the main interventional cardiologist during the angiographic procedures. The dose load during three procedures is compared—LAD-stenting, LCx-stenting and RCA-stenting. An angiographic X-ray system Philips Allura Xper FD10 (with G-arm) was used. The dose obtained was measured with an X-ray-Gamma Dosimeter 27091. During each procedure, two modes of the equipment are used—radiography and fluoroscopy. The dose measurements were made for the respective projections of each angiographic procedure and for the operation modes of the equipment used during the respective procedure at three measurement points on the operator’s body—head, gonads and feet and at three position of the patient’s table—lowest, highest and zero. The results obtained from the calculations, based on the measured dose values, show maximum dose load in the procedure that uses the radiographic mode of operation for the longest time, namely RCA-stenting. The other two procedures have the same time on radiography and fluoroscopy. From them a higher dose load was obtained for the procedure LAD-stenting. Of the three procedures studied, the lowest dose load is obtained for the procedure LCx-stenting.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86619521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present investigation was aimed at using quality by design approach optimization of cocrystal preparation. The challenge was too many factors affect the final purity and yield. Carbamazepine (CBZ)-succinic acid (SA) was selected as a model cocrystal for this study. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, specifically Central Composite Design (CCD) with the aid of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize formulation variables for the synthesis of carbamazepine and succinic acid cocrystals using slurry crystallization. Design was applied for studying the effect of four independent variables (time, molar ratio, temperature, and concentration) on the yield. The experimental outcome indicated that the molar ratio significantly affects the yield of the cocrystal. Further, the optimized formulation was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. It can be found that within a certain range, all obtained are pure cocrystal.
{"title":"Optimization of Carbamazepine-Succinic Acid Cocrystal Preparation Using Quality by Design Approach","authors":"Ying Xia, Chengjun Jiang, Jinna Zhang","doi":"10.4236/OALIB.1107074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OALIB.1107074","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation was aimed at using quality by design approach optimization of cocrystal preparation. The challenge was too many factors affect the final purity and yield. Carbamazepine (CBZ)-succinic acid (SA) was selected as a model cocrystal for this study. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, specifically Central Composite Design (CCD) with the aid of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize formulation variables for the synthesis of carbamazepine and succinic acid cocrystals using slurry crystallization. Design was applied for studying the effect of four independent variables (time, molar ratio, temperature, and concentration) on the yield. The experimental outcome indicated that the molar ratio significantly affects the yield of the cocrystal. Further, the optimized formulation was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. It can be found that within a certain range, all obtained are pure cocrystal.","PeriodicalId":19593,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Library Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77737819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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