Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104130
Xuepeng Li, Shuqin Lou, Wei Gao, Yuying Guo, Xin Wang
To tackle with the issue that different types of disturbance events will occur at different locations simultaneously in the phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (ϕ-OTDR) system, a multi-location disturbance event identification method based on Static Regional Convolutional Network (SR-CNN) and 2D Temporal Convolution Network (2D-TCN) is proposed. Taking use of SR-CNN, the 25 km-long sensing fiber is divided into 10 regions and the target region where disturbance events occur can be preliminarily identified. The 2D-TCN is introduced to identify the types of disturbance events as well as their precise locations. Experimental results show that, the different types of disturbance events simultaneously occur at 5 locations can be effectively identified with an average identification accuracy of 93.76 %. Even when the 5 locations are in different target regions, the identification accuracy can still exceed 92.78 %, with an identification time of only 0.77 s. The high identification accuracy, short identification time, and multi-location identification make this method of great value in the application of ϕ-OTDR system.
{"title":"Simultaneously identify multi-location disturbance events based on SR-CNN and 2D-TCN in ϕ-OTDR system","authors":"Xuepeng Li, Shuqin Lou, Wei Gao, Yuying Guo, Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To tackle with the issue that different types of disturbance events will occur at different locations simultaneously in the phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer (ϕ-OTDR) system, a multi-location disturbance event identification method based on Static Regional Convolutional Network (SR-CNN) and 2D Temporal Convolution Network (2D-TCN) is proposed. Taking use of SR-CNN, the 25 km-long sensing fiber is divided into 10 regions and the target region where disturbance events occur can be preliminarily identified. The 2D-TCN is introduced to identify the types of disturbance events as well as their precise locations. Experimental results show that, the different types of disturbance events simultaneously occur at 5 locations can be effectively identified with an average identification accuracy of 93.76 %. Even when the 5 locations are in different target regions, the identification accuracy can still exceed 92.78 %, with an identification time of only 0.77 s. The high identification accuracy, short identification time, and multi-location identification make this method of great value in the application of ϕ-OTDR system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104002
Jun Liu , Lu Cai , Xu-wen Xie , Zhi-wei Zhang , Fu-cheng Xiang
A composite fiber sensor integrating double Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs) and a whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator was fabricated to simultaneously measure temperature and concentration. The microsphere resonator is a compact, composite all-fiber optic sensor manufactured by processing hollow core fiber (HCF) and single mode fiber (SMF). Rather than merely connecting FPI and WGM in series, the sensor exploits dual-FP interference and WGM resonance within the same microsphere cavity, which can simultaneously measure temperature and concentration while mitigating temperature-induced crosstalk in liquid concentration detection, offering a valuable platform for precise concentration measurement. Experimental results demonstrate that the composite sensor possesses a temperature sensitivity of 12.58 pm/°C and a concentration sensitivity of 75.70 pm/% with good linearity. The sensor boasts advantages including simple fabrication, low cost, compact size, and excellent stability, rendering it highly beneficial for diverse practical applications, notably in concentration measurements.
{"title":"A dual-parameter fiber optic sensor based on FP-WGM composite microcavities","authors":"Jun Liu , Lu Cai , Xu-wen Xie , Zhi-wei Zhang , Fu-cheng Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A composite fiber sensor integrating double Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs) and a whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator was fabricated to simultaneously measure temperature and concentration. The microsphere resonator is a compact, composite all-fiber optic sensor manufactured by processing hollow core fiber (HCF) and single mode fiber (SMF). Rather than merely connecting FPI and WGM in series, the sensor exploits dual-FP interference and WGM resonance within the same microsphere cavity, which can simultaneously measure temperature and concentration while mitigating temperature-induced crosstalk in liquid concentration detection, offering a valuable platform for precise concentration measurement. Experimental results demonstrate that the composite sensor possesses a temperature sensitivity of 12.58 pm/°C and a concentration sensitivity of 75.70 pm/% with good linearity. The sensor boasts advantages including simple fabrication, low cost, compact size, and excellent stability, rendering it highly beneficial for diverse practical applications, notably in concentration measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104119
Ali Salah Mahdi, Wijdan Mhmood Khudhair, Sarah Kadhim Al-Hayali, Abdul Hadi Al-Janabi
The compact fiber lasers emitting in the visible portion of the spectrum with moderate and high output powers are captivating because of their diverse scientific, medical, and industrial applications. In this work, we present a theoretical study on increasing the output power of an all-fiber visible ring cavity fiber laser using rate and propagation equations. The effects of pumping power, active fiber length, and reflectivity of the output coupler on the output power, slope efficiency, and threshold have been investigated to optimize the performance of up-conversion visible fiber lasers with ring cavity configuration for the first time. In this study, the proposed visible laser is directly generated by an up-conversion gain of Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped ZBLAN fibers pumped with 850 laser diode (LD) nm. The MATLAB simulation results show that the proposed visible fiber laser exhibits a maximum output power of 56.5 mW with a slope efficiency of 23.12 %, linear fit R2 = 99 % and minimum threshold pump power of 106.9 mW at optimum active fiber length (Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped ZBLAN) of 2.5 m, and the output coupler reflectivity of 10 % respectively. Simulation results present useful guidelines for enhancing the visible fiber laser performance by properly selecting the active fiber length and the reflectivity of the output coupler.
{"title":"Numerical optimization and performance evaluation of Pr3+/Yb3+ doped all-fiber up-conversion visible fiber laser","authors":"Ali Salah Mahdi, Wijdan Mhmood Khudhair, Sarah Kadhim Al-Hayali, Abdul Hadi Al-Janabi","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The compact fiber lasers emitting in the visible portion of the spectrum with moderate and high output powers are captivating because of their diverse scientific, medical, and industrial applications. In this work, we present a theoretical study on increasing the output power of an all-fiber visible ring cavity fiber laser using rate and propagation equations. The effects of pumping power, active fiber length, and reflectivity of the output coupler on the output power, slope efficiency, and threshold have been investigated to optimize the performance of up-conversion visible fiber lasers with ring cavity configuration for the first time. In this study, the proposed visible laser is directly generated by an up-conversion gain of Pr<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> co-doped ZBLAN fibers pumped with 850 laser diode (LD) nm. The MATLAB simulation results show that the proposed visible fiber laser exhibits a maximum output power of 56.5 mW with a slope efficiency of 23.12 %, linear fit R<sup>2</sup> = 99 % and minimum threshold pump power of 106.9 mW at optimum active fiber length (Pr<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> co-doped ZBLAN) of 2.5 m, and the output coupler reflectivity of 10 % respectively. Simulation results present useful guidelines for enhancing the visible fiber laser performance by properly selecting the active fiber length and the reflectivity of the output coupler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104128
J.D. Filoteo-Razo , J.C. Hernandez-Garcia , J.C. Elizondo-Leal , A. Diaz-Manriquez , V.P. Saldivar-Alonso , D. Jauregui-Vazquez , O. Pottiez , J.M. Estudillo-Ayala , J.R. Martinez-Angulo
Sensor technology development aims to achieve high detection sensitivity in challenging environments, such as elevated temperatures. Although fiber optic resonators offer high sensing accuracy, their real-world applications are limited owing to high cost and complexity of advanced optical systems. Noise-like pulses (NLPs) in mode-locked fiber lasers enhance sensitivity by improving the signal-to-noise ratio, thereby allowing weak signal detection. This study investigated the interactions between a fiber optic resonator and NLPs generated through passive mode-locking for curvature sensing applications. Herein, a fiber ring resonator incorporating a modal interferometer and a laser source featuring stable temporal and spectral characteristics were used for temperature tests, where the interferometer was heated, and changes in the output pulses were observed. The results revealed that the resonator’s output pulse widths and amplitudes changed considerably with temperature increases from 25 to 100 °C. Curvature sensing tests revealed a secondary pulse train comprising three pluses with widths of 56.4–29.0 ns and amplitudes of 153–29.9 mV. Analysis of the time response of these output pulses provided insights into the sensor’s behavior under various curvature conditions. For curvature variations in the range of 0–1.1469 m−1, the sensitivity of the output pulse of the combined resonator and interferometer system was in the range of − 4.06 to − 48.98 mV/m−1.This study introduced a novel method for enhancing sensor sensitivity, stability, and cost-effectiveness over conventional techniques. The proposed device is highly promising for use in various applications, with the NLPs considerably enhancing the performance of the fiber optic sensor in dynamic environments.
{"title":"Noise-like pulses in fiber optic resonator with modal interferometer applied to temperature-stable curvature sensing","authors":"J.D. Filoteo-Razo , J.C. Hernandez-Garcia , J.C. Elizondo-Leal , A. Diaz-Manriquez , V.P. Saldivar-Alonso , D. Jauregui-Vazquez , O. Pottiez , J.M. Estudillo-Ayala , J.R. Martinez-Angulo","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sensor technology development aims to achieve high detection sensitivity in challenging environments, such as elevated temperatures. Although fiber optic resonators offer high sensing accuracy, their real-world applications are limited owing to high cost and complexity of advanced optical systems. Noise-like pulses (NLPs) in mode-locked fiber lasers enhance sensitivity by improving the signal-to-noise ratio, thereby allowing weak signal detection. This study investigated the interactions between a fiber optic resonator and NLPs generated through passive mode-locking for curvature sensing applications. Herein, a fiber ring resonator incorporating a modal interferometer and a laser source featuring stable temporal and spectral characteristics were used for temperature tests, where the interferometer was heated, and changes in the output pulses were observed. The results revealed that the resonator’s output pulse widths and amplitudes changed considerably with temperature increases from 25 to 100 °C. Curvature sensing tests revealed a secondary pulse train comprising three pluses with widths of 56.4–29.0 ns and amplitudes of 153–29.9 mV. Analysis of the time response of these output pulses provided insights into the sensor’s behavior under various curvature conditions. For curvature variations in the range of 0–1.1469 m<sup>−1</sup>, the sensitivity of the output pulse of the combined resonator and interferometer system was in the range of − 4.06 to − 48.98 mV/m<sup>−1</sup>.This study introduced a novel method for enhancing sensor sensitivity, stability, and cost-effectiveness over conventional techniques. The proposed device is highly promising for use in various applications, with the NLPs considerably enhancing the performance of the fiber optic sensor in dynamic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104127
Jianhua Fan , Taihao Zhang , Zhe Wang , Zhihui Qian , Wenchao Zhou , Kaiwei Li , Lei Ren
Optofluidics, which combines optics and microfluidics, is emerging as a powerful technique for biochemical sensing. Here, we propose and demonstrate a hybrid fiber-capillary optofluidic coupler sensor with three dispersion turning points for ultrasensitive refractive index (RI) sensing. The device comprises a tapered microfiber and a tapered microcapillary fused in parallel. The microfiber acts as a light guide, while the microcapillary acts as both a light guide and a fluidic channel for the liquid sample. We systematically investigated the effective RI, the power occupancy ratio within the microchannel, the RI sensitivity, and the spectral responses to internal RIs of optofluidic couplers with different parameters. An ultra-high sensitivity of −110015.1 nm/RIU was finally achieved. The proposed sensor shows potential for use in lab-in-a-fiber applications and tunable fiber optic devices.
{"title":"Design of a hybrid fiber-capillary optofluidic coupler with multiple dispersion turning points for ultra-sensitive refractive index sensing","authors":"Jianhua Fan , Taihao Zhang , Zhe Wang , Zhihui Qian , Wenchao Zhou , Kaiwei Li , Lei Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optofluidics, which combines optics and microfluidics, is emerging as a powerful technique for biochemical sensing. Here, we propose and demonstrate a hybrid fiber-capillary optofluidic coupler sensor with three dispersion turning points for ultrasensitive refractive index (RI) sensing. The device comprises a tapered microfiber and a tapered microcapillary fused in parallel. The microfiber acts as a light guide, while the microcapillary acts as both a light guide and a fluidic channel for the liquid sample. We systematically investigated the effective RI, the power occupancy ratio within the microchannel, the RI sensitivity, and the spectral responses to internal RIs of optofluidic couplers with different parameters. An ultra-high sensitivity of −110015.1 nm/RIU was finally achieved. The proposed sensor shows potential for use in lab-in-a-fiber applications and tunable fiber optic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a hybrid implementation of optical correlation-domain reflectometry (OCDR) and Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR), which conventionally required independent experimental setups, enabling simultaneous measurements of the distributions of reflectivity and strain along a fiber under test. Through experimental demonstrations, we highlight the system’s capability to distinguish whether changes in reflectivity are caused by strain or temperature variations. This capability holds significant promise for expanding the applications of OCDR and BOCDR in the health diagnostics of infrastructures and fiber networks. The advantages and limitations of this hybrid system are also discussed in comparison with time-domain hybrid approaches.
{"title":"Hybrid implementation of OCDR and BOCDR","authors":"Haruyuki Kubota , Guangtao Zhu , Seiga Ochi , Takahiro Ishimaru , Hiroshi Takahashi , Kunihiro Toge , Yosuke Mizuno","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We propose a hybrid implementation of optical correlation-domain reflectometry (OCDR) and Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR), which conventionally required independent experimental setups, enabling simultaneous measurements of the distributions of reflectivity and strain along a fiber under test. Through experimental demonstrations, we highlight the system’s capability to distinguish whether changes in reflectivity are caused by strain or temperature variations. This capability holds significant promise for expanding the applications of OCDR and BOCDR in the health diagnostics of infrastructures and fiber networks. The advantages and limitations of this hybrid system are also discussed in comparison with time-domain hybrid approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104114
M. Botella-Campos, J. Romero-Huedo, J. Mora, B. Ortega
We demonstrate a convergent optical fronthaul link for enabling heterogeneous wireless access technologies in 6G future networks deployment based on a directly modulated laser and an external Mach–Zehnder modulator biased at null point for optical frequency multiplying. Simultaneous transmission of two M-QAM data signals over baseband and millimeter wave (mmW) frequency band, i.e. 42 GHz, is demonstrated over a 10 km fiber link, showing the suitability for visible light communications and mmW radio access, respectively, to the final user. System intermodulation in mmW band is identified under high received optical power levels and overcome by inserting a dispersion compensation module.
{"title":"Convergent optical fronthaul link for wireless access over different spectral bands","authors":"M. Botella-Campos, J. Romero-Huedo, J. Mora, B. Ortega","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate a convergent optical fronthaul link for enabling heterogeneous wireless access technologies in 6G future networks deployment based on a directly modulated laser and an external Mach–Zehnder modulator biased at null point for optical frequency multiplying. Simultaneous transmission of two M-QAM data signals over baseband and millimeter wave (mmW) frequency band, i.e. 42 GHz, is demonstrated over a 10 km fiber link, showing the suitability for visible light communications and mmW radio access, respectively, to the final user. System intermodulation in mmW band is identified under high received optical power levels and overcome by inserting a dispersion compensation module.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel high-precision optical fiber sensor system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In order to simultaneously enhance the sensitivity, and detection range of the sensor system, the fiber laser technique, optical heterodyne detection method, and frequency hopping technique are integrated and employed to detect both tiny and unobservable variations over a large measuring range in the sensing values. Besides, to further optimize the sensitivity and stability of the system, a custom-designed RF-Signal Analyzing System (RF-SAS) is used to overcome fiber laser wavelength-vibration effect and extract desired and accurate values from noised-like sensing signals. Experimental results show that when different weights are gradually hung vertically on the FBG sensor to give corresponding strains, the proposed sensing system can simultaneously support high-accurate detection over a wide and extensible detection range. Every 1 mg strain variation can be detected clearly when the strain is increased from 0 mg to 30,000 mg or more.
{"title":"High-precision optical fiber sensor system with a novel interrogation system","authors":"Ching-Hung Chang, Wei-Che Yen, Guan-Jhang Huang, Chia-Heng Tsai","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel high-precision optical fiber sensor system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In order to simultaneously enhance the sensitivity, and detection range of the sensor system, the fiber laser technique, optical heterodyne detection method, and frequency hopping technique are integrated and employed to detect both tiny and unobservable variations over a large measuring range in the sensing values. Besides, to further optimize the sensitivity and stability of the system, a custom-designed RF-Signal Analyzing System (RF-SAS) is used to overcome fiber laser wavelength-vibration effect and extract desired and accurate values from noised-like sensing signals. Experimental results show that when different weights are gradually hung vertically on the FBG sensor to give corresponding strains, the proposed sensing system can simultaneously support high-accurate detection over a wide and extensible detection range. Every 1 mg strain variation can be detected clearly when the strain is increased from 0 mg to 30,000 mg or more.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104113
Nurul Farah Adilla Zaidi , Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor , Nur Najahatul Huda Saris , Mohd Rashidi Salim , Sumiaty Ambran , Azizul Azizan , Raja Kamarulzaman Raja Ibrahim , Fauzan Ahmad , Nurul Ashikin Daud , Norazida Ali , Norizan Mohamed Nawawi , Ian Yulianti , Gang-Ding Peng
This research presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven machine learning (ML) approach for accurately measuring refractive index (RI) values across both lower and higher regimes than the fiber material’s RI, using a simple single multimode interference (MMI) fiber sensor. The sensor configuration consists of a no-core fiber (NCF) segment between two single-mode fiber (SMF) sections. A Bilayer Neural Network (BNN) regression model is employed to predict both low refractive index (LRI) and high refractive index (HRI) regimes, achieving a broad dynamic measurement range from 1.3000 RIU to 1.3900 RIU for LRI regime and from 1.4600 RIU to 1.5500 RIU for HRI regime. The model demonstrates 99.7% accuracy and a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0044, ensuring that predicted RI values closely match actual measurements without any RI ambiguity. Furthermore, the all-silica NCF structure is inherently resistant to temperature fluctuations, enabling its deployment in environments with varying temperatures without requiring additional temperature compensation mechanisms.
{"title":"AI-powered MMI fiber sensors for wide-range refractive index detection using neural networks algorithm","authors":"Nurul Farah Adilla Zaidi , Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor , Nur Najahatul Huda Saris , Mohd Rashidi Salim , Sumiaty Ambran , Azizul Azizan , Raja Kamarulzaman Raja Ibrahim , Fauzan Ahmad , Nurul Ashikin Daud , Norazida Ali , Norizan Mohamed Nawawi , Ian Yulianti , Gang-Ding Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven machine learning (ML) approach for accurately measuring refractive index (RI) values across both lower and higher regimes than the fiber material’s RI, using a simple single multimode interference (MMI) fiber sensor. The sensor configuration consists of a no-core fiber (NCF) segment between two single-mode fiber (SMF) sections. A Bilayer Neural Network (BNN) regression model is employed to predict both low refractive index (LRI) and high refractive index (HRI) regimes, achieving a broad dynamic measurement range from 1.3000 RIU to 1.3900 RIU for LRI regime and from 1.4600 RIU to 1.5500 RIU for HRI regime. The model demonstrates 99.7% accuracy and a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0044, ensuring that predicted RI values closely match actual measurements without any RI ambiguity. Furthermore, the all-silica NCF structure is inherently resistant to temperature fluctuations, enabling its deployment in environments with varying temperatures without requiring additional temperature compensation mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104117
S.M. Al-Marzoug
This study investigated the enhanced dynamics of solitons in PT-symmetric couplers with nonlocal interactions. PT-symmetric waveguide arrays, characterized by balanced gain and loss, exhibit unique properties such as nonreciprocal light propagation and unidirectional invisibility. By incorporating nonlocal interactions, where the response at a point depends on the extended region’s state, we explore how these couplers achieve superior soliton stability, reduced critical power, and improved transmission efficiency. Numerical simulations reveal that PT-symmetric couplers with nonlocal terms significantly outperform conventional couplers in terms of steering dynamics, energy transfer, and phase coherence. The results demonstrate that nonlocal interactions, whether focusing or defocusing, play a crucial role in optimizing soliton propagation in PT-symmetric systems. These findings provide valuable insights for designing high-performance optical devices, highlighting the potential of PT-symmetric waveguide arrays with nonlocal nonlinearities to revolutionize optical communication technologies. This research underscores the importance of nonlocal interactions in enhancing the capabilities of PT-symmetric optical systems.
{"title":"Enhanced soliton steering in PT-symmetric couplers with nonlocal interactions","authors":"S.M. Al-Marzoug","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the enhanced dynamics of solitons in PT-symmetric couplers with nonlocal interactions. PT-symmetric waveguide arrays, characterized by balanced gain and loss, exhibit unique properties such as nonreciprocal light propagation and unidirectional invisibility. By incorporating nonlocal interactions, where the response at a point depends on the extended region’s state, we explore how these couplers achieve superior soliton stability, reduced critical power, and improved transmission efficiency. Numerical simulations reveal that PT-symmetric couplers with nonlocal terms significantly outperform conventional couplers in terms of steering dynamics, energy transfer, and phase coherence. The results demonstrate that nonlocal interactions, whether focusing or defocusing, play a crucial role in optimizing soliton propagation in PT-symmetric systems. These findings provide valuable insights for designing high-performance optical devices, highlighting the potential of PT-symmetric waveguide arrays with nonlocal nonlinearities to revolutionize optical communication technologies. This research underscores the importance of nonlocal interactions in enhancing the capabilities of PT-symmetric optical systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 104117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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