Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104520
Jiaqi Zhao , Haobo Cheng , Yunpeng Feng , Kun Gao
A dual-parameter copper ion concentration and temperature sensor based on the tunable-wavelength erbium fiber laser was proposed and demonstrated. Furthermore, an SNMNMS interferometer, comprising single-mode fiber (SMF), no-core fiber (NCF) and multimode fiber (MMF), was functionalized self-assembly by multi-layer chitosan (CS) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The functionalized interferometer was connected in parallel with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and placed separately in the copper ion solution and on a heated plate, jointly enabling laser filtering, wavelength tuning, and dual-parameter sensing. With the temperature rising from 30 to 120 °C and the concentration increasing from 100 to 1000 mg/L, respectively, the laser wavelengths shifted from 1532.239 nm to 1533.068 nm and from 1556.507 nm to 1558.428 nm. The sensitivities for temperature and concentration sensing were 0.0092 nm/℃ and 0.0022 nm/(mg/L), with linearity coefficients of 0.998 and 0.995. The side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the dual-laser outputs exceeded 27.482 dB and 27.5 dB, overcoming broadband and low extinction ratio limitations in interferometric sensors causing reduced positioning accuracy. Consequently, the dual-parameter laser sensor simultaneously monitors copper ions and temperature, ensuring the quality of copper foil during the plating process. Additionally, it enhances signal recognition accuracy, while the multilayer coating improves stability in high-concentration environments, preventing failure due to excessive adsorption.
{"title":"Dual-parameter Cu2+ concentration and temperature sensor based on a wavelength-tunable fiber laser incorporating SNMNMS interferometer and FBG","authors":"Jiaqi Zhao , Haobo Cheng , Yunpeng Feng , Kun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A dual-parameter copper ion concentration and temperature sensor based on the tunable-wavelength erbium fiber laser was proposed and demonstrated. Furthermore, an SNMNMS interferometer, comprising single-mode fiber (SMF), no-core fiber (NCF) and multimode fiber (MMF), was functionalized self-assembly by multi-layer chitosan (CS) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The functionalized interferometer was connected in parallel with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and placed separately in the copper ion solution and on a heated plate, jointly enabling laser filtering, wavelength tuning, and dual-parameter sensing. With the temperature rising from 30 to 120 °C and the concentration increasing from 100 to 1000 mg/L, respectively, the laser wavelengths shifted from 1532.239 nm to 1533.068 nm and from 1556.507 nm to 1558.428 nm. The sensitivities for temperature and concentration sensing were 0.0092 nm/℃ and 0.0022 nm/(mg/L), with linearity coefficients of 0.998 and 0.995. The side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the dual-laser outputs exceeded 27.482 dB and 27.5 dB, overcoming broadband and low extinction ratio limitations in interferometric sensors causing reduced positioning accuracy. Consequently, the dual-parameter laser sensor simultaneously monitors copper ions and temperature, ensuring the quality of copper foil during the plating process. Additionally, it enhances signal recognition accuracy, while the multilayer coating improves stability in high-concentration environments, preventing failure due to excessive adsorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505
Wencong Duan , Yingming Li , Qiangsheng Tao , Guoyang Sheng , Yao Liu , Yi Li , Junpeng An , Jianghuai Gao
Accurate monitoring of deformation in asphalt pavements is critical for assessing construction quality and long-term performance. To overcome the limitations of conventional techniques—such as restricted measurement range, low spatial resolution, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference—this study presents a novel, large-range fiber optic sensor based on the macro-bending principle. The core sensing element, a spring-fiber displacement sensing unit (SFDSU), is fabricated by helically winding and bonding a G.652D single-mode fiber onto a spring. Its operating mechanism converts axial displacement into quantifiable optical power attenuation via controlled macro-bending. Laboratory calibration demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.0623 dB/mm over a displacement range of 30 mm, with excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.971) and long-term stability. The sensor’s robustness against ambient temperature variations was systematically confirmed. Critically, following structural encapsulation, the sensor was successfully deployed in an asphalt rutting test, where its measurements of compaction displacement showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.992) with a certified reference sensor, validating its performance under realistic conditions. The proposed SFDSU thus offers a reliable and practical solution for quasi-distributed deformation monitoring in asphalt pavements.
{"title":"Design optimization and encapsulation of spring-fiber displacement unit (SFDSU) for pavement monitoring using helical macro-bend fiber","authors":"Wencong Duan , Yingming Li , Qiangsheng Tao , Guoyang Sheng , Yao Liu , Yi Li , Junpeng An , Jianghuai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate monitoring of deformation in asphalt pavements is critical for assessing construction quality and long-term performance. To overcome the limitations of conventional techniques—such as restricted measurement range, low spatial resolution, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference—this study presents a novel, large-range fiber optic sensor based on the macro-bending principle. The core sensing element, a spring-fiber displacement sensing unit (SFDSU), is fabricated by helically winding and bonding a G.652D single-mode fiber onto a spring. Its operating mechanism converts axial displacement into quantifiable optical power attenuation via controlled macro-bending. Laboratory calibration demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.0623 dB/mm<!--> <!-->over a displacement range of 30 mm, with excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.971) and long-term stability. The sensor’s robustness against ambient temperature variations was systematically confirmed.<!--> <!-->Critically, following structural encapsulation, the sensor was successfully deployed in an asphalt rutting test, where its measurements of compaction displacement showed a strong correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.992) with a certified reference sensor, validating its performance under realistic conditions.<!--> <!-->The proposed SFDSU thus offers a reliable and practical solution for quasi-distributed deformation monitoring in asphalt pavements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104509
Jing Chai , Hao Lan , Dingding Zhang , Zeyu Liu , Hongru Hao , Yongliang Liu , Dengyan Gao , Shuai Lv
To investigate the impact of overlying remnant coal pillars on the underlying coal pillars under repeated mining conditions, within the context of near-distance coal seam group exploitation in a western mining district, this study was conducted in the 2−2 coal seam at Daliuta Coal Mine, Huojitu Well. An armored optical fiber was embedded within the coal pillars, and based on Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) technology, high-resolution, spatiotemporal dynamic decoupling and monitoring of the coal pillar strain field were achieved. It breaks through the limitation that traditional point sensors such as stress gauges and displacement meters cannot capture the spatiotemporal evolution of continuous deformation inside coal pillars, and overcomes the discrete measurement limitations of traditional methods. This facilitated revealing the evolving load-bearing structural patterns and mechanical response characteristics of two different segmental coal pillars under repeated mining cyclicity. Results indicate that, under repeated mining conditions, the fractured zone beneath the remnant coal pillar expanded by 84.42 %, with the load-bearing structure degrading into a “plastic zone-fracture zone” bimodal configuration, whereas the coal pillars beneath the goaf area maintained a three-zone structure comprising “elastic zone–plastic zone–fracture zone.” Numerical simulations demonstrate that the overlying remnant coal pillar creates high-stress anomaly zones, causing the underlying coal pillars to endure concentrated stresses significantly exceeding the distributed loads of the goaf, thus reconstructing the overburden-coal pillar mechanical system and increasing the likelihood of overall structural failure. This study quantitatively elucidates the differential degradation mechanisms of the two types of coal pillars. The application of armored fiber optic embedding combined with BOTDR-based distributed sensing provides a critical theoretical foundation and technical reference for the deployment of DFOS in deformation monitoring within geotechnical engineering in mining environments.
{"title":"Study on the zoning deformation characteristics of coal pillars in a near-distance coal seam group based on distributed fiber optic sensing","authors":"Jing Chai , Hao Lan , Dingding Zhang , Zeyu Liu , Hongru Hao , Yongliang Liu , Dengyan Gao , Shuai Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the impact of overlying remnant coal pillars on the underlying coal pillars under repeated mining conditions, within the context of near-distance coal seam group exploitation in a western mining district, this study was conducted in the 2<sup>−2</sup> coal seam at Daliuta Coal Mine, Huojitu Well. An armored optical fiber was embedded within the coal pillars, and based on Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) technology, high-resolution, spatiotemporal dynamic decoupling and monitoring of the coal pillar strain field were achieved. It breaks through the limitation that traditional point sensors such as stress gauges and displacement meters cannot capture the spatiotemporal evolution of continuous deformation inside coal pillars, and overcomes the discrete measurement limitations of traditional methods. This facilitated revealing the evolving load-bearing structural patterns and mechanical response characteristics of two different segmental coal pillars under repeated mining cyclicity. Results indicate that, under repeated mining conditions, the fractured zone beneath the remnant coal pillar expanded by 84.42 %, with the load-bearing structure degrading into a “plastic zone-fracture zone” bimodal configuration, whereas the coal pillars beneath the goaf area maintained a three-zone structure comprising “elastic zone–plastic zone–fracture zone.” Numerical simulations demonstrate that the overlying remnant coal pillar creates high-stress anomaly zones, causing the underlying coal pillars to endure concentrated stresses significantly exceeding the distributed loads of the goaf, thus reconstructing the overburden-coal pillar mechanical system and increasing the likelihood of overall structural failure. This study quantitatively elucidates the differential degradation mechanisms of the two types of coal pillars. The application of armored fiber optic embedding combined with BOTDR-based distributed sensing provides a critical theoretical foundation and technical reference for the deployment of DFOS in deformation monitoring within geotechnical engineering in mining environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104497
R. Pecorella , A. Morana , A. Boukenter , M. Cannas , Y. Ouerdane , S. Girard
This study investigates the radiation response of commercially available germanosilicate graded-index multimode optical fibers (conforming to the OM1 through OM5 standards) at room temperature. The main objective is to monitor the radiation induced attenuation (RIA) and to identify the point defects at its origin, their generation and recombination mechanisms. The samples were irradiated under continuous X-ray exposure at two dose rates, 0.6 Gy/s and 6 Gy(SiO2)/s, up to total ionization doses of 52 kGy and 109 kGy, respectively. The RIA kinetics at 850 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm exhibited rapid initial growth followed by either a slower increase or a plateau, reflecting the interplay of defect generation, recombination, and conversion. OM2 through OM5 optical fibers showed a similar response with lower RIA compared to OM1 optical fiber, which justifies restricting the deeper analysis to OM1 and OM5 samples. Spectral decomposition of the RIA spectra shows that the dominant contributors are GeX and GeY at 850 nm; GeY and an unidentified band at 1310 nm; and Ge-STH together with the same unidentified band at 1550 nm. Moreover, GeX and GeY defects are the most dose rate sensitive defects, with their amplitudes nearly doubling at 6 Gy/s. The results obtained can be exploited to determine the potential of these Telecom-grade fibers for harsh environments with limited radiation constraints.
{"title":"Steady state radiation responses of graded-index germanosilicate multimode optical fibers","authors":"R. Pecorella , A. Morana , A. Boukenter , M. Cannas , Y. Ouerdane , S. Girard","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the radiation response of commercially available germanosilicate graded-index multimode optical fibers (conforming to the OM1 through OM5 standards) at room temperature. The main objective is to monitor the radiation induced attenuation (RIA) and to identify the point defects at its origin, their generation and recombination mechanisms. The samples were irradiated under continuous X-ray exposure at two dose rates, 0.6<!--> <!--> Gy/s and 6<!--> <!--> Gy(SiO<sub>2</sub>)/s, up to total ionization doses of 52<!--> <!--> kGy and 109<!--> <!--> kGy, respectively. The RIA kinetics at 850<!--> <!--> nm, 1310<!--> <!--> nm, and 1550<!--> <!--> nm exhibited rapid initial growth followed by either a slower increase or a plateau, reflecting the interplay of defect generation, recombination, and conversion. OM2 through OM5 optical fibers showed a similar response with lower RIA compared to OM1 optical fiber, which justifies restricting the deeper analysis to OM1 and OM5 samples. Spectral decomposition of the RIA spectra shows that the dominant contributors are GeX and GeY at 850 nm; GeY and an unidentified band at 1310 nm; and Ge-STH together with the same unidentified band at 1550 nm. Moreover, GeX and GeY defects are the most dose rate sensitive defects, with their amplitudes nearly doubling at 6<!--> <!--> Gy/s. The results obtained can be exploited to determine the potential of these Telecom-grade fibers for harsh environments with limited radiation constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104475
Wa jin, Xiaoqing liu, Xiong gao
In the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac troponin I serves as the preferred biomarker. Owing to its extremely low diagnostic cutoff concentration in blood, high requirements are imposed on detection sensitivity. In this study, a label-free sensing probe for myocardial injury markers based on high birefringence (Hi-Bi) micro-nano fiber was proposed. Refractive index experiments were conducted using sensing probes with different dimensions. Eventually, a sensing fiber with a diameter of approximately 8.1 μm and a refractive index sensitivity of 1925.4 nm/RIU was selected for the detection of cTn-I at different concentrations. The variation law of spectral wavelength during the binding reaction between cTn-I antigen and antibody, as well as the dynamic response curves of cTn-I antigens at different concentrations, were investigated. A relationship curve between cTn-I antigen concentration and wavelength variation was established, and the limit of detection of the sensor for cTn-I concentration was calculated to be as low as 4.3 pg/mL. This study explores a novel and high-precision approach for cTn-I detection.
{"title":"A label-free micro-nano optical fiber based on the detection of myocardial biomarkers with high birefringence","authors":"Wa jin, Xiaoqing liu, Xiong gao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac troponin I serves as the preferred biomarker. Owing to its extremely low diagnostic cutoff concentration in blood, high requirements are imposed on detection sensitivity. In this study, a label-free sensing probe for myocardial injury markers based on high birefringence (Hi-Bi) micro-nano fiber was proposed. Refractive index experiments were conducted using sensing probes with different dimensions. Eventually, a sensing fiber with a diameter of approximately 8.1 μm and a refractive index sensitivity of 1925.4 nm/RIU was selected for the detection of cTn-I at different concentrations. The variation law of spectral wavelength during the binding reaction between cTn-I antigen and antibody, as well as the dynamic response curves of cTn-I antigens at different concentrations, were investigated. A relationship curve between cTn-I antigen concentration and wavelength variation was established, and the limit of detection of the sensor for cTn-I concentration was calculated to be as low as 4.3 pg/mL. This study explores a novel and high-precision approach for cTn-I detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104468
Rizwan Aslam Butt , Saba Ahmed , Muhammad Imran Aslam , Sevia M. Idrus
The current PON standards do not support direct communication of the optical network units (ONUs) without the optical line terminal (OLT) intervention. This inter-ONU communication termed as IOC can be very helpful in conserving the upstream as well as the downstream bandwidth in current PON architectures. This approach can result in reduced communication delays and enables higher bandwidths to the users without increasing the upstream and downstream line rates. However, this requires physical layer architectural changes to enable IOC supported PON and also requires supporting medium access control (MAC) layer changes. Therefore, in this study, we propose a new MAC layer comprising of supporting upstream and downstream XGPON frames and a compatible dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) scheme for our earlier proposed IOC PON architecture. In our earlier work physical layer for an IOC PON comprising of single transmitter, self-phase modulation module and two receivers at ONU for downstream and IOC was presented. The OMNET++ based simulation study results show that the proposed architecture successfully reduced the upstream delays and resulted in higher bandwidth availability for the ONUs compared to conventional PON.
目前的PON标准不支持光网络单元（onu）在没有OLT （optical line terminal）介入的情况下直接通信。在当前的PON架构中，这种称为IOC的onu间通信对于节约上游和下游带宽非常有帮助。这种方法可以减少通信延迟，在不增加上行和下行线路速率的情况下为用户提供更高的带宽。但是，这需要更改物理层体系结构以启用IOC支持的PON，还需要更改介质访问控制（MAC）层。因此，在本研究中，我们提出了一个新的MAC层，包括支持上游和下游XGPON帧和兼容的动态带宽分配（DBA）方案，用于我们之前提出的IOC PON架构。在我们早期的工作中，提出了由单个发射机、自相位调制模块和两个ONU接收器组成的IOC PON的物理层，用于下游和IOC。基于omnet++的仿真研究结果表明，与传统的PON相比，该架构成功地降低了上游延迟，并为onu提供了更高的带宽可用性。
{"title":"IOC supported dynamic bandwidth assignment for ITU PONs","authors":"Rizwan Aslam Butt , Saba Ahmed , Muhammad Imran Aslam , Sevia M. Idrus","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current PON standards do not support direct communication of the optical network units (ONUs) without the optical line terminal (OLT) intervention. This inter-ONU communication termed as IOC can be very helpful in conserving the upstream as well as the downstream bandwidth in current PON architectures. This approach can result in reduced communication delays and enables higher bandwidths to the users without increasing the upstream and downstream line rates. However, this requires physical layer architectural changes to enable IOC supported PON and also requires supporting medium access control (MAC) layer changes. Therefore, in this study, we propose a new MAC layer comprising of supporting upstream and downstream XGPON frames and a compatible dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) scheme for our earlier proposed IOC PON architecture. In our earlier work physical layer for an IOC PON comprising of single transmitter, self-phase modulation module and two receivers at ONU for downstream and IOC was presented. The OMNET++ based simulation study results show that the proposed architecture successfully reduced the upstream delays and resulted in higher bandwidth availability for the ONUs compared to conventional PON.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145435399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104493
Hanrui Yang, Jiaxing Tian, Shengxi Jiao, Shibo Xu, Wentao Du
Reflective fiber-optic voltage sensor (RFOVS) based on the inverse piezoelectric effect provide intrinsic insulation and wideband response, making them well-suited for high-voltage measurements in harsh environments. However, their accuracy is considerably compromised by environmental disturbances. This study reveals that temperature fluctuations cause bidirectional, cumulative output drift through thermal expansion and piezoelectric coefficient variations, while mechanical vibration introduces sinusoidal fluctuations proportional to acceleration amplitude and synchronized with stress frequency. A quantitative error model incorporating temperature ramp rate and stress amplitude is established and validated, achieving prediction errors below 5% under extreme conditions and under 2% in typical scenarios. These results advance the understanding of multi-physics coupling mechanisms and offer a practical compensation framework to enhance RFOVS reliability in demanding applications such as railway traction systems and smart grid substations.
{"title":"Multi-Physical field coupling effects on reflective Fiber-Optic voltage Sensor: Modeling and quantitative error mechanism analysis","authors":"Hanrui Yang, Jiaxing Tian, Shengxi Jiao, Shibo Xu, Wentao Du","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reflective fiber-optic voltage sensor (RFOVS) based on the inverse piezoelectric effect provide intrinsic insulation and wideband response, making them well-suited for high-voltage measurements in harsh environments. However, their accuracy is considerably compromised by environmental disturbances. This study reveals that temperature fluctuations cause bidirectional, cumulative output drift through thermal expansion and piezoelectric coefficient variations, while mechanical vibration introduces sinusoidal fluctuations proportional to acceleration amplitude and synchronized with stress frequency. A quantitative error model incorporating temperature ramp rate and stress amplitude is established and validated, achieving prediction errors below 5% under extreme conditions and under 2% in typical scenarios. These results advance the understanding of multi-physics coupling mechanisms and offer a practical compensation framework to enhance RFOVS reliability in demanding applications such as railway traction systems and smart grid substations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104473
E. Pedruzzi , C.E.S. Castellani , W. Blanc , A. Leal-Junior
This paper presents an experimental investigation of the spectral and power stability of a random fiber laser (RFL) based on nanoparticle (NP)-doped fiber, under three different passive optical feedback configurations: retroreflector, Faraday rotator, and fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The NP-doped fiber offers enhanced Rayleigh scattering and intrinsic gain, allowing distributed feedback and laser generation. Spectral analysis revealed that the FBG configuration presented the highest spectral stability, with a 91.25% reduction in wavelength variation compared to the retroreflector. The Faraday rotator also contributed to the spectral stability, with a 37.5% reduction. Regarding power stability, the Faraday rotator presented the best performance, with only 1.62% variation, while the FBG provided the highest output power (8.13 dBm), with a 6.1% variation. The retroreflector configuration demonstrated the worst performance in both spectral and power stability. These results confirm that the combination of NP-doped fibers and well-selected passive feedback elements allows the development of more stable and coherent RFLs, expanding their potential for application in sensing, telecommunications, and optical fiber devices.
{"title":"Stability enhancement in random fiber lasers using passive feedback and NP-doped fibers","authors":"E. Pedruzzi , C.E.S. Castellani , W. Blanc , A. Leal-Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental investigation of the spectral and power stability of a random fiber laser (RFL) based on nanoparticle (NP)-doped fiber, under three different passive optical feedback configurations: retroreflector, Faraday rotator, and fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The NP-doped fiber offers enhanced Rayleigh scattering and intrinsic gain, allowing distributed feedback and laser generation. Spectral analysis revealed that the FBG configuration presented the highest spectral stability, with a 91.25% reduction in wavelength variation compared to the retroreflector. The Faraday rotator also contributed to the spectral stability, with a 37.5% reduction. Regarding power stability, the Faraday rotator presented the best performance, with only 1.62% variation, while the FBG provided the highest output power (8.13 dBm), with a 6.1% variation. The retroreflector configuration demonstrated the worst performance in both spectral and power stability. These results confirm that the combination of NP-doped fibers and well-selected passive feedback elements allows the development of more stable and coherent RFLs, expanding their potential for application in sensing, telecommunications, and optical fiber devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104473"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology is promising for health monitoring of mass concrete structures. However, the measurement accuracy is limited by the inherent temperature–strain cross-sensitivity of the sensing mechanism, requiring temperature compensation for the acquired data. Conventional temperature compensation methods, especially the reference fiber method, assume a constant compensation coefficient and ignore its temperature dependence, resulting in measurement errors under high thermal gradients. Furthermore, inappropriate sensor installation approaches often result in poor survival rates and mechanical decoupling under construction conditions. To address these issues, this study develops a dynamic temperature compensation model with a temperature dependent coefficient K, experimentally calibrated for Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) systems. Additionally, an optimized sensor deployment strategy was developed through comparative experiments on reinforced concrete beams to improve strain transfer efficiency and sensor survivability. The proposed methodology was validated via field monitoring of a mass concrete raft foundation, successfully monitoring the evolution of strain and temperature in critical regions. This study provides a theoretical basis and key technical support for distributed optical fiber monitoring of strain and temperature in mass concrete structures.
{"title":"Application of distributed optical fiber technology for strain and temperature monitoring in mass concrete raft foundations","authors":"Gongyu Hou, Shiou Zhang, Yaohua Shao, Hongbo Chen, Liyuan Bi, Hengxin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology is promising for health monitoring of mass concrete structures. However, the measurement accuracy is limited by the inherent temperature–strain cross-sensitivity of the sensing mechanism, requiring temperature compensation for the acquired data. Conventional temperature compensation methods, especially the reference fiber method, assume a constant compensation coefficient and ignore its temperature dependence, resulting in measurement errors under high thermal gradients. Furthermore, inappropriate sensor installation approaches often result in poor survival rates and mechanical decoupling under construction conditions. To address these issues, this study develops a dynamic temperature compensation model with a temperature dependent coefficient K, experimentally calibrated for Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) systems. Additionally, an optimized sensor deployment strategy was developed through comparative experiments on reinforced concrete beams to improve strain transfer efficiency and sensor survivability. The proposed methodology was validated via field monitoring of a mass concrete raft foundation, successfully monitoring the evolution of strain and temperature in critical regions. This study provides a theoretical basis and key technical support for distributed optical fiber monitoring of strain and temperature in mass concrete structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104494
Haiwen Li , Ye Lu , Qinghui Zeng , Yan Wen , Yibu Kong , Zhaoyun Li
modulation format identification (MFI) has become an increasingly attractive avenue for research. Especially as the need for optical layer performance monitoring increases. Deep learning methods provide an effective recognition method with high accuracy. At the same time, the need to implement deep learning models on embedded devices is growing. Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are the best choice due to their parallelism, flexibility, and energy efficiency. In this paper, an FPGA-based CNN network design scheme for modulation format identification is proposed. Our proposed design explores and provides a suitable solution for better performance while maintaining accuracy. We generated modulation format datasets for MFI and Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) in simulation environment, training and fine-tuning the network parameters base on this dataset, and then changing some suitable components in the CNN networks to fit for the deployment on FPGA. Our experiments in the Xilinx XC7A200 development kit show that despite model compression, the accuracy of our implementation is comparable to the original model running on the CPU and GPU. In terms of speed, the FPGA implementation of the XC7A200 kit is inferior to the high-end GPU RTX 2080 Ti but superior to the Intel® Core™ i7-7700HQ CPU. In terms of power consumption, the FPGA implementation is significantly lower than the Intel® Core™ i7-7700HQ and the RTX 2080 Ti, being approximately about 13–14 times lower than them. In terms of energy efficiency, FPGA are completely superior to GPU, being 5–6 times more efficient than the RTX 2080 Ti and 29 times more efficient than the Intel® Core™ i7-7700HQ.
{"title":"FPGA implementation of CNN for modulation format identification","authors":"Haiwen Li , Ye Lu , Qinghui Zeng , Yan Wen , Yibu Kong , Zhaoyun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>modulation format identification (MFI) has become an increasingly attractive avenue for research. Especially as the need for optical layer performance monitoring increases. Deep learning methods provide an effective recognition method with high accuracy. At the same time, the need to implement deep learning models on embedded devices is growing. Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are the best choice due to their parallelism, flexibility, and energy efficiency. In this paper, an FPGA-based CNN network design scheme for modulation format identification is proposed. Our proposed design explores and provides a suitable solution for better performance while maintaining accuracy. We generated modulation format datasets for MFI and Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) in simulation environment, training and fine-tuning the network parameters base on this dataset, and then changing some suitable components in the CNN networks to fit for the deployment on FPGA. Our experiments in the Xilinx XC7A200 development kit show that despite model compression, the accuracy of our implementation is comparable to the original model running on the CPU and GPU. In terms of speed, the FPGA implementation of the XC7A200 kit is inferior to the high-end GPU RTX 2080 Ti but superior to the Intel® Core™ i7-7700HQ CPU. In terms of power consumption, the FPGA implementation is significantly lower than the Intel® Core™ i7-7700HQ and the RTX 2080 Ti, being approximately about 13–14 times lower than them. In terms of energy efficiency, FPGA are completely superior to GPU, being 5–6 times more efficient than the RTX 2080 Ti and 29 times more efficient than the Intel® Core™ i7-7700HQ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 104494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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