Oral health & preventive dentistry最新文献

Purpose: To compare oral health following e-cigarette and cigarette use in a Chinese male population.

Materials and methods: In this study, we selected 83 adult Chinese males aged between 18-35 years of age, including 31 regular traditional cigarette smokers, 20 regular e-cigarette users, and 32 never-smokers and never-vapers. Their clinical periodontal indicators (bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment loss) and salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β and cotinine were measured and compared.

Results: In this selected population, traditional cigarette smokers (CS) had statistically significantly higher bleeding on probing and clinical attachment loss than did ES and NS. The probing depths and IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β levels were statistically significantly higher in CS than in e-cigarette users (ES) and never-smokers (NS).

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the oral health status of CS was worse than that of NS and ES in adult males aged 18-35 years.

Purpose: The two-sample Mendelian randomization approach was used to assess the potential causal relationships between 33 oral microbes and salivary gland cancer.

Materials and methods: The data used in this study were obtained from summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The instrumental variables included 33 known oral microbes, comprising a total of 39,117,105 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The outcome variable, major salivary gland cancer (MSGC), included 11,831,294 SNPs. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted via inverse-variance weighted (IVW) as the primary method. To ensure the robustness of the results, Cochran's Q test, the MR-Egger intercept test, leave-one-out analysis, and reverse MR analysis were employed.

Results: The IVW analysis results indicated that the genus Alloprevotella (odds ratio [OR] = 1.267; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.037-1.549; p = 0.020) and the species Veillonella dispar (OR = 1.369; 95%CI = 1.081-1.734; p = 0.009) are statistically significant risk factors for the occurrence of MSGC.

Conclusion: The genus Alloprevotella and the species Veillonella dispar have a positive causal relationship with major salivary gland cancer.

Purpose: Black tooth stain (BTS) is an extrinsic discolouration that typically appears along the cervical third of the buccal and/or lingual surfaces of both primary and permanent teeth, predominantly in prepubertal individuals. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical properties of saliva and assess caries experience in children with and without BTS during the mixed-dentition period.

Materials and methods: A total of 120 children aged 7-12 years were enrolled and divided equally into BTS(+) and BTS(-) groups. Comprehensive dental examinations were conducted using dft/DMFT indices and International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II criteria to evaluate caries status and the presence of BTS. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and analysed for flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and ion concentrations (Cu, Fe, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Mn) using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The obtained data were analysed and compared between the groups.

Results: The BTS(+) group demonstrated significantly lower dft scores and fewer decayed primary teeth compared to the BTS(-) group (P 0.05). A higher proportion of caries-free teeth was also observed in the BTS(+) group. Additionally, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of ICDAS II caries classification (P = 0.048). Salivary analysis showed significantly elevated manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) levels in the BTS(+) group, while no significant differences were found in pH, buffering capacity, flow rate, or other salivary ions. No significant correlations were observed between the severity of BTS and age, salivary parameters, or caries indices.

Conclusion: Children with black tooth stain exhibited a lower caries experience, which may be associated with the anticariogenic properties of higher salivary Mn and Zn levels. Additionally, elevated Mn concentrations might play a role in the formation of BTS.

Purpose: Dentofacial anomalies are closely linked to dental health, including caries and periodontal disease. This study examined the potential causal relationship between genetic variations associated with dental anomalies, such as malocclusion, and the risk of dental caries.

Materials and methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data was conducted. Dental caries data were obtained from the UKB and GWAS catalog, while dental anomaly data came from FinnGen R12. The primary analysis used inverse-variance weighted (IVW) methods, with weighted median, MR-Egger, and weighted models for validation. Horizontal pleiotropy and outliers were assessed via MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO, while Cochran's Q test evaluated heterogeneity. Leave-One-Out (LOO) analysis identified predominant instrumental variables (IVs).

Results: The genetic prediction results indicated no statistically significant causal associations between dentofacial anomalies and dental caries (for all three cohorts, p>0.05). Also, IVW indicated no causal associations between dentofacial anomalies and other health problems, including mouth ulcers, toothache, loose teeth, bleeding gums, acute and chronic periodontitis, and painful gums. However, for the outcome of loose teeth, analysis revealed evidence of heterogeneity and suggested potential horizontal pleiotropy, with rs79490532 identified as a outlier. After removing rs79490532, the estimated causal effect of dentofacial anomalies on loose teeth remained statistically non-significant.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that dentofacial anomalies, including malocclusion, do not have a direct genetic impact on dental health. These results emphasize the importance of prioritizing oral hygiene practices, dietary interventions, and targeted preventive strategies over corrective orthodontic approaches in clinical management to improve dental health outcomes.

Purpose: To investigate the effects on enamel and dentine caused by erosion with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or abrasion with interdental brushes and toothpaste, and a combined protocol using roughness and profilometry measurements as well as scanning electron microscopy images.

Materials and methods: 24 bovine enamel samples and 24 dentine samples were divided into three groups each (groups 1-3: enamel; groups 4-6: dentin; n = 8) and investigated after an abrasion protocol (2 × 10 brushing cycles per day) in groups 1 and 4, a combined protocol (10 brushing cycles, 10 × 2min erosion in HCl, 10 brushing cycles per day) in groups 2 and 5 and an erosion protocol (10 × 2min erosion in HCl) in groups 3 and 6 for 10 days. Profilometry and roughness measurements were registered at baseline, after 5 and after 10 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were recorded at baseline and after 10 days.

Results: For enamel, the significantly highest substance loss (mean ± SD) after 5 days was observed in the combined group (10.71 ± 0.41 μm), whereas the second highest substance loss was in the erosion-only group (9.16 ± 0.23 μm). In dentin, the highest substance loss after 5 days occurred in the combined group (7.4 ± 0.83 μm), and the second highest substance loss was presented in the erosion-only group (7.26 ± 0.5 μm). After 10 days, the combined group (18.88 ± 0.56 μm) exhibited the highest substance loss in enamel, showing a statistically significant difference compared with the erosion-only and abrasion-only groups (P 0.001, respectively). In dentin, the highest substance loss was observed after 10 days in the erosion-only group (7.96 ± 0.8 μm), exhibiting a statistically significant difference compared to both the combined (P = 0.022) and abrasion-only groups (P 0.001).

Conclusion: In all groups, with the exception of abrasion-only groups, enamel substance loss occurred. Thus, measures against erosive and abrasive wear, both alone and combined, have to be implemented, such as comprehensive patient education.

Purpose: Laser technology enables a less stressful lesion removal with antimicrobial effects, this study was addressed to evaluate the antimicrobial and morphological effect of Erbium, Chromium: Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium-Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser on infected primary dentine with Lactobacillus spp. and Candida albicans.

Materials and methods: In-vitro experimental study, where 35 samples of primary dentine were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 7): 3 controls (non-irradiated G1_C, G2_LB and G3_CA) and 2 experimental (G4_LB+Er,Cr:YSGG and G5_CA+Er,Cr:YSGG). The samples were placed in culture media pre-inoculated with Lactobacillus spp. and C. albicans, according to the experimental group, and maintained under optimal temperature and sterility conditions; then groups G4_LB+Er,Cr:YSGG and G5_CA+Er,Cr:YSGG were irradiated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 4.5 w, 15 Hz, 1 s/mm2 (H mode) and 53.6 J/cm2. Subsequently, they were transferred to sterile culture media, and microbial colony-forming units (CFUs) were performed in triplicate after 24 h using serial dilutions. The adherent bacteria and morphology of primary dentine were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: There were significant differences among control groups (G2_LB and G3_CA) and experimental (G4_LB+Er,Cr:YSGG and G5_CA+Er,Cr:YSGG) groups (P 0.001); additionally, the percentage reduction after laser treatment was 99% for group G4_LB+Er,Cr:YSGG and 98% for G5_CA+Er,Cr:YSGG, indicating a significant reduction. On the other hand, samples irradiated with laser Er,Cr:YSGG [G4_LB + Er,Cr:YSGG], [G5_CA + ErCr:YSGG] showed an irregular surface with areas exhibiting micro-erosion and microcavities.

Conclusions: Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation presented an antimicrobial effect against Lactobacillus spp. and C. albicans. Moreover, this procedure can alter the dentinal surface structure.

Purpose: To examine the association between the Life's Crucial 9 (LC9) lifestyle score and periodontitis severity among U.S. adults, and to explore the mediating roles of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The study hypothesis is that higher LC9 scores are associated with lower periodontitis severity.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study used data from 7124 adults aged ≥30 years from the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Weighted logistic, ordinal logistic, and linear regression models assessed the relationships between LC9 and periodontitis risk, severity, clinical attachment loss (CAL), and probing depth (PD). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression examined dose-response trends. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression evaluated the relative contribution of LC9 components. Mediation analysis was performed to assess inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis compared the predictive performance of LC9 and Life's Essential 8 (LE8).

Results: Each 10-point increase in LC9 was associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis (OR = 0.858, 95% CI: 0.808-0.911), milder severity, and lower CAL and PD. Tobacco exposure and glycemic control were the strongest contributors. White blood cell count, systemic inflammation index (SIRI), and albumin mediated 25.1%, 7.3%, and 5.3% of the LC9-periodontitis relationship, respectively. No statistically significant mediation was observed for oxidative stress. LC9 and LE8 demonstrated comparable predictive performance (AUC: 0.758 vs 0.759).

Conclusion: Higher LC9 scores were statistically significantly associated with better periodontal outcomes, primarily through inflammatory pathways. Clinically, modifying key lifestyle factors - especially tobacco avoidance and glycemic control - may effectively reduce periodontitis risk.

Purpose: Children with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) often experience dental hypersensitivity and discomfort during dental procedures. These factors can contribute to the dental fear and anxiety (DFA) in children with MIH. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between MIH, dental caries, and fear.

Materials and methods: In total, 122 children (MIH group=60; Control group=62) aged 8-12 were included in the study and examined. Caries and teeth affected by MIH were recorded. After the examination, The Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was administered to each child.

Results: The mean DMFT/dmft index, total CFSS-DS score, and presence of dental fear were statistically significantly higher in the MIH group than control group. The number of children with severe MIH was statistically significantly greater than those with mild MIH. No statistically significant differences were observed between children with mild and severe MIH in terms of mean DMFT/dmft index, CFSS-DS total score, or presence of fear.

Conclusion: A relationship was observed between MIH and DFA. Similarly, caries experience of children with MIH was statistically significantly higher than those without MIH.

Purpose: After completion of active periodontitis and/or peri-implantitis therapy, patients transition to an individualised follow-up maintenance phase to maintain periodontal and peri-implant stability. This systematic review aims to assess whether patient adherence to supportive periodontal care(SPC) and supportive peri-implant care (SPIC) influences long-term clinical outcomes, particularly probing depth, to maintain periodontal and/or peri-implant health.

Materials and methods: Using the PECO method, the following specific question was addressed: Among successfully treated periodontitis patients with or without dental implants (P), does non-adherence (E) compared to adherence (C) to supportive periodontal or peri-implant care (SPC/SPIC) affect clinical outcomes associated with maintenance of periodontal or peri-implant health(O), based on comparative longitudinal studies (S) with a minimum follow-up of one year (T)? The following electronic databases were systematically searched: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar. This was supplemented by additional manual search strategies. Due to heterogeneity in adherence definitions and outcome measures, a structured narrative synthesis was carried out (PROSPERO CRD42022371423).

Results: A total of 3891 articles were selected in a primary search. Subsequently, seven studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. Across these, adherence to supportive care was consistently associated with improved clinical outcomes, including reduced probing depths, lower bleeding on probing, and reduced tooth or implant loss. Due to the heterogeneity of the data, no meta-analysis was performed.

Conclusions: Adherence to SPT/SPIC was consistently associated with more favorable clinical outcomes in the included studies. Future studies are necessary and should consider (i) applying consistent definitions for adherence/non-adherence based on clinical status in relation to need for intervention, (ii) time interval between SPT/SPIC intervention, (iii) consistency in data collection protocols during interventions.

Purpose: Erosive tooth wear (ETW) is an increasingly prevalent condition characterised by the loss of dental hard tissue due to repeated effects and interactions of acids and mechanical forces. The aim of this study was to investigate the primary preventive effect of salivary pellicle combined with either stannous fluoride (SnF2) toothpaste or mastic toothpaste against ETW in permanent teeth.

Materials and methods: Using a three-arm invitro model, 54 enamel samples (18 in each group) were prepared with a salivary pellicle alone (control), salivary pellicle with SnF2 toothpaste, or salivary pellicle with mastic toothpaste. The experimental design consisted of 5 cycles of salivary pellicle formation (30 min, 37°C), modification with the solutions (30 min, 25°C), further salivary pellicle formation (2 h, 37°C) and erosive challenge (2 min, 1% citric acid, pH 3.6). Subsequently, the samples were evaluated by optical profilometry, Vickers hardness (VH), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX).

Results: SnF₂ group exhibited significantly reduced surface roughness (Sa, Sq, Sc, Sm, Sv parameters) compared to other groups and lower total hardness loss (ΔVH: SnF2 23%, control 26%, mastic 36%) than the mastic group. SEM analysis revealed better preservation of the prismatic enamel structure in the SnF2 group, indicating resistance to acid-induced demineralisation. Mastic toothpaste did not provide significant protection against erosion, raising questions about its suitability for preventing ETW in acidic environments. EDX analysis showed no significant differences in elemental composition among the groups.

Conclusions: This study confirmed the use of SnF2 as an effective agent for protecting enamel against ETW. While natural extracts like mastic may have antimicrobial benefits, their protective role against ETW appears limited, emphasising the need for further research to explore their promising potential applications in oral prevention as well as their limitations. The future of ETW prevention may lie in the synergy between natural and synthetic agents, combining efficacy with biocompatibility and patient acceptance.