Oral health & preventive dentistry最新文献

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in children aged 4-12 years.

Materials and methods: 367 children referred to the pedodontics clinic were included in our study. In this two-stage study, firstly the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) or dental caries index (dft) scores of the children were recorded by oral examination, and their weight and height measured. Secondly, the children's parents or legal representatives were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic data and their children's nutritional habits. The data obtained were analysed statistically. In multiple comparisons of variables showing continuous variation with normal distribution, ANO-VA post-hoc analysis and Tukey's tests were used. For variables not showing normal distribution, Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc analysis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used.

Results: Considering their BMI, 34.1% children were underweight, 30.8% were of normal weight, 14.4% were overweight, and 20.7% were obese. A significant relationship was found between the children's BMI and age groups (P = 0.000) and BMI increased as age decreased. Both BMI and dental caries incidence increased as the consumption of carbohydrates and sugar products increased. The mean DMFT score was higher for children with overweight BMI. The mean dft score was higher among children in the obese BMI category.

Conclusion: High BMI and dental caries are multifactorial disorders with similar risk factors, and the relationship between both is still not fully clear in the literature. Although cross-sectional studies provide the infrastructure for future studies by revealing the prevalence of the disorder, risk factors, and possible consequences, they are inadequate to examine the cause-effect relationship. More detailed and longer-term studies are needed to establish the causal relationship between BMI and dental caries.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of patient-related factors such as age, sex, implant location, and history of periodontitis, on crestal bone loss in the posterior region throughout the surgical healing and functional periods.

Materials and methods: This study evaluated 311 implants from 163 patients, with an average follow-up of 27.10 months. Implants were assessed based on age, sex, implant location, and history of periodontitis. Crestal bone loss was quantified by measuring bone level changes using oral panoramic radiographs. Time T1 was defined as the period from implant placement to the healing phase, and T2 as the period from the second-stage surgery to the follow-up visit. Group comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U-test, with significance set at p 0.05.

Result: At T1, crestal bone loss averaged 0.27 ± 0.40 mm; at T2, it averaged 0.40 ± 0.50 mm. A statistically significant difference at T1 was observed between patients aged 20-39 and 40-59, and between these two age groups in female patients (p 0.05). During T2, within the 40-59 age group, bone resorption differed statistically significantly between males and females (p 0.05). Statistically significant differences were also noted between males aged 40-59 and those 60 years or older, and between females aged 20-39 and 40-59 (p 0.05). There were no differences between the other groups.

Conclusion: Crestal bone loss correlates with patient age and sex. Increased attention should be given to female patients within certain age ranges. Patients with history of periodontitis can maintain bone tissue stability around the implant.

Purpose: Periodontitis and heart failure (HF) impact millions of individuals globally with heavy social and economic burden. Prior research has indicated a connection between them. However, the conclusions have been somewhat inconsistent. Our objective is to confirm, through meta-analysis and Mendelian randomisation studies, whether patients with periodontitis have an increased risk of HF. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to explore the causal association between periodontitis and the risk of HF.

Materials and methods: In this meta-analysis, we searched online to identify studies involving periodontitis on the risk of HF. The main endpoint assessed in this study was the risk of HF. We used R language to calculate the pooled results and create plots. A random-effects model was employed in the analyses. In the Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses, we obtained data from public databases. MR analyses were conducted using genome-wide association data for acute and chronic periodontitis. Independent genetic variants associated significantly with each exposure (P 5*10-6) were considered as instruments. The primary analysis employed the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, which was subsequently supplemented by a series of sensitivity analyses to ensure the robustness and reliability of the findings.

Results: Our meta-analysis included three publications, with a total of 21,997 participants. The pooled result demonstrated that periodontitis increased the risk of HF (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.29-2.03). Periodontitis increased the risk of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) with a low level of heterogeneity (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.22-3.23) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with little heterogeneity (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.00-1.86). In the MR study, acute or chronic periodontitis did not increase the risk of HF. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the causal association estimations were robust.

Conclusion: In summary, the meta-analysis results indicate that individuals with periodontitis are at a higher risk of HF. The findings from the MR study fail to establish a causal link between the two variables under investigation. To validate this assertion and elucidate the fundamental mechanism, additional research is imperative.

Clinical significance: Based on the current evidence, it cannot be concluded that there is a causal relationship between acute or chronic periodontitis and HF.

Purpose: A direct association exists between caries and high-sugar diets. The aim of this study was to test whether the cariogenicity of diet assessed and analysed through a new mobile app is associated with caries risk among children.

Materials and methods: A total of 247 children, 2-15 years old, were recruited from university and hospital daycare centers and dental clinics. Diet was assessed via a 24-h recall, and caries (dmft/DMFT- ICDAS criteria) was documented through clinical examination. A mobile app was designed to analyse dietary data and calculate the diet's cariogenicity. Demographics, daily meals, meal duration and type, and toothbrushing were entered. A diagram presenting an estimate of the oral pH was produced, showing the time interval during which caries may develop, and a calculated cariogenic dietary risk was generated. Multivariate logistic regression derived odds ratios estimating associations between the cariogenic diet and caries across three age groups.

Results: A cariogenic diet analysed by the app was positively associated with dfmt (r = 0.477, p 0.001) in 2- to 6-year-old children, with dmft (r = 0.376, p 0.05) and DMFT (r = 0.271, p 0.05) in 7- to 11-year-old children, and with DMFT (r = 0.383, p 0.001) in 12- to 15-year-old children. Parents' lower educational level was associated with a statistically significantly higher caries risk in younger children (p 0.05).

Conclusion: Cariogenic diet evaluated with the new app was associated with increased caries, providing evidence of an accurate assessment among children. This app could assist dentists in providing dietary assessment and advice related to caries risk at the dental office in a more structured, educational, and time-saving way.

Purpose: To determine oral health myths and associated factors in pregnant women.

Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study carried out in an outpatient clinic of a public hospital in Lima, Peru, in a sample of 390 pregnant women (mean age = 30.02 ± 6.32 years) who answered a questionnaire of 61 items, comprising 39 oral health myths, 10 demographic/socioeconomic items, and 12 general health items. Multiple linear regression models were used with Jamovi v.17 at p 0.05.

Results: Oral health myths were prevalent (33.6‒77.6%) and numerous (10 [7‒13] per pregnant woman), with common gestational or maternal beliefs associated with the presence of weakening of enamel/increased risk of caries and gingivitis, infection, or calcium loss; gingival bleeding and dental caries; risks posed by spicy food, medication, radiography, or anesthesia; and intense toothbrushing. Positive predictors of oral health myths were birth in geographical districts outside Lima, previous sexually transmitted disease and pre-eclampsia. Negative predictors were having more children, a higher educational level, better employment status, minimum monthly income, and history of smoking (R2 = 13%; F = 2.37; p 0.001).

Conclusion: Pregnant women had a high prevalence of beliefs in a large number of oral health myths associated with birth in the geographical districts outside the capital city, less maternal experience, poorer educational, occupational and economic conditions, and obstetric-gynecological medical history.

Purpose: Dental neglect is defined as the failure of parents to take necessary measures to protect their child's oral health, prevent pain and infection, and provide essential dental treatment. This study aims to assess the level of dental neglect among children in Eastern Turkey and its relation to their oral health.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study involved the 215 children and their parents. Dental neglect was measured using the Dental Neglect Scale (DNS), which consisted of seven Likert-scale questions (ranging from 1 to 5). A questionnaire also gathered demographic data. The DNS score was calculated by summing the responses, and the children's oral health was assessed using the Oral Hygiene Index and the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Data were statistically analysed with significance set at p 0.05.

Results: The average DMFT score was 7.24 ± 3.01, and the average DNS score was 16.24 ± 4.72. A statistically significant correlation was found between DMFT and the DNS score (correlation coefficient 0.162, p = 0.018). A statistically significant difference was noted between the mother's education level and the Dental Neglect Score (p = 0.006), but no statistically significant differences were observed concerning paternal education, family income, or frequency of dental visits.

Conclusion: High DMFT scores and low maternal education levels are linked to higher dental neglect. Mothers play a crucial role in their children's oral health. Identifying mothers who do not provide adequate attention to their children as well as children in need of oral care is essential for implementing early, tailored interventions.

Objectives: To evaluate the oral health of professional footballers and to investigate possible determinants of oral health as well as the self-reported impacts on well-being, quality of life (QoL), and performance.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on professional soccer players of the Calabria region, Italy. The outcome measures were the following: DMFT (decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth), DMFS (decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth surfaces), BEWE (basic erosive wear examination), CPI (community periodontal index), CPITN (community periodontal index of treatment needs), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14).

Results: One hundred and sixty footballers were recruited from seven clubs. The median age of the players was 25 years (19-39) years. The mean DMFT was 2.8 ± 2.9, and the multiple logistic regression analyses showed a positive association with frequent intake of drinks rich in sugar (OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.59-8.56) and sports drinks (OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 1.09-12.75). Dental erosions were present in 48.1% of footballers and periodontal diseases in 50%, with a positive association with frequent intake of energy drinks (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.09-7.51). The OHIP-14 showed that 30.6% of participants reported having had pain in their teeth/mouth/dentures occasionally.

Conclusions: Results from the present study showed that the oral health of professional soccer players in Southern Italy was poor, especially regarding caries, erosion, and periodontal diseases. Moreover, OHIP-14 showed an impact on oral health in soccer players' QoL, revealing that poor oral health negatively affected professional well-being and performance. Results suggest the need for prevention interventions for professional athletes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioural habits, basic knowledge and handwashing habits of dental hygiene students regarding infection control procedures.

Materials and methods: 60 dental hygiene students answered 26 questions and one open-ended question on infection control procedures between May and June 2023. The questions were designed to assess dental hygiene students' attitudes about infection control protocols and handwashing practices.

Results: According to the results of the questionnaire, it was observed that students had a high awareness of the necessity of handwashing but a low awareness of other infection control methods. The main reasons for not washing hands were found to be lack of time and forgetfulness due to workload and lack of adequate handwashing areas.

Conclusions: Providing adequate protective equipment, reducing the high workload that may cause forgetfulness and reducing physical deficiencies such as increasing the number of handwashing units are measures that can increase washes. It is important to increase the level of education and knowledge of healthcare professionals in line with current information on handwashing and infection prevention procedures.

Purpose: To assess the association between periodontal health and pregnancy or delivery complications in type 1 diabetic (TIDM) and non-diabetic pregnant women.

Materials and methods: 15 TIDM and 15 non-diabetic primiparous women were enrolled in the prospective case-control study. We compared periodontal status, levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), gestational week of birth, birth weight of a newborn and pregnancy or delivery complications between the groups.

Results: TIDM pregnant women gave birth statistically significantly earlier (2 weeks) (p = 0.034), but not before the 37th week of gestation. The odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy or delivery complications was ~ 5 times greater (95% CI: 1.1-26.4; p = 0.033) and for Caesarean section (C-section) ~ 6 times greater (95%CI: 1.2-30.7; p = 0.032) in TIDM group. The association between periodontal disease (PD) and pregnancy or delivery complications was not statistically significant in either group. The presence of TIDM (p = 0.002; R2 = 0.28), a higher bleeding-on-probing/full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS) (p = 0.043; R2 = 0.14), and a higher level of HbA1c (p = 0.026; R2 = 0.16) were statistically significantly more often associated with an earlier gestational week of birth. Higher levels of HbA1c were statistically significantly positively associated with a higher frequency of pregnancy or delivery complications (p = 0.024) and a higher frequency of C-section (p = 0.051).

Conclusion: There are strong indications that both endocrinological and periodontal therapy should form a part of preventive prenatal care.

Purpose: To compare remineralisation efficacy between silver diamine fluoride (SDF) combined with potassium iodide (KI) and sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish using hydroxyapatite (HAP) artificial white spot lesions (AWSLs) demineralisation model.

Materials and methods: A total of 25 HAP disks was randomly divided into five groups (n = 5): baseline, AWSLs, deionized water (DW), SDF-KI or F-varnish. After AWSLs were developed, the specimen was treated with either deionized water, SDF-KI or F-varnish. These specimens were then subjected to pH-cycling for 7 days. The remineralisation potential was assessed by measuring changes in Vickers hardness (VHN). Morphological and compositional analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) were utilised to measure calcium and fluoride release.

Results: SDF-KI treatment demonstrated statistically significant remineralisation potential in restoring VHN values vs baseline levels (p 0.001). SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses confirmed the mineral deposits to indicate remineralisation. The uptake of calcium was higher in SDF-KI than in F-varnish (p = 0.011). The fluorapatite (FAP) and fluoride-substituted apatite formation were validated by FTIR and XRD analyses.

Conclusion: SDF-KI and F-varnish applications are both effective in promoting remineralisation on HAP disks. The application of SDF-KI affected the physicochemical and mechanical properties of demineralised HAP. The SDF-KI showed more formation of fluoride-substituted apatite and is effective in the hardening of demineralised HAP.