Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61024-9
Bin XIE , Xin-ya ZHAO , Zheng-dong MA , Yi-jian ZHANG , Jia-rong DONG , Yan WANG , Qiu-hong BAI , Ye-hua SHEN
The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structure, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Recent advances in controlling the pore structure of these carbons and its relationship between to is energy storage performance are discussed, emphasizing the critical role of a balanced distribution of micropores, mesopores and macropores in determining electrochemical behavior. Particular attention is given to how the intrinsic components of biomass precursors (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) influence pore formation during carbonization. Carbonization and activation strategies to precisely control the pore structure are introduced. Finally, key challenges in the industrial production of these carbons are outlined, and future research directions are proposed. These include the establishment of a database of biomass intrinsic structures and machine learning-assisted pore structure engineering, aimed at providing guidance for the design of high-performance carbon materials for next-generation energy storage devices.
{"title":"Modifying the pore structure of biomass-derived porous carbon for use in energy storage systems","authors":"Bin XIE , Xin-ya ZHAO , Zheng-dong MA , Yi-jian ZHANG , Jia-rong DONG , Yan WANG , Qiu-hong BAI , Ye-hua SHEN","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61024-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61024-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of sustainable electrode materials for energy storage systems has become very important and porous carbons derived from biomass have become an important candidate because of their tunable pore structure, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Recent advances in controlling the pore structure of these carbons and its relationship between to is energy storage performance are discussed, emphasizing the critical role of a balanced distribution of micropores, mesopores and macropores in determining electrochemical behavior. Particular attention is given to how the intrinsic components of biomass precursors (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) influence pore formation during carbonization. Carbonization and activation strategies to precisely control the pore structure are introduced. Finally, key challenges in the industrial production of these carbons are outlined, and future research directions are proposed. These include the establishment of a database of biomass intrinsic structures and machine learning-assisted pore structure engineering, aimed at providing guidance for the design of high-performance carbon materials for next-generation energy storage devices.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (91KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 4","pages":"Pages 870-887"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60982-6
Wen-ze WEI , Xiang GAO , Chao-jie YU , Xiao-li SUN , Tong-bo WEI , Li JIA , Jing-yu SUN
Among the synthesis techniques for graphene, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) enables the direct growth of graphene films on insulating substrates. Its advantages include uniform coverage, high quality, scalability, and compatibility with industrial processes. Graphene is chemically inert and has a zero-bandgap which poses a problem for its use as a functional layer, and nitrogen doping has become an important way to overcome this. Post-plasma treatment has been explored for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene, but the procedures are intricate and not suitable for large-scale production. We report the direct synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene on a 4-inch sapphire wafer by ethanol-assisted CVD employing pyridine as the carbon feedstock, where the nitrogen comes from the pyridine and the hydroxyl group in ethanol improves the quality of the graphene produced. Additionally, the types of nitrogen dopant produced and their effects on III-nitride epitaxy were also investigated, resulting in the successful illumination of LED devices. This work presents an effective synthesis strategy for the preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene, and provides a foundation for designing graphene functional layers in optoelectronic devices.
{"title":"Ethanol-assisted direct synthesis of wafer-scale nitrogen-doped graphene for III-nitride epitaxial growth","authors":"Wen-ze WEI , Xiang GAO , Chao-jie YU , Xiao-li SUN , Tong-bo WEI , Li JIA , Jing-yu SUN","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60982-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60982-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among the synthesis techniques for graphene, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) enables the direct growth of graphene films on insulating substrates. Its advantages include uniform coverage, high quality, scalability, and compatibility with industrial processes. Graphene is chemically inert and has a zero-bandgap which poses a problem for its use as a functional layer, and nitrogen doping has become an important way to overcome this. Post-plasma treatment has been explored for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene, but the procedures are intricate and not suitable for large-scale production. We report the direct synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene on a 4-inch sapphire wafer by ethanol-assisted CVD employing pyridine as the carbon feedstock, where the nitrogen comes from the pyridine and the hydroxyl group in ethanol improves the quality of the graphene produced. Additionally, the types of nitrogen dopant produced and their effects on III-nitride epitaxy were also investigated, resulting in the successful illumination of LED devices. This work presents an effective synthesis strategy for the preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene, and provides a foundation for designing graphene functional layers in optoelectronic devices.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (100KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 678-686"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60973-5
Xin-yu SU , Sheng-en QIU , Hang YANG , Feng YU , Gao-rong HAN , Zong-ping CHEN
Graphdiyne (GDY) and its derivatives have been considered ideal supporting materials for nanoscale active particles because of their unique atomic and electronic structure. An efficient bi-metal Cu-Pd catalyst was added to produce the uniform deposition of Pd nano-clusters with an average size of ~0.95 nm on hydrogen-substituted GDY (H-GDY) nanosheets. With the assistance of NaBH4, the resulting Pd/H-GDY was very effective in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), whose conversion was sharply increased to 97.21% in 100 s with a rate constant per unit mass (k‘) of 8.97×105 min–1 g–1. Additionally, dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and Congo red (CR) were completely degraded within 180 and 90 s, respectively. The Pd/H-GDY maintained this activity after 5 reduction cycles. These results highlight the promising performance of Pd/H-GDY in catalyzing the degradation of various pollutants, which is attributed to the combined effect of the large π-conjugated structure of the H-GDY nanosheets and the evenly distributed Pd nanoclusters.
{"title":"Ultrathin hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne nanosheets containing pdclusters used for the degradation of environmental pollutants","authors":"Xin-yu SU , Sheng-en QIU , Hang YANG , Feng YU , Gao-rong HAN , Zong-ping CHEN","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60973-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60973-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphdiyne (GDY) and its derivatives have been considered ideal supporting materials for nanoscale active particles because of their unique atomic and electronic structure. An efficient bi-metal Cu-Pd catalyst was added to produce the uniform deposition of Pd nano-clusters with an average size of ~0.95 nm on hydrogen-substituted GDY (H-GDY) nanosheets. With the assistance of NaBH<sub>4</sub>, the resulting Pd/H-GDY was very effective in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), whose conversion was sharply increased to 97.21% in 100 s with a rate constant per unit mass (k‘) of 8.97×10<sup>5</sup> min<sup>–1</sup> g<sup>–1</sup>. Additionally, dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and Congo red (CR) were completely degraded within 180 and 90 s, respectively. The Pd/H-GDY maintained this activity after 5 reduction cycles. These results highlight the promising performance of Pd/H-GDY in catalyzing the degradation of various pollutants, which is attributed to the combined effect of the large π-conjugated structure of the H-GDY nanosheets and the evenly distributed Pd nanoclusters.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (117KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 666-676"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60991-7
Zi-chong HUANG , Weil-in LIU , Jun LI , Yu JIANG , Guo-wen YUAN , Li-bo GAO
Graphene has attracted widespread attention since 2004 because of its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Among its various synthesis methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has emerged as the dominant approach for producing high-quality grapheme films, owing to its high controllability, low cost, and scalability. This review systematically summarizes the technological development of graphene synthesis by CVD, with a focus on recent progress in key areas such as single-crystal graphene growth, surface flatness control, precise control of the number of layers, and efficient large-scale production. Studies have shown that strategies such as substrate design, proton-assisted decoupling techniques, and oxygenassisted methods have enabled the wafer-scale synthesis of single-crystal graphene with electrical properties comparable to that of mechanically exfoliated samples. However, several technical challenges remain, including direct growth on insulating substrates, high-quality synthesis at low-temperatures, and the dynamic control of defects. Looking ahead, the integration of novel carbon sources, multifunctional fabrication processes, and rollto-roll industrial production is expected to advance the practical use of graphene in fields such as flexible electronics and energy storage.
{"title":"Current status and prospect of graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition","authors":"Zi-chong HUANG , Weil-in LIU , Jun LI , Yu JIANG , Guo-wen YUAN , Li-bo GAO","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60991-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60991-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphene has attracted widespread attention since 2004 because of its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Among its various synthesis methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has emerged as the dominant approach for producing high-quality grapheme films, owing to its high controllability, low cost, and scalability. This review systematically summarizes the technological development of graphene synthesis by CVD, with a focus on recent progress in key areas such as single-crystal graphene growth, surface flatness control, precise control of the number of layers, and efficient large-scale production. Studies have shown that strategies such as substrate design, proton-assisted decoupling techniques, and oxygenassisted methods have enabled the wafer-scale synthesis of single-crystal graphene with electrical properties comparable to that of mechanically exfoliated samples. However, several technical challenges remain, including direct growth on insulating substrates, high-quality synthesis at low-temperatures, and the dynamic control of defects. Looking ahead, the integration of novel carbon sources, multifunctional fabrication processes, and rollto-roll industrial production is expected to advance the practical use of graphene in fields such as flexible electronics and energy storage.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (69KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 457-476"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60988-7
Rong HU , Jia SONG , Wei HUANG , An-na ZHOU , Jia-long LIN , Yang CAO , Sheng HU
Large-area two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, MoS2, WS2, h-BN, black phosphorus, and MXenes, are a class of advanced materials with many possible applications. Different applications need different substrates, and each substrate may need a different way of transferring the 2D material onto it. Problems such as local stress concentrations, an uneven surface tension, inconsistent adhesion, mechanical damage and contamination during the transfer can adversely affect the quality and properties of the transferred material. Therefore, how to improve the integrity, flatness and cleanness of large area 2D materials is a challenge. In order to achieve high-quality transfer, the main concern is to control the interface adhesion between the substrate, the 2D material and the transfer medium. This review focuses on this topic, and finally, in order to promote the industrial use of large area 2D materials, provides a recipe for this transfer process based on the requirements of the application, and points out the current problems and directions for future development.
{"title":"Controlling interfacial adhesion during the transfer of large-area 2D materials: mechanisms, strategies, and research advances","authors":"Rong HU , Jia SONG , Wei HUANG , An-na ZHOU , Jia-long LIN , Yang CAO , Sheng HU","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60988-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60988-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-area two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, MoS<sub>2</sub>, WS<sub>2</sub>, h-BN, black phosphorus, and MXenes, are a class of advanced materials with many possible applications. Different applications need different substrates, and each substrate may need a different way of transferring the 2D material onto it. Problems such as local stress concentrations, an uneven surface tension, inconsistent adhesion, mechanical damage and contamination during the transfer can adversely affect the quality and properties of the transferred material. Therefore, how to improve the integrity, flatness and cleanness of large area 2D materials is a challenge. In order to achieve high-quality transfer, the main concern is to control the interface adhesion between the substrate, the 2D material and the transfer medium. This review focuses on this topic, and finally, in order to promote the industrial use of large area 2D materials, provides a recipe for this transfer process based on the requirements of the application, and points out the current problems and directions for future development.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (140KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 553-583"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60995-4
Shi-jia GU , Han-lin CHEN , Jun-zhuo WANG , Xiao-fang LU , Lian-jun WANG , Wan JIANG
High-performance graphite materials have important roles in aerospace and nuclear reactor technologies because of their outstanding chemical stability and high-temperature performance. Their traditional production method relies on repeated impregnation-carbonization and graphitization, and is plagued by lengthy preparation cycles and high energy consumption. Phase transition-assisted self-pressurized self-sintering technology can rapidly produce high-strength graphite materials, but the fracture strain of the graphite materials produced is poor. To solve this problem, this study used a two-step sintering method to uniformly introduce micro-nano pores into natural graphite-based bulk graphite, achieving improved fracture strain of the samples without reducing their density and mechanical properties. Using natural graphite powder, micron-diamond, and nano-diamond as raw materials, and by precisely controlling the staged pressure release process, the degree of diamond phase transition expansion was effectively regulated. The strain-to-failure of the graphite samples reached 1.2%, a 35% increase compared to samples produced by fullpressure sintering. Meanwhile, their flexural strength exceeded 110 MPa, and their density was over 1.9 g/cm3. The process therefore produced both a high strength and a high fracture strain. The interface evolution and toughening mechanism during the two-step sintering process were investigated. It is believed that the micro-nano pores formed have two roles: as stress concentrators they induce yielding by shear and as multi-crack propagation paths they significantly lengthen the crack propagation path. The two-step sintering phase transition strategy introduces pores and provides a new approach for increasing the fracture strain of brittle materials.
{"title":"Improving the fracture strain of graphite materials by in-situ porosity introduction by two-step sintering","authors":"Shi-jia GU , Han-lin CHEN , Jun-zhuo WANG , Xiao-fang LU , Lian-jun WANG , Wan JIANG","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60995-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60995-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance graphite materials have important roles in aerospace and nuclear reactor technologies because of their outstanding chemical stability and high-temperature performance. Their traditional production method relies on repeated impregnation-carbonization and graphitization, and is plagued by lengthy preparation cycles and high energy consumption. Phase transition-assisted self-pressurized self-sintering technology can rapidly produce high-strength graphite materials, but the fracture strain of the graphite materials produced is poor. To solve this problem, this study used a two-step sintering method to uniformly introduce micro-nano pores into natural graphite-based bulk graphite, achieving improved fracture strain of the samples without reducing their density and mechanical properties. Using natural graphite powder, micron-diamond, and nano-diamond as raw materials, and by precisely controlling the staged pressure release process, the degree of diamond phase transition expansion was effectively regulated. The strain-to-failure of the graphite samples reached 1.2%, a 35% increase compared to samples produced by fullpressure sintering. Meanwhile, their flexural strength exceeded 110 MPa, and their density was over 1.9 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The process therefore produced both a high strength and a high fracture strain. The interface evolution and toughening mechanism during the two-step sintering process were investigated. It is believed that the micro-nano pores formed have two roles: as stress concentrators they induce yielding by shear and as multi-crack propagation paths they significantly lengthen the crack propagation path. The two-step sintering phase transition strategy introduces pores and provides a new approach for increasing the fracture strain of brittle materials.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (125KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 703-716"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60993-0
De-si CHEN , Heng-yu LI , Jia-jun DONG , Ming-guang YAO
Lonsdaleite, also known as hexagonal diamond, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal crystal structure, which was discovered in the nanostructure of the Canyon Diablo meteorite. Theoretical calculations have shown that this structure gives it exceptional physical properties that exceed those of cubic diamond, making it highly promising for groundbreaking applications in superhard cutting tools, wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, and materials for extreme environments. As a result, the controllable synthesis of hexagonal diamond has emerged as a cutting-edge research focus in materials science. This review briefly outlines the progress in this area, with a focus on the mechanisms governing its key synthesis conditions, its intrinsic physical properties, and its potential applications in various fields.
{"title":"Synthesis of hexagonal diamond: A review","authors":"De-si CHEN , Heng-yu LI , Jia-jun DONG , Ming-guang YAO","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60993-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60993-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lonsdaleite, also known as hexagonal diamond, is an allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal crystal structure, which was discovered in the nanostructure of the Canyon Diablo meteorite. Theoretical calculations have shown that this structure gives it exceptional physical properties that exceed those of cubic diamond, making it highly promising for groundbreaking applications in superhard cutting tools, wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, and materials for extreme environments. As a result, the controllable synthesis of hexagonal diamond has emerged as a cutting-edge research focus in materials science. This review briefly outlines the progress in this area, with a focus on the mechanisms governing its key synthesis conditions, its intrinsic physical properties, and its potential applications in various fields.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (82KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 584-595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60996-6
Yuning Han , Gong-rui Wang , Xuan-xuan Ren , Ming-zhe Yang , Zhong-tao Li , Zhong-shuai Wu
Lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxides (LRMOs) have the advantages of a high specific capacity, a high working voltage, and low cost, making them promising candidates for the cathode materials of next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, they still have problems such as low initial Coulombic efficiency, poor rate capability, and fast voltage decay, which prevent them from meeting the demanding requirements of lithium-ion batteries in high-end applications such as aerospace, medical equipment, and advanced electric vehicles. To gain a comprehensive understanding of LRMOs, this review discusses their crystal structure, major problems, and main ways of modification, and provides an outlook on their future. First, the crystal structure and energy storage mechanism of LRMOs are described in detail, and the key challenges they face are discussed, including densification of the crystal structure caused by irreversible reactions in the bulk and surface, and their loss of electrochemical performance (voltage decay, reduced initial coulombic efficiency, and poor rate capability). Strategies for modifying LRMOs are summarized and explored, including increasing the lithium-ion diffusion rate and improving crystal structure stability by elemental doping. The suppression of harmful side reactions between them and the electrolyte by surface coating during cycling (including phosphate coating, carbon coating, metal oxide coating, and conductive polymer coating) to improve structural stability is discussed, as are means of improving their interfacial stability with solid/liquid electrolytes by modifying the electrolyte, in order to boost their cycling performance. Their electrochemical performance can also be improved by binder optimization. The review concludes by considering their future prospects, and provides detailed guidance for the rational design and scalable production of next-generation LRMO cathode materials for highenergy-density lithium-ion batteries.
{"title":"High specific-energy lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxide cathodes: key challenges, modification strategies and future prospects","authors":"Yuning Han , Gong-rui Wang , Xuan-xuan Ren , Ming-zhe Yang , Zhong-tao Li , Zhong-shuai Wu","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60996-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60996-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-rich manganese-based layered oxides (LRMOs) have the advantages of a high specific capacity, a high working voltage, and low cost, making them promising candidates for the cathode materials of next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, they still have problems such as low initial Coulombic efficiency, poor rate capability, and fast voltage decay, which prevent them from meeting the demanding requirements of lithium-ion batteries in high-end applications such as aerospace, medical equipment, and advanced electric vehicles. To gain a comprehensive understanding of LRMOs, this review discusses their crystal structure, major problems, and main ways of modification, and provides an outlook on their future. First, the crystal structure and energy storage mechanism of LRMOs are described in detail, and the key challenges they face are discussed, including densification of the crystal structure caused by irreversible reactions in the bulk and surface, and their loss of electrochemical performance (voltage decay, reduced initial coulombic efficiency, and poor rate capability). Strategies for modifying LRMOs are summarized and explored, including increasing the lithium-ion diffusion rate and improving crystal structure stability by elemental doping. The suppression of harmful side reactions between them and the electrolyte by surface coating during cycling (including phosphate coating, carbon coating, metal oxide coating, and conductive polymer coating) to improve structural stability is discussed, as are means of improving their interfacial stability with solid/liquid electrolytes by modifying the electrolyte, in order to boost their cycling performance. Their electrochemical performance can also be improved by binder optimization. The review concludes by considering their future prospects, and provides detailed guidance for the rational design and scalable production of next-generation LRMO cathode materials for highenergy-density lithium-ion batteries.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (74KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 597-620"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60979-6
Qin ZHONG , Ying MO , Wang ZHOU , Biao ZHENG , Jian-fang WU , Guo-ku LIU , Zieauddin Kufian Mohd , Osman Zurina , Xiong-wen XU , Peng GAO , Le-zhi YANG , Ji-lei LIU
Changes to the microstructure of a hard carbon (HC) and its solid electrolyte interface (SEI) can be effective in improving the electrode kinetics. However, achieving fast charging using a simple and inexpensive strategy without sacrificing its initial Coulombic efficiency remains a challenge in sodium ion batteries. A simple liquid-phase coating approach has been used to generate a pitch-derived soft carbon layer on the HC surface, and its effect on the porosity of HC and SEI chemistry has been studied. A variety of structural characterizations show a soft carbon coating can increase the defect and ultra-micropore contents. The increase in ultra-micropore comes from both the soft carbon coatings and the larger pores within the HC that are partially filled by pitch, which provides more Na+ storage sites. In-situ FTIR/EIS and ex-situ XPS showed that the soft carbon coating induced the formation of thinner SEI that is richer in NaF from the electrolyte, which stabilized the interface and promoted the charge transfer process. As a result, the anode produced fastcharging (329.8 mAh g–1 at 30 mA g–1 and 198.6 mAh g–1 at 300 mA g–1) and had a better cycling performance (a high capacity retention of 81.4% after 100 cycles at 150 mA g–1). This work reveals the critical role of coating layer in changing the pore structure, SEI chemistry and diffusion kinetics of hard carbon, which enables rational design of sodium-ion battery anode with enhanced fast charging capability.
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改变硬碳（HC）及其固体电解质界面（SEI）的微观结构可以有效地改善电极动力学。然而，在不牺牲初始库仑效率的情况下，用一种简单而廉价的策略实现快速充电，仍然是钠离子电池面临的挑战。采用简单的液相镀膜方法在HC表面制备了沥青衍生的软碳层，并研究了其对HC和SEI化学孔隙率的影响。多种结构表征表明，软碳涂层可以增加缺陷和超微孔的含量。超微孔的增加来自于软碳涂层和HC内部较大的孔，这些孔部分被沥青填充，从而提供了更多的Na+存储位点。原位FTIR/EIS和非原位XPS表明，软碳涂层诱导电解质形成了更薄、更富NaF的SEI，稳定了界面，促进了电荷转移过程。结果，阳极产生了快速充电（30ma g-1时329.8 mAh g-1, 300ma g-1时198.6 mAh g-1），并且具有更好的循环性能（150 mA g-1下100次循环后的高容量保持率为81.4%）。本研究揭示了涂层在改变硬碳的孔隙结构、SEI化学和扩散动力学方面的关键作用，为合理设计具有增强快速充电能力的钠离子电池阳极提供了可能。下载：下载高分辨率图片（121KB）下载：下载全尺寸图片
{"title":"Changing the pore structure and surface chemistry of hard carbon by coating it with a soft carbon to boost high-rate sodium storage","authors":"Qin ZHONG , Ying MO , Wang ZHOU , Biao ZHENG , Jian-fang WU , Guo-ku LIU , Zieauddin Kufian Mohd , Osman Zurina , Xiong-wen XU , Peng GAO , Le-zhi YANG , Ji-lei LIU","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60979-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60979-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes to the microstructure of a hard carbon (HC) and its solid electrolyte interface (SEI) can be effective in improving the electrode kinetics. However, achieving fast charging using a simple and inexpensive strategy without sacrificing its initial Coulombic efficiency remains a challenge in sodium ion batteries. A simple liquid-phase coating approach has been used to generate a pitch-derived soft carbon layer on the HC surface, and its effect on the porosity of HC and SEI chemistry has been studied. A variety of structural characterizations show a soft carbon coating can increase the defect and ultra-micropore contents. The increase in ultra-micropore comes from both the soft carbon coatings and the larger pores within the HC that are partially filled by pitch, which provides more Na<sup>+</sup> storage sites. In-situ FTIR/EIS and ex-situ XPS showed that the soft carbon coating induced the formation of thinner SEI that is richer in NaF from the electrolyte, which stabilized the interface and promoted the charge transfer process. As a result, the anode produced fastcharging (329.8 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at 30 mA g<sup>–1</sup> and 198.6 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at 300 mA g<sup>–1</sup>) and had a better cycling performance (a high capacity retention of 81.4% after 100 cycles at 150 mA g<sup>–1</sup>). This work reveals the critical role of coating layer in changing the pore structure, SEI chemistry and diffusion kinetics of hard carbon, which enables rational design of sodium-ion battery anode with enhanced fast charging capability.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (121KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 651-665"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene monoliths are a new carbon material, that has tremendous potential in the fields of energy conversion and storage. They can solve the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets, including interlayer restacking, high contact resistance, and insufficient pore accessibility. By constructing interconnected porous networks, 3D graphenes not only retain the intrinsic advantages of 2D graphene sheets, such as high specific surface area, excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, good mechanical properties, and outstanding chemical stability, but also enable efficient mass transport of external fluid species. We summarize the fabrication methods for 3D graphenes, with a particular focus on their applications in energy-related systems. Techniques including chemical reduction assembly, chemical vapor deposition, 3D printing, chemical blowing, and zinc-tiered pyrolysis have been developed to change their pore structure and elemental composition, and ways in which they can be integrated with functional components. In terms of energy conversion and storage, they have found broad use in buffering mechanical impacts, suppressing noise, photothermal conversion, electromagnetic shielding and absorption. They have also been used in electrochemical energy systems such as supercapacitors, secondary batteries, and electrocatalysis. By reviewing recent progress in structural design and new applications, we also discuss the problems these materials face, including scalable fabrication and precise pore structure control, and possible new applications.
{"title":"A review of 3D graphene materials for energy storage and conversion","authors":"Zi-yuan WU , Chi-wei XU , Jin-jue ZENG , Xiang-fen JIANG , Xue-bin WANG","doi":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60989-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1872-5805(25)60989-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three-dimensional (3D) graphene monoliths are a new carbon material, that has tremendous potential in the fields of energy conversion and storage. They can solve the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets, including interlayer restacking, high contact resistance, and insufficient pore accessibility. By constructing interconnected porous networks, 3D graphenes not only retain the intrinsic advantages of 2D graphene sheets, such as high specific surface area, excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, good mechanical properties, and outstanding chemical stability, but also enable efficient mass transport of external fluid species. We summarize the fabrication methods for 3D graphenes, with a particular focus on their applications in energy-related systems. Techniques including chemical reduction assembly, chemical vapor deposition, 3D printing, chemical blowing, and zinc-tiered pyrolysis have been developed to change their pore structure and elemental composition, and ways in which they can be integrated with functional components. In terms of energy conversion and storage, they have found broad use in buffering mechanical impacts, suppressing noise, photothermal conversion, electromagnetic shielding and absorption. They have also been used in electrochemical energy systems such as supercapacitors, secondary batteries, and electrocatalysis. By reviewing recent progress in structural design and new applications, we also discuss the problems these materials face, including scalable fabrication and precise pore structure control, and possible new applications.\u0000\t\t\t\t<span><figure><span><img><ol><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download high-res image (150KB)</span></span></span></li><li><span><span>Download: <span>Download full-size image</span></span></span></li></ol></span></figure></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19719,"journal":{"name":"New Carbon Materials","volume":"40 3","pages":"Pages 477-517"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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