Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.209.219
M. Akash, K. Rehman, Shakila Sabir, Javeria Gul, I. Hussain
Nowadays, pharmaceutical waste has been considered as an environmental micro pollutant due to its unavoidable occurrence in the ecosystem and has become a major health issue. Pharmaceutical products are formulated to therapeutically influence the physiological systems, however, their potential health concerns which contribute in increasing environmental pollution like other most potential environmental pollutants still needs to be taken under consideration by the healthcare professionals and environmental experts. So, the contamination of treated wastewater by pharmaceutical waste and outcome of these compounds in the agricultural environment are of increasing concern and potential risk for the ecosystem. With increasing utilization of treated wastewater and biosolids in agriculture, residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products in these reused resources may contaminate the food produced via plant uptake, constituting a route for human exposure. In this article, the occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals waste have been briefly reviewed. Moreover, major concerns associated with exposure of biological systems of both plant and animal origin to the pharmaceutical wastes contaminating the ecosystem have also been discussed here which concluded that standard procedures and protocols should be followed to dispose of the leftovers of pharmaceuticals and/or pharmaceutical wastes.
{"title":"Review Potential Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical Waste: Critical Review and Analysis","authors":"M. Akash, K. Rehman, Shakila Sabir, Javeria Gul, I. Hussain","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.209.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.209.219","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, pharmaceutical waste has been considered as an environmental micro pollutant due to its unavoidable occurrence in the ecosystem and has become a major health issue. Pharmaceutical products are formulated to therapeutically influence the physiological systems, however, their potential health concerns which contribute in increasing environmental pollution like other most potential environmental pollutants still needs to be taken under consideration by the healthcare professionals and environmental experts. So, the contamination of treated wastewater by pharmaceutical waste and outcome of these compounds in the agricultural environment are of increasing concern and potential risk for the ecosystem. With increasing utilization of treated wastewater and biosolids in agriculture, residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products in these reused resources may contaminate the food produced via plant uptake, constituting a route for human exposure. In this article, the occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals waste have been briefly reviewed. Moreover, major concerns associated with exposure of biological systems of both plant and animal origin to the pharmaceutical wastes contaminating the ecosystem have also been discussed here which concluded that standard procedures and protocols should be followed to dispose of the leftovers of pharmaceuticals and/or pharmaceutical wastes.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"33 1","pages":"209-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91072203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.220.230
T. Iqbal, Memoona Kousar, Aqsa Tehseen, Almas Bashir
MoS2 is a layered evolution metal having similar structure to graphene. It has got universal consideration due to its different applications as sensors, energy storage devices, energy adaptation and environmental remediation. The properties of MoS2 and graphene are almost comparable but MoS2 has higher tendency than graphene because it has a low cost, tunable band gap and good visibility for light absorption properties. So, our main focus is to elaborate the up-to-date advances of MoS2 with respect to applications of energy and environment at broad area, for example, applications in HER, Li-ion battery, dye sensitized soar cells and super capacitors. At last the submission of energy and environmental for challenges to design MoS2 are painted. But MoS2 also has some limitations as a good photo catalyst which are discussed in this review article. In this study, we systematically explore the recent researches on transition metal doped MoS2 as photo catalyst for hydrogen evolution by splitting the water
{"title":"Review Molybdenum Disulfide for Different Applications -A Review","authors":"T. Iqbal, Memoona Kousar, Aqsa Tehseen, Almas Bashir","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.220.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.220.230","url":null,"abstract":"MoS2 is a layered evolution metal having similar structure to graphene. It has got universal consideration due to its different applications as sensors, energy storage devices, energy adaptation and environmental remediation. The properties of MoS2 and graphene are almost comparable but MoS2 has higher tendency than graphene because it has a low cost, tunable band gap and good visibility for light absorption properties. So, our main focus is to elaborate the up-to-date advances of MoS2 with respect to applications of energy and environment at broad area, for example, applications in HER, Li-ion battery, dye sensitized soar cells and super capacitors. At last the submission of energy and environmental for challenges to design MoS2 are painted. But MoS2 also has some limitations as a good photo catalyst which are discussed in this review article. In this study, we systematically explore the recent researches on transition metal doped MoS2 as photo catalyst for hydrogen evolution by splitting the water","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"11 1","pages":"220-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89981416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.162.167
S. Abro, H. Moria, Mohammad N. Alghamdi, A. Z. Al-Khazaal, S. S. Haque
A scientific approach has been adopted in this research work to develop an antibacterial composite material by synthesizing the zinc and oxide together along with activated composite of carbon. NH3, H2O2, ZnO, AC and H2O were used in this context. Embedded together to convert the zinc oxide to activated carbon. The 2.5 g of zinc oxide along with 45 mL of ammonia mixed with 4 mL of H2O2. After that 250 g of activated carbon along with precursor solution was soaked for a period of 3 h. Immediately, after soaking the solution was kept for drying at room temperature for a period of 12 h. After drying, the product was sintered in the sintering furnace at a temp: of 248 °K (120 °C) for a soaking period of 2 h. The morphology was analyzed with the help of XRD and SEM. The XRD peaks clearly shows the zinc oxide and activated carbon product and also the SEM micrographs reveal the porous structure of the composite of ZnO activated carbon. It is concluded that the antibacterial activated carbon composite of zinc and oxide was successfully developed and can be used for water filtration.
{"title":"Development and Characterization of Antibacterial Activated Carbon Composite of Zinc and Oxide for Water Filtration as an Industrial Application","authors":"S. Abro, H. Moria, Mohammad N. Alghamdi, A. Z. Al-Khazaal, S. S. Haque","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.162.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.162.167","url":null,"abstract":"A scientific approach has been adopted in this research work to develop an antibacterial composite material by synthesizing the zinc and oxide together along with activated composite of carbon. NH3, H2O2, ZnO, AC and H2O were used in this context. Embedded together to convert the zinc oxide to activated carbon. The 2.5 g of zinc oxide along with 45 mL of ammonia mixed with 4 mL of H2O2. After that 250 g of activated carbon along with precursor solution was soaked for a period of 3 h. Immediately, after soaking the solution was kept for drying at room temperature for a period of 12 h. After drying, the product was sintered in the sintering furnace at a temp: of 248 °K (120 °C) for a soaking period of 2 h. The morphology was analyzed with the help of XRD and SEM. The XRD peaks clearly shows the zinc oxide and activated carbon product and also the SEM micrographs reveal the porous structure of the composite of ZnO activated carbon. It is concluded that the antibacterial activated carbon composite of zinc and oxide was successfully developed and can be used for water filtration.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"80 1","pages":"162-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84116908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.188.200
Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah
The present study focuses on determining the correlation of land surface temperature (LST) with normalized difference builtup index (NDBI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Lahore, a metropolitan city of Pakistan using landsat 5 and 8 dataset. This study also categorizes different types of land use through supervised image classification scheme and maximum likelihood algorithm (MLA), and assess the correlation between LST and land use type of different classes. The results of the study indicate that modifications in type of land use altered spatial variations of land surface temperature in 1990 and 2015. The findings also show that the ever increasing temperature caused by impervious surfaces such as builtup area, roads, construction sites and vacant land considerably contributes to heat island effect. However, vegetation cover, green and blue spaces decrease LST and effectively relieve the effect of heat island. LST builds a strong positive correlation with NDBI and strong negative correlation with NDVI. Based on the regression analysis between LST and NDBI and NDVI, these indices can be utilized as a sign to assess the impact of LU changes on temperature. The results further indicates that LST changes follow the pattern of LU changes in Lahore and the warmness intensity has been observed highest in the high density builtup area and vacant land, while low at the green and blue spaces. The analysis reveals that an increase in LST by 1.98 °C during the period of 25 years at the rate of 0.079 °C/year in high density builtup area was due to the excessive increase in settlement growth. The study concludes that change of land use has an effect on the LST in Lahore.
{"title":"Exploring the Relationship Between Land Surface Temperature and Land Use Change in Lahore Using Landsat Data","authors":"Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.188.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.188.200","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focuses on determining the correlation of land surface temperature (LST) with normalized difference builtup index (NDBI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of Lahore, a metropolitan city of Pakistan using landsat 5 and 8 dataset. This study also categorizes different types of land use through supervised image classification scheme and maximum likelihood algorithm (MLA), and assess the correlation between LST and land use type of different classes. The results of the study indicate that modifications in type of land use altered spatial variations of land surface temperature in 1990 and 2015. The findings also show that the ever increasing temperature caused by impervious surfaces such as builtup area, roads, construction sites and vacant land considerably contributes to heat island effect. However, vegetation cover, green and blue spaces decrease LST and effectively relieve the effect of heat island. LST builds a strong positive correlation with NDBI and strong negative correlation with NDVI. Based on the regression analysis between LST and NDBI and NDVI, these indices can be utilized as a sign to assess the impact of LU changes on temperature. The results further indicates that LST changes follow the pattern of LU changes in Lahore and the warmness intensity has been observed highest in the high density builtup area and vacant land, while low at the green and blue spaces. The analysis reveals that an increase in LST by 1.98 °C during the period of 25 years at the rate of 0.079 °C/year in high density builtup area was due to the excessive increase in settlement growth. The study concludes that change of land use has an effect on the LST in Lahore.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"24 1","pages":"188-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73083452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.168.175
Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif, Fatima Tariq, F. Arooj
Ambient air pollution is emerging environmental problem in major cities of Pakistan. Service sector growth is 8% and there is a rapid development of infrastructure in cities especially in transport sector which causes ambient air pollution issues in mega cities. To estimate the level of pollution in the city of Lahore, ambient air quality mapping procedure was used with the help of Haz Scanner HIM-6000 equipped with different sensors and ArcGIS 10.3 software was used for mapping of these pollutants. This study continued for two months from September to October, 2017 for different pollutants like PM2.5, VOCs, Ozone, NOx, CO2, CO, SO2 and H2S. From the study, it was concluded that ambient air in Lahore has lot of pollutants especially PM2.5, NO, NO2, CO, SO2 where as conc. of VOCs, H2S and Ozone was in limits in relation to NEQs for these pollutants.
环境空气污染是巴基斯坦主要城市日益突出的环境问题。服务业增长率为8%，城市基础设施发展迅速，尤其是交通部门，这导致了大城市的环境空气污染问题。为了估计拉合尔市的污染水平，利用配备不同传感器的Haz Scanner HIM-6000进行环境空气质量制图，并使用ArcGIS 10.3软件对这些污染物进行制图。本研究从2017年9月至10月持续了两个月，对PM2.5、VOCs、臭氧、NOx、CO2、CO、SO2和H2S等不同污染物进行了研究。从研究中得出，拉合尔的环境空气中有很多污染物，特别是PM2.5, NO, NO2, CO, SO2，其中conc。挥发性有机化合物、硫化氢和臭氧的含量均在国家空气质量标准的限定范围内。
{"title":"A GIS Based Mapping of Ambient Air Quality of Major Sites of Lahore","authors":"Saif-ur-Rehman Kashif, Fatima Tariq, F. Arooj","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.168.175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.168.175","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient air pollution is emerging environmental problem in major cities of Pakistan. Service sector growth is 8% and there is a rapid development of infrastructure in cities especially in transport sector which causes ambient air pollution issues in mega cities. To estimate the level of pollution in the city of Lahore, ambient air quality mapping procedure was used with the help of Haz Scanner HIM-6000 equipped with different sensors and ArcGIS 10.3 software was used for mapping of these pollutants. This study continued for two months from September to October, 2017 for different pollutants like PM2.5, VOCs, Ozone, NOx, CO2, CO, SO2 and H2S. From the study, it was concluded that ambient air in Lahore has lot of pollutants especially PM2.5, NO, NO2, CO, SO2 where as conc. of VOCs, H2S and Ozone was in limits in relation to NEQs for these pollutants.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"41 1","pages":"168-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82770274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.231.238
T. Iqbal, A. Raza, Aqsa Tehseen, Almas Bashir
At time when the limitation of silicon capabilities is being touched the finding of graphene and its exclusive properties of nano-scale are of utmost importance. The possible substitutes of following generation for quicker and minor electronics of present 21st century. Several methods and techniques are being experimented to produce graphene with enhanced properties to be used as a substitute for existing materials. Raman spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and tunneling electron microscopy are the characterizing techniques for the prepared graphene. Graphene is the core compound of interest for scientists for this decade and previous as well, because of its exceptional impact on many life disciplines. That is why the increasing trend in recent years for the graphene and graphene oxides is observed.
{"title":"Review A Brief Review of Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Graphene","authors":"T. Iqbal, A. Raza, Aqsa Tehseen, Almas Bashir","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.231.238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.231.238","url":null,"abstract":"At time when the limitation of silicon capabilities is being touched the finding of graphene and its exclusive properties of nano-scale are of utmost importance. The possible substitutes of following generation for quicker and minor electronics of present 21st century. Several methods and techniques are being experimented to produce graphene with enhanced properties to be used as a substitute for existing materials. Raman spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and tunneling electron microscopy are the characterizing techniques for the prepared graphene. Graphene is the core compound of interest for scientists for this decade and previous as well, because of its exceptional impact on many life disciplines. That is why the increasing trend in recent years for the graphene and graphene oxides is observed.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"36 1","pages":"231-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80824438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.176.187
Osikemekha Anthony Anania, J. Olomukoro, A. Enuneku
The objectives of this study are to assess the trace and heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Ossiomo river, using geospatial mapping, environmetrics and ecological risk indices. The results from the descriptive statistics showed that there was significant difference (P 0.05) in the mean values of Zn across the stations. The results of the relationship of the metals revealed a negative correlation between Fe and Mn with the other metals correspondingly. The results of the Kriging interpolation indicated a strong bull eye colour for stations 2 and 3 (6.42), while stations 1 and 4 were minimal (1.4). The results of the geospatial mapping indicated Fe, Zn and Mn to be the most dominant metals across the stations. The results of the PCA (principal component analysis) yielded 16 variables under 9 components with Eigenvalues >1 in components 1- 6 and these variables explained 99.99 % of the total variance in the sediment. The results of the degree of suitability and sphericity of the PCA revealed a high significant difference at P<0.001. The results of the potential ecological risk index values were very high in station 2 (824.30) and 3 (802.11) correspondingly. That of index of geo-accumulation was generally low (< 2). The findings from this study generally revealed the source apportionment of the trace and heavy metals to come from anthropogenic influences such as farming; fertilizers. Sustainable agriculture is highly recommended in order to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities, deterioration of the ecosystem and possible death of the life forms in this watercourse.
{"title":"Geospatial Mapping, Environmetrics and Indexing Approach for a Tropical River Sediment in Southern Nigeria","authors":"Osikemekha Anthony Anania, J. Olomukoro, A. Enuneku","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.176.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.176.187","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study are to assess the trace and heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Ossiomo river, using geospatial mapping, environmetrics and ecological risk indices. The results from the descriptive statistics showed that there was significant difference (P 0.05) in the mean values of Zn across the stations. The results of the relationship of the metals revealed a negative correlation between Fe and Mn with the other metals correspondingly. The results of the Kriging interpolation indicated a strong bull eye colour for stations 2 and 3 (6.42), while stations 1 and 4 were minimal (1.4). The results of the geospatial mapping indicated Fe, Zn and Mn to be the most dominant metals across the stations. The results of the PCA (principal component analysis) yielded 16 variables under 9 components with Eigenvalues >1 in components 1- 6 and these variables explained 99.99 % of the total variance in the sediment. The results of the degree of suitability and sphericity of the PCA revealed a high significant difference at P<0.001. The results of the potential ecological risk index values were very high in station 2 (824.30) and 3 (802.11) correspondingly. That of index of geo-accumulation was generally low (< 2). The findings from this study generally revealed the source apportionment of the trace and heavy metals to come from anthropogenic influences such as farming; fertilizers. Sustainable agriculture is highly recommended in order to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic activities, deterioration of the ecosystem and possible death of the life forms in this watercourse.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"28 1","pages":"176-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88334568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.147.152
Ahmad H. M. Al-Falahi
This research studies is the effects of the chemical solutions on the structural properties and thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite materials. Samples were prepared via the hand lay-up molding method, using epoxy resin as a matrix and a variety of weight ratios of the nanoceramic powder (Zirconia- Yttria) as a reinforcement material with different weight ratios,using hand lay-up molding method. Distilled water H20 and diluted HCl and Na0H solutions were used as immersion mediums. Surface roughness, granularity cumulating distribution and thermal conductivity were investigated. The results showed an increase in the surface roughness and changes in the granularity cumulating distribution and thermal conductivity that were dependent on the type of immersion medium used, as well as on the addition ratio of Zirconia-Yttria.
{"title":"Effect of Immersion Mediums on the Structural and Thermal Properties of [EP/Zr02-Y203] Nanocomposites","authors":"Ahmad H. M. Al-Falahi","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.147.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.147.152","url":null,"abstract":"This research studies is the effects of the chemical solutions on the structural properties and thermal conductivity of the nanocomposite materials. Samples were prepared via the hand lay-up molding method, using epoxy resin as a matrix and a variety of weight ratios of the nanoceramic powder (Zirconia- Yttria) as a reinforcement material with different weight ratios,using hand lay-up molding method. Distilled water H20 and diluted HCl and Na0H solutions were used as immersion mediums. Surface roughness, granularity cumulating distribution and thermal conductivity were investigated. The results showed an increase in the surface roughness and changes in the granularity cumulating distribution and thermal conductivity that were dependent on the type of immersion medium used, as well as on the addition ratio of Zirconia-Yttria.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"20 1","pages":"147-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73977452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.139.146
A. F. Apanpa-Qasim
Seven different manufacturers of paints were purchased from two major cities in southwest Nigeria. At least one sample from the same manufacturer and colour, was identified and analyzed for dibutyl phthalate (DBP). GC/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of dibutyl phthalate in water-based paints after solvent extraction. The highest level of DBP found was 47,100 ppb (unregistered manufacturer), followed by 45,100 and 19,400 in a white, pink and cream coloured paint, respectively, while the lowest concentration was 721 ppb in a cream coloured paints, unregistered manufacturer. The PCA results were in good accordance with the findings of the correlation coefficient. DBP is used by all manufacturers for flexibility and better spreadability. It is a cheap alternative and readily available. It's an emerging contaminant newly reported in paints and its toxicological effects should not be underestimated, since there is no regulation in place.
{"title":"Dibutyl Phthalate an Emerging Contaminant in Water-Based Paints","authors":"A. F. Apanpa-Qasim","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.139.146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.139.146","url":null,"abstract":"Seven different manufacturers of paints were purchased from two major cities in southwest Nigeria. At least one sample from the same manufacturer and colour, was identified and analyzed for dibutyl phthalate (DBP). GC/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of dibutyl phthalate in water-based paints after solvent extraction. The highest level of DBP found was 47,100 ppb (unregistered manufacturer), followed by 45,100 and 19,400 in a white, pink and cream coloured paint, respectively, while the lowest concentration was 721 ppb in a cream coloured paints, unregistered manufacturer. The PCA results were in good accordance with the findings of the correlation coefficient. DBP is used by all manufacturers for flexibility and better spreadability. It is a cheap alternative and readily available. It's an emerging contaminant newly reported in paints and its toxicological effects should not be underestimated, since there is no regulation in place.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"136 1","pages":"139-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86398717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.153.161
Muhammad Qamar Tusief, M. Malik, H. Asghar, Muhammad Mohsin
Enriched effluents of textile dye are considered highly complex and containing hazardous components. Their discharge to nearby drains without treatment has high risk to environmental and human health. The physico-chemical strategies under practice to treat these effluents have technical and economical restrictions. Comparatively, biological treatment methods like floating treatment wetlands are less expensive and eco-friendly. Blue reactive dye enriched textile water and prepared synthetically and added to an artificial Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) system vegetated with Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes aquatic plants along with Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains. Plant-microbe synergistic effect was studied by measuring the physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, EC, TDS and TSS of dye enriched water after 0 (at the start of the experiment), 24, 48 and 72 h retention time. A substantial decrease in all these factors (11.34 %, 40.67 %, 64.37 %, 58.23 %, for pH, EC, TDS and TSS respectively) was noted for E. crassipes and B. cereus combination after 72 h retention time. This high lighted the fact that plant assisted microbial FTWs technique can be a unique approach to remediate the textile effluents.
{"title":"Eco-Friendly Degradation of Blue Reactive Dye Enriched Textile Water by Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) System (Part A)","authors":"Muhammad Qamar Tusief, M. Malik, H. Asghar, Muhammad Mohsin","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.153.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.153.161","url":null,"abstract":"Enriched effluents of textile dye are considered highly complex and containing hazardous components. Their discharge to nearby drains without treatment has high risk to environmental and human health. The physico-chemical strategies under practice to treat these effluents have technical and economical restrictions. Comparatively, biological treatment methods like floating treatment wetlands are less expensive and eco-friendly. Blue reactive dye enriched textile water and prepared synthetically and added to an artificial Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) system vegetated with Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes aquatic plants along with Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains. Plant-microbe synergistic effect was studied by measuring the physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, EC, TDS and TSS of dye enriched water after 0 (at the start of the experiment), 24, 48 and 72 h retention time. A substantial decrease in all these factors (11.34 %, 40.67 %, 64.37 %, 58.23 %, for pH, EC, TDS and TSS respectively) was noted for E. crassipes and B. cereus combination after 72 h retention time. This high lighted the fact that plant assisted microbial FTWs technique can be a unique approach to remediate the textile effluents.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"1993 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82407384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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