Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.18.24
Z. Ahmed, Sambreen Zameer, S. Sharafat, M. R. Khanani
The reported cases of snake bite are 5.4 million per year, making the serious envenoming issue so, that WHO categorises cases of snake bite in neglected tropical diseases. Anti snake venom is produced by intramuscular injection of crude venom with different formulation of adjuvants to equine animals, but these intramuscular injections have several serious health impact in equine. Snake species categorised according to geographical locations, and there is a different composition of the snake venom at different locations. So, this research had been designed and evaluated new oral adjuvant formulation for viper family of Sindh, Pakistan. This is a animal immune based analysis consisting two Saw scale viper from Thar and costal area of Sindh because both have different habitat and morphological appearance. The venom toxin protein, combined with a mineral oil adjuvant for oral immunization. The adjuvant with venom via oral route produced of specific IgG and horse give maximum response with three doses of venom. The antibody titer was measured by ELISA showed significant results in both groups. For confirmation of specific antibodies isolated from horse serum, serum neutalization assay and immunodiffusion test were carried out. The snake venom with oral adjuvant immunization, is safe, efficient and time saving for production of equine Immunoglobulins IgG.
{"title":"The Development of Mucosal Immunization as an Alternative Approach for Production of Antisera Against Saw Scale Viper from Sindh","authors":"Z. Ahmed, Sambreen Zameer, S. Sharafat, M. R. Khanani","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.18.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.18.24","url":null,"abstract":"The reported cases of snake bite are 5.4 million per year, making the serious envenoming issue so, that WHO categorises cases of snake bite in neglected tropical diseases. Anti snake venom is produced by intramuscular injection of crude venom with different formulation of adjuvants to equine animals, but these intramuscular injections have several serious health impact in equine. Snake species categorised according to geographical locations, and there is a different composition of the snake venom at different locations. So, this research had been designed and evaluated new oral adjuvant formulation for viper family of Sindh, Pakistan. This is a animal immune based analysis consisting two Saw scale viper from Thar and costal area of Sindh because both have different habitat and morphological appearance. The venom toxin protein, combined with a mineral oil adjuvant for oral immunization. The adjuvant with venom via oral route produced of specific IgG and horse give maximum response with three doses of venom. The antibody titer was measured by ELISA showed significant results in both groups. For confirmation of specific antibodies isolated from horse serum, serum neutalization assay and immunodiffusion test were carried out. The snake venom with oral adjuvant immunization, is safe, efficient and time saving for production of equine Immunoglobulins IgG.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"23 1","pages":"18-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74759081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.64.74
G. S. Channa, A. R. Mahar, lnayatullah Rajpar, Abdul Hafeez Memon, Muneer Ali Bhagat, M. A. Saand, A. A. Mirbahar, M. H. Sirohi
Salinity hampers the production of many field crops in the region including rice (Oryza sativa L.), while commonly classified as salt sensitive within the same species, the level of sensitivity varies between genotypes. This study investigated the salinity tolerance of 28 rice genotypes, including 9 aromatics and 19 non-aromatics. Sixty seeds of each genotype were initially sown in trays (24x18 inches) during the 1st week of June, by of using four salt treatments (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl+CaCl2 @ 20:1). The experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design with four replicates in laboratory conditions, at Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh, for the period of twenty-five days. A significant reduction in agro-morphological parameters was observed against all salinity levels. Based on reduction in dry matter yield, all rice genotypes were found tolerant at 40 mM. Eleven rice genotypes were found tolerant, fourteen were moderately tolerant, one was moderately sensitive and remaining two genotypes were found sensitive at 80 mM salinity level. Furthermore, none of the genotypes were able to with stand 120 mM of salinity. The genotypes Khushboo, DR-83 and Mahek performed meager and showed more than 50% reduction over control and categorised as sensitive, with the genotypes Latifee, DR-67 and DR-92, DR-51 and IR-6 are categorised as tolerant with a reduction of less than 20% over control based on dry matter yield reduction against all salinity treatments at the early seedling stage. However, these genotypes cannot be justified as tolerant only on the basis of their improved performance at early growth stage. Hence, these genotypes are suggested to be studied further at other advanced growth stages up to maturity to evaluate their response under a saline environment.
盐阻碍了该地区许多大田作物的生产，包括水稻(Oryza sativa L.)，虽然在同一物种中通常被归类为盐敏感，但不同基因型的敏感程度不同。研究了28个水稻基因型的耐盐性，其中9个为芳香型，19个为非芳香型。每种基因型60粒种子于6月第1周在24 × 18英寸的托盘中播种，采用4种盐处理(0、40、80和120 mM NaCl+CaCl2 @ 20:1)。该实验在信德省Khairpur的Shah Abdul Latif大学进行，在实验室条件下采用完全随机设计，有4个重复，为期25天。在所有盐度水平下，农业形态参数均显著降低。根据干物质产量的降低，所有水稻基因型在40 mM盐度下均表现出耐盐性，其中11个基因型表现出耐盐性，14个表现出中等耐盐性，1个表现出中等敏感，其余2个基因型表现出80 mM盐度下的敏感性。此外，没有一个基因型能够忍受120 mM的盐度。Khushboo、DR-83和Mahek基因型表现不明显，比对照减少50%以上，属于敏感型;Latifee、DR-67和DR-92基因型、DR-51和IR-6基因型属于耐受性基因型，根据幼苗早期对所有盐处理的干物质产量减少，比对照减少不到20%。然而，这些基因型不能仅仅根据它们在生长早期提高的性能来证明它们是耐受性的。因此，建议对这些基因型在其他生长后期进行进一步研究，直至成熟，以评估它们在盐水环境下的反应。
{"title":"Effect of Salinity on Emergence and Early Growth Stages of Aromatic and Non-Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes","authors":"G. S. Channa, A. R. Mahar, lnayatullah Rajpar, Abdul Hafeez Memon, Muneer Ali Bhagat, M. A. Saand, A. A. Mirbahar, M. H. Sirohi","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.64.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.64.74","url":null,"abstract":"Salinity hampers the production of many field crops in the region including rice (Oryza sativa L.), while commonly classified as salt sensitive within the same species, the level of sensitivity varies between genotypes. This study investigated the salinity tolerance of 28 rice genotypes, including 9 aromatics and 19 non-aromatics. Sixty seeds of each genotype were initially sown in trays (24x18 inches) during the 1st week of June, by of using four salt treatments (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl+CaCl2 @ 20:1). The experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design with four replicates in laboratory conditions, at Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh, for the period of twenty-five days. A significant reduction in agro-morphological parameters was observed against all salinity levels. Based on reduction in dry matter yield, all rice genotypes were found tolerant at 40 mM. Eleven rice genotypes were found tolerant, fourteen were moderately tolerant, one was moderately sensitive and remaining two genotypes were found sensitive at 80 mM salinity level. Furthermore, none of the genotypes were able to with stand 120 mM of salinity. The genotypes Khushboo, DR-83 and Mahek performed meager and showed more than 50% reduction over control and categorised as sensitive, with the genotypes Latifee, DR-67 and DR-92, DR-51 and IR-6 are categorised as tolerant with a reduction of less than 20% over control based on dry matter yield reduction against all salinity treatments at the early seedling stage. However, these genotypes cannot be justified as tolerant only on the basis of their improved performance at early growth stage. Hence, these genotypes are suggested to be studied further at other advanced growth stages up to maturity to evaluate their response under a saline environment.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"16 1","pages":"64-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85087125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.94.108
A. R. Dar, Lubna Andleeb, G. Dar, M. Wani, A. Akhter, N. H. Shah, Irfana Amin
Varied floristic works relevant to Kashmir Himalaya were thoroughly examined to compile taxonomic contributions of various taxonomists viz. a viz. diversity in gymnosperms of this region. Extensive field surveys and standard taxonomic methods were used to locate, collect, identify and prepare an updated list of the target group. A total of 25 species of gymnosperms belonging to 13 genera in 6 families and 4 orders have been documented from the Kashmir Himalaya. Wild gymnosperms are represented by 11 species with conifers forming the most dominant group. Among families, Pinaceae is highest represented with 6 species, while Taxaceae is least represented. Cultivated gymnosperms exceed wild growing species, and Cupressaceae is most dominant with 9 species whereas Ginkgoaceae is least represented. Out 25 species 19 (7 wild + 12 cultivated) are trees, 5 (3 wild + 2 cultivated) are shrubs and only 1 is sub-shrub.
{"title":"A Review of Taxonomic Perspective of Diversity in Gymnosperms of Kashmir Himalaya","authors":"A. R. Dar, Lubna Andleeb, G. Dar, M. Wani, A. Akhter, N. H. Shah, Irfana Amin","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.94.108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.94.108","url":null,"abstract":"Varied floristic works relevant to Kashmir Himalaya were thoroughly examined to compile taxonomic contributions of various taxonomists viz. a viz. diversity in gymnosperms of this region. Extensive field surveys and standard taxonomic methods were used to locate, collect, identify and prepare an updated list of the target group. A total of 25 species of gymnosperms belonging to 13 genera in 6 families and 4 orders have been documented from the Kashmir Himalaya. Wild gymnosperms are represented by 11 species with conifers forming the most dominant group. Among families, Pinaceae is highest represented with 6 species, while Taxaceae is least represented. Cultivated gymnosperms exceed wild growing species, and Cupressaceae is most dominant with 9 species whereas Ginkgoaceae is least represented. Out 25 species 19 (7 wild + 12 cultivated) are trees, 5 (3 wild + 2 cultivated) are shrubs and only 1 is sub-shrub.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"165 1","pages":"94-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86392213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.1.6
A. H. Lanjwani, A. Ghanghro, T. M. J. Khuhawar, M. F. Lanjwani
Moringa oleifera medicinal plant is used for medicinal purposes for the treatment of different types of human diseases. The fresh roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds have been selected for such medicinal purposes. The findings of present study indicated that an appreciable amount of proximate composition and phytochemical had been confirmed. The leaves and seeds for this study showed significant phytochemical sources including phenolic compound, flavonoid, tannin alkaloid and antioxidant content, whereas the most sensitive minerals composition sources including Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, antibacterial activity including the Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aurous were found to be the most sensitive, while Klebsiella pneumonia least sensitive in this study. The growth of Escherichia coli is mostly inhibited by all plants components. Whereas, flowers and leaves showed good inhibition zone against Escherichia coli. The flowers of Maringa oleifera possessed antibacterial protein and peptide which showed highly significant against Staphylococcus aurous, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas, proteus and enterobacter. The research will be supported for nutrition and sources of new drugs for the treatment of the different types of diseases.
{"title":"Nutritional Assessment and Biological Activity of Moringa oleifera","authors":"A. H. Lanjwani, A. Ghanghro, T. M. J. Khuhawar, M. F. Lanjwani","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Moringa oleifera medicinal plant is used for medicinal purposes for the treatment of different types of human diseases. The fresh roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds have been selected for such medicinal purposes. The findings of present study indicated that an appreciable amount of proximate composition and phytochemical had been confirmed. The leaves and seeds for this study showed significant phytochemical sources including phenolic compound, flavonoid, tannin alkaloid and antioxidant content, whereas the most sensitive minerals composition sources including Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, K, antibacterial activity including the Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aurous were found to be the most sensitive, while Klebsiella pneumonia least sensitive in this study. The growth of Escherichia coli is mostly inhibited by all plants components. Whereas, flowers and leaves showed good inhibition zone against Escherichia coli. The flowers of Maringa oleifera possessed antibacterial protein and peptide which showed highly significant against Staphylococcus aurous, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas, proteus and enterobacter. The research will be supported for nutrition and sources of new drugs for the treatment of the different types of diseases.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87397683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.38.42
A. Ghani, M. Ikram, M. Hussain, Muhammad Imran, M. Nadeem, Amna Imtiaz
Citrus is one of the most commonly used as a fruit in Pakistan. To estimate their elemental profile citrus were collected from five different tehsils of Sargodha district. Elemental analysis was carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. There results showed that citrus fruits have riched source of minerals and have highest concentrations of Cu (2.71 mg/Kg), Mn (0.1633 mg/Kg) and Zn (31.72 mg/Kg) noted in T1 (Silanwali), while the maximum concentrations of Mg (65.247 mg/Kg), Cr (0.343 mg/Kg), P (1.146 mg/Kg), Co (0.536 mg/Kg), K (133.01 mg/Kg) were found in T2 (Sahiwal), T4 (Kotmomin) and T5 (Bhehra), respectively. Fluctuation in elemental profile of Citrus reticulata may be attributed to spatial variations or may be due to agro-climatic conditions that varies in all tehsils.
{"title":"Elemental Profile of Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) Growing in Sargodha District","authors":"A. Ghani, M. Ikram, M. Hussain, Muhammad Imran, M. Nadeem, Amna Imtiaz","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.38.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.38.42","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus is one of the most commonly used as a fruit in Pakistan. To estimate their elemental profile citrus were collected from five different tehsils of Sargodha district. Elemental analysis was carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. There results showed that citrus fruits have riched source of minerals and have highest concentrations of Cu (2.71 mg/Kg), Mn (0.1633 mg/Kg) and Zn (31.72 mg/Kg) noted in T1 (Silanwali), while the maximum concentrations of Mg (65.247 mg/Kg), Cr (0.343 mg/Kg), P (1.146 mg/Kg), Co (0.536 mg/Kg), K (133.01 mg/Kg) were found in T2 (Sahiwal), T4 (Kotmomin) and T5 (Bhehra), respectively. Fluctuation in elemental profile of Citrus reticulata may be attributed to spatial variations or may be due to agro-climatic conditions that varies in all tehsils.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"119 1","pages":"38-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81542338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.49.54
M. Tahir, M. Naveed, Aftab Ahmad Sheikh, R. Maqbool
A field experiment was carried out to test the result of foliar application of micro nutrients on growth, quality and yield of three wheat verities. The trial was performed at Agronomic research area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Wheat varieties Jouhar 2016, Ujala 2015 and Gold 2016 were sown. Combination of micro nutrient (Zn 2%, B 0.5%, Fe 1%, Mn 1% and Cu 0.5%) with different amounts (no spray, water spray, 1000 mL/ha, 1250 mL/ha and 1500 mL/ha) was sprayed at booting stage. By results of this study,it is concluded that foliar spray of micro nutrients has significant effect on growth, yield and quality parameters. Statistically highly significant effect of 1250 mL/ha spray of micro nutrients mixture was observed on plant height (105.33 cm), grains/spike (48), grain yield (5336.3 Kg/ha), biological yield (12829 Kg/ha), carbohydrates (63.7%) and protein (11.4%) under V2F4 (Ujala 2015 + 1250 mL/ha micro nutrients).
{"title":"Growth, Yield and Quality Response of Three Wheat Varieties to Foliar Spray of Micro Nutrients","authors":"M. Tahir, M. Naveed, Aftab Ahmad Sheikh, R. Maqbool","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.49.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.49.54","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was carried out to test the result of foliar application of micro nutrients on growth, quality and yield of three wheat verities. The trial was performed at Agronomic research area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Wheat varieties Jouhar 2016, Ujala 2015 and Gold 2016 were sown. Combination of micro nutrient (Zn 2%, B 0.5%, Fe 1%, Mn 1% and Cu 0.5%) with different amounts (no spray, water spray, 1000 mL/ha, 1250 mL/ha and 1500 mL/ha) was sprayed at booting stage. By results of this study,it is concluded that foliar spray of micro nutrients has significant effect on growth, yield and quality parameters. Statistically highly significant effect of 1250 mL/ha spray of micro nutrients mixture was observed on plant height (105.33 cm), grains/spike (48), grain yield (5336.3 Kg/ha), biological yield (12829 Kg/ha), carbohydrates (63.7%) and protein (11.4%) under V2F4 (Ujala 2015 + 1250 mL/ha micro nutrients).","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"50 1","pages":"49-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74496013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.75.80
A. Aqeel, T. Abbas, Z. Mirani, Tooba Naveed, N. Ahmed, A. Basit
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on the microbiological quality of various food items collected from Karachi, Pakistan. A total of two thousand food samples were collected during summer, winter, spring, and autumn season and analyzed for total bacterial count (TBC), total Califarm count (TCC), Fecal califarm count (FCC), mould and yeast count (MYC) and Salmanella spp. The highest percentage of unfit samples was recorded during summer i.e. 25.95%, while the lowest value 11.24% and samples were found unfit in terms of total bacterial count during winter. Furthermore, 24.25% of samples were unsatisfactory during the autumn season followed by spring i.e. 14.54%. Moreover, findings further demonstrated that MYC was observed higher in all seasons as compared to TBC. None of the samples was found positive for Salmanella spp.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation in Microbial Contamination of Various Food Items in Karachi","authors":"A. Aqeel, T. Abbas, Z. Mirani, Tooba Naveed, N. Ahmed, A. Basit","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.75.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.75.80","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on the microbiological quality of various food items collected from Karachi, Pakistan. A total of two thousand food samples were collected during summer, winter, spring, and autumn season and analyzed for total bacterial count (TBC), total Califarm count (TCC), Fecal califarm count (FCC), mould and yeast count (MYC) and Salmanella spp. The highest percentage of unfit samples was recorded during summer i.e. 25.95%, while the lowest value 11.24% and samples were found unfit in terms of total bacterial count during winter. Furthermore, 24.25% of samples were unsatisfactory during the autumn season followed by spring i.e. 14.54%. Moreover, findings further demonstrated that MYC was observed higher in all seasons as compared to TBC. None of the samples was found positive for Salmanella spp.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"13 1","pages":"75-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74571235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.30.37
Saeeda Sultana, S. Hussain, Muhammad Farooq, M. Ehsan
This study describe the design features and performance of the unglazed transpired solar dryer for large and medium scale drying of Dates in the Dates growing area of Pakistan. The dryer has the designed capacity to dry 500 Kg of Dates from Khalaal (70% humidity) to Tamar (25% humidity), at 55 C ± 5 C in 72 continuous hours using biomass furnace as an auxiliary heat source and it covers approximately 256 m2 areas. This is the ideal humidity condition to store Dates for one year without any further degradation. In traditional open sunshine the huge quantity of Dates are dried in over 150 h hours and requires hectare of area to spread the Dates. Moreover, the quality of Dates in the open sunshine is affected badly due to two main reasons. Firstly, the heavy dust in the area that sticks the Dates during the drying process makes them unable to eat. Secondly, the Monsoon rains in the months of July and August also destroys Dates placed in the open areas for drying. Dera Ismail (D.I.) Khan, a remote district of Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa province of Pakistan, was selected to study the performance of Dates dryer, where solar insolation is 700-750 W/m2 in the months of July and August. The Dates were dried continuously and during off sunshine hours biomass auxiliary source was used. This solar dryer, containing eight trolleys and each trolley is loaded with twelve trays, is the first in Pakistan to dry a large amount of Dates. Moreover, the unglazed transpired dryer is designed in such a way that it can withstand the dusty atmosphere of D.I. Khan and also protect the Dates from dust and rainy water during the drying period. The design does not have any adverse effect on the quality of dried Dates. In D.I. Khan around 350 days are sunny per year and solar thermal technology is economically feasible compared to other conventional energy resources with a payback period of 3 and 7.5 years compared to un-subsided and subsided cost of Natural Gas respectively. The Natural Gas is the cheapest conventional energy source in Pakistan. But solar thermal technology is yet not popular source of energy in the area due to lack of information, fear of initial capital cost and weak government policies for renewable energies. This study also incorporates the recommendations to overcome these issues regarding Solar Thermal Technology, PACS Number: 44.40.+a, 89.30.Cc, 84.60.- h, 89.30.-g.
{"title":"Solar Dryer for Large/Medium Scale Ripening and Drying of Dates; A Case Study of Dates Growing Area of Pakistan","authors":"Saeeda Sultana, S. Hussain, Muhammad Farooq, M. Ehsan","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.30.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.30.37","url":null,"abstract":"This study describe the design features and performance of the unglazed transpired solar dryer for large and medium scale drying of Dates in the Dates growing area of Pakistan. The dryer has the designed capacity to dry 500 Kg of Dates from Khalaal (70% humidity) to Tamar (25% humidity), at 55 C ± 5 C in 72 continuous hours using biomass furnace as an auxiliary heat source and it covers approximately 256 m2 areas. This is the ideal humidity condition to store Dates for one year without any further degradation. In traditional open sunshine the huge quantity of Dates are dried in over 150 h hours and requires hectare of area to spread the Dates. Moreover, the quality of Dates in the open sunshine is affected badly due to two main reasons. Firstly, the heavy dust in the area that sticks the Dates during the drying process makes them unable to eat. Secondly, the Monsoon rains in the months of July and August also destroys Dates placed in the open areas for drying. Dera Ismail (D.I.) Khan, a remote district of Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa province of Pakistan, was selected to study the performance of Dates dryer, where solar insolation is 700-750 W/m2 in the months of July and August. The Dates were dried continuously and during off sunshine hours biomass auxiliary source was used. This solar dryer, containing eight trolleys and each trolley is loaded with twelve trays, is the first in Pakistan to dry a large amount of Dates. Moreover, the unglazed transpired dryer is designed in such a way that it can withstand the dusty atmosphere of D.I. Khan and also protect the Dates from dust and rainy water during the drying period. The design does not have any adverse effect on the quality of dried Dates. In D.I. Khan around 350 days are sunny per year and solar thermal technology is economically feasible compared to other conventional energy resources with a payback period of 3 and 7.5 years compared to un-subsided and subsided cost of Natural Gas respectively. The Natural Gas is the cheapest conventional energy source in Pakistan. But solar thermal technology is yet not popular source of energy in the area due to lack of information, fear of initial capital cost and weak government policies for renewable energies. This study also incorporates the recommendations to overcome these issues regarding Solar Thermal Technology, PACS Number: 44.40.+a, 89.30.Cc, 84.60.- h, 89.30.-g.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"26 1","pages":"30-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77772271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.7.12
S. I. Hussain, M. Zahid, H. Abbasi, F. Zafar
The paper investigates the biology and structure of egg and different developmental stages from 1st instar to 5th instar of Hermolaus modestus (Distant) (Pentatomidae: Eysarcorini). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory and the species was recognized as plant-sucking pest and mostly recorded on Ocimum basilicum (L.) from different areas of Karachi, Pakistan. The male and female individuals were breed under controlled laboratory condition. The maximum fertility range of Hermolaus modestus was observed 10 to 14 eggs per female and eggs were laid singly on the ventral side of plant leaves near the midrib. The incubation period was completed in 4 to 5 days. Newly emerged nymphs were dark red in colour but later colour changed into brown. The nymph passed through five instars progressively to complete the nymphal period. The first instar completed in 2 to 3 days with its specific characters. The second instar took 6 to 7 days with large clypeus. The third instar having scent gland plates and wing pads, completed in 5 to 6 days. The fourth and fifth instars of H. modestus completed in 5 to 6 and 8 to 9 days with prominent mesonotal and metanotal wing pads, respectively. The total nymphal period varied from 26 to 31 days. The total life cycle showed variation from 30 to 36 days. The total body length of male Hermolaus modestus was recorded as 4.8 mm to 5.0 mm.
{"title":"The Morphological Characters of Egg and Relationship of Immature Stages of Hermolaus modestus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Eysarcorini)","authors":"S. I. Hussain, M. Zahid, H. Abbasi, F. Zafar","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.7.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.7.12","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates the biology and structure of egg and different developmental stages from 1st instar to 5th instar of Hermolaus modestus (Distant) (Pentatomidae: Eysarcorini). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory and the species was recognized as plant-sucking pest and mostly recorded on Ocimum basilicum (L.) from different areas of Karachi, Pakistan. The male and female individuals were breed under controlled laboratory condition. The maximum fertility range of Hermolaus modestus was observed 10 to 14 eggs per female and eggs were laid singly on the ventral side of plant leaves near the midrib. The incubation period was completed in 4 to 5 days. Newly emerged nymphs were dark red in colour but later colour changed into brown. The nymph passed through five instars progressively to complete the nymphal period. The first instar completed in 2 to 3 days with its specific characters. The second instar took 6 to 7 days with large clypeus. The third instar having scent gland plates and wing pads, completed in 5 to 6 days. The fourth and fifth instars of H. modestus completed in 5 to 6 and 8 to 9 days with prominent mesonotal and metanotal wing pads, respectively. The total nymphal period varied from 26 to 31 days. The total life cycle showed variation from 30 to 36 days. The total body length of male Hermolaus modestus was recorded as 4.8 mm to 5.0 mm.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"34 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87935215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.13.17
H. A. Kayani, Mariam Raziq, S. Kazmi, Sheeba Naz, Saifullah Khan
Ocimum sanctum commonly called (holy basil) an herb containing medicinal, ornamental values, is often used in culinary applications. This research focuses on the improved and efficient protocol for the direct regeneration and acclimatisation of Ocimum sanctum using nodal segments. Organogenesis and multiplication from explants were observed to a maximum on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L of 6-Benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 0.025 mg/L of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Furthermore, same medium was found effective for the induction of roots, in the in-vitro grown plantlets. A series of experiments were conducted to optimise the acclimatisation of in-vitro grown rooted plantlets of Ocimum sanctum. For this study different types of potting mix in assorted ratios were used to obtain best supporting media for the acclimatisation, A7 media containing soil : farmyard manure (75:25) and A1 media containing (100%) sand were found best supporting medium for the acclimatisation and hardening of Ocimum sanctum.
{"title":"Efficient Protocol for In vitro Regeneration of Ocimum sanctum using Nodal Segments as Explants","authors":"H. A. Kayani, Mariam Raziq, S. Kazmi, Sheeba Naz, Saifullah Khan","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.13.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.64.1.2021.13.17","url":null,"abstract":"Ocimum sanctum commonly called (holy basil) an herb containing medicinal, ornamental values, is often used in culinary applications. This research focuses on the improved and efficient protocol for the direct regeneration and acclimatisation of Ocimum sanctum using nodal segments. Organogenesis and multiplication from explants were observed to a maximum on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L of 6-Benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 0.025 mg/L of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Furthermore, same medium was found effective for the induction of roots, in the in-vitro grown plantlets. A series of experiments were conducted to optimise the acclimatisation of in-vitro grown rooted plantlets of Ocimum sanctum. For this study different types of potting mix in assorted ratios were used to obtain best supporting media for the acclimatisation, A7 media containing soil : farmyard manure (75:25) and A1 media containing (100%) sand were found best supporting medium for the acclimatisation and hardening of Ocimum sanctum.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"16 1","pages":"13-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87396812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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