Pub Date : 2020-11-13DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.226.237
ljaz Ali, G. Nabi
Crop residue mineralization affects soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics during crop residue management in crop production. C and N mineralization dynamics of rice and wheat residues incorporated with and without mineral N under two moisture conditions were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Mineral N was applied @ 0.015 g/Kg (»30 Kg/ha), whereas soil moisture was maintained at high (» 15 KPa, near field capacity) and at low (» 500 KPa)moisture levels during course of study.Periodic determinations on CO2 C and N mineralized were performed over a period of 120 days. The highest peaks for CO2 C occurred during first week of the study which then reduced gradually until it attained an equilibrium. High moisture level enhanced CO2 C flux by 14% than low moisture level. Combined application of crop residues and mineral N released 17% more CO2 C than crop residue treatments without mineral N.In residue applied treatments, immobilization was 40% higher at high moisture level than that at low moisture level. Application of rice and wheat residues in combination with mineral N caused both immobilizations followed by mineralization phases at both moisture levels. At high moisture level, maximum immobilization occurred during initial 15 days, while at low moisture level it continued till about 30 days. After day15, mineralization started which continued to increase during remaining period of study at high moisture and at low moisture mineralization initiated from day 60 onward. Mineralization in rice residue was faster than that in wheat residues. Immobilization of N continued progressively in residue alone treated soils at both moisture levels during study period. In residue treated soils, increase in soil moisture increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water stable aggregates (WSA) significantly by 14% and 55% over control respectively.Combined application of crop residues and mineral N increased SOC by 43% and WSA by 59%. This study indicated that incorporation of crop residues along with addition of mineral N in the presence of optimum moisture promoted its faster decomposition with a quicker mineral N release, more organic matter build up and soil structure improvement than crop residues incorporated without mineral N.
{"title":"Effect of Mineral N on C and N Dynamics of Rice and Wheat Residues under Different Moisture Levels","authors":"ljaz Ali, G. Nabi","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.226.237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.226.237","url":null,"abstract":"Crop residue mineralization affects soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics during crop residue management in crop production. C and N mineralization dynamics of rice and wheat residues incorporated with and without mineral N under two moisture conditions were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Mineral N was applied @ 0.015 g/Kg (»30 Kg/ha), whereas soil moisture was maintained at high (» 15 KPa, near field capacity) and at low (» 500 KPa)moisture levels during course of study.Periodic determinations on CO2 C and N mineralized were performed over a period of 120 days. The highest peaks for CO2 C occurred during first week of the study which then reduced gradually until it attained an equilibrium. High moisture level enhanced CO2 C flux by 14% than low moisture level. Combined application of crop residues and mineral N released 17% more CO2 C than crop residue treatments without mineral N.In residue applied treatments, immobilization was 40% higher at high moisture level than that at low moisture level. Application of rice and wheat residues in combination with mineral N caused both immobilizations followed by mineralization phases at both moisture levels. At high moisture level, maximum immobilization occurred during initial 15 days, while at low moisture level it continued till about 30 days. After day15, mineralization started which continued to increase during remaining period of study at high moisture and at low moisture mineralization initiated from day 60 onward. Mineralization in rice residue was faster than that in wheat residues. Immobilization of N continued progressively in residue alone treated soils at both moisture levels during study period. In residue treated soils, increase in soil moisture increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water stable aggregates (WSA) significantly by 14% and 55% over control respectively.Combined application of crop residues and mineral N increased SOC by 43% and WSA by 59%. This study indicated that incorporation of crop residues along with addition of mineral N in the presence of optimum moisture promoted its faster decomposition with a quicker mineral N release, more organic matter build up and soil structure improvement than crop residues incorporated without mineral N.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"26 1","pages":"226-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86184411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-13DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.238.241
N. Zahra, A. Nisa, S. Hina, S. Masood, I. Kalim, M. Saeed, I. Ahmad, Mahnoor Arshad
Pumpkin is rich in beta-carotene which is used for preventing vitamin A deficiency. About 50 of carotenoids are the "Provitamin A compounds" which are precursors of retinol. Retinol is the active form of vitamin A. It plays an important role in vision. Beta carotene is an important anti-oxidant which protects the damaging of body cells by high free radical content because of its radical scavenging activity. The purpose of this study was to quantify the beta carotene and vitamin A present in yellow and green pumpkins. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze beta carotene and vitamin Yellow pumpkin contained the highest values of both the �-carotene and vitamin A than green pumpkin. The results illustrated that green pumpkin (Curcurbita pepo) possess 20.3µg/g beta carotene; 52.6µg/g vitamin A and yellow pumpkin (Curcurbita maxima) contains 35.7µg/g beta carotene and 60.2 µg/g vitamin A in their pulp. It was concluded that there is a need to promote the use of locally available sources of carotene and retinol to overcome nutrition deficiency in the people.
{"title":"Exploration of Locally Grown Yellow and Green Pumpkin as a Potential Source of b-Carotene and Vitamin A","authors":"N. Zahra, A. Nisa, S. Hina, S. Masood, I. Kalim, M. Saeed, I. Ahmad, Mahnoor Arshad","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.238.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.238.241","url":null,"abstract":"Pumpkin is rich in beta-carotene which is used for preventing vitamin A deficiency. About 50 of carotenoids are the \"Provitamin A compounds\" which are precursors of retinol. Retinol is the active form of vitamin A. It plays an important role in vision. Beta carotene is an important anti-oxidant which protects the damaging of body cells by high free radical content because of its radical scavenging activity. The purpose of this study was to quantify the beta carotene and vitamin A present in yellow and green pumpkins. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze beta carotene and vitamin Yellow pumpkin contained the highest values of both the �-carotene and vitamin A than green pumpkin. The results illustrated that green pumpkin (Curcurbita pepo) possess 20.3µg/g beta carotene; 52.6µg/g vitamin A and yellow pumpkin (Curcurbita maxima) contains 35.7µg/g beta carotene and 60.2 µg/g vitamin A in their pulp. It was concluded that there is a need to promote the use of locally available sources of carotene and retinol to overcome nutrition deficiency in the people.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"1 1","pages":"238-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73723914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-13DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.157.162
B. A. Memon, S. A. Tunio, S. Bano, A. Jatt, G. Maka
Celiac disease is an autoimmune mediated enteropathy caused by ingestion of gluten and affects approximately 1% of the population. It has significant deleterious effects on health and mortality. Helicobacter pylori is the major causative agent of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of both H. pylori (HP) and celiac disease (CD) as mono and co-infections and to find out the possible association between CD and presence of HP. A total of 172 blood samples from individuals suspected of CD and HP infection were collected during March to December, 2015 from Hyderabad. Serum analyzed for presence of anti-HP antibodies for evaluation of HP infection and tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTGA) for detection of CD. The serodiagnosis data revealed that out of 172 samples tested 19.19% were positive for CD which included 6.98% (n=12) male patients, whereas 12.21% (n=21) were females. The HP was detected in 44.77% (n=77) including 22.09% (n=38) males and 22.67% (n=39) females out of the 33 CD positive cases, HP was detected in 17 (9.88%). HP in CD positive cases was found to be 6.60% in males 9.43% in females respectively. The HP prevalence in non-CD patients appeared to be high such as 18.02% and 16.86%. In conclusion, the data of the present study indicates that HP is more prevalent than CD.
{"title":"Evaluation of Putative Association Between Celiac Disease and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Hyderabad, Sindh","authors":"B. A. Memon, S. A. Tunio, S. Bano, A. Jatt, G. Maka","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.157.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.157.162","url":null,"abstract":"Celiac disease is an autoimmune mediated enteropathy caused by ingestion of gluten and affects approximately 1% of the population. It has significant deleterious effects on health and mortality. Helicobacter pylori is the major causative agent of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of both H. pylori (HP) and celiac disease (CD) as mono and co-infections and to find out the possible association between CD and presence of HP. A total of 172 blood samples from individuals suspected of CD and HP infection were collected during March to December, 2015 from Hyderabad. Serum analyzed for presence of anti-HP antibodies for evaluation of HP infection and tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTGA) for detection of CD. The serodiagnosis data revealed that out of 172 samples tested 19.19% were positive for CD which included 6.98% (n=12) male patients, whereas 12.21% (n=21) were females. The HP was detected in 44.77% (n=77) including 22.09% (n=38) males and 22.67% (n=39) females out of the 33 CD positive cases, HP was detected in 17 (9.88%). HP in CD positive cases was found to be 6.60% in males 9.43% in females respectively. The HP prevalence in non-CD patients appeared to be high such as 18.02% and 16.86%. In conclusion, the data of the present study indicates that HP is more prevalent than CD.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"13 1","pages":"157-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79701262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-13DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.179.186
H. Askari, S. Kazemitabar, H. N. Zarrini, Mohammd Hossein Saberi
This study was performed to assess several indices for identifying barley genotypes at early growth stage with the best performance in salinity conditions. The effect of salinity treatments was studied through an analysis of the dry matter production, results showed significant differences among genotypes. The majority of used tolerance indices indicated that ESBYTM8910, 4 Shori and MBS8715 were the best barley genotypes showing the highest stress resistance for the greatest NaCl concentration. It is based on used stability parameters that the genotypes MBS8712 and Jo torsh were the most phenotypically stable. In general, the tolerant genotypes showed the least stability based on mostly of stability parameters
{"title":"Assessment of Barley Genotypes Response to Salinity Stress at Early Seedling Growth Stage","authors":"H. Askari, S. Kazemitabar, H. N. Zarrini, Mohammd Hossein Saberi","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.179.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.179.186","url":null,"abstract":"This study was performed to assess several indices for identifying barley genotypes at early growth stage with the best performance in salinity conditions. The effect of salinity treatments was studied through an analysis of the dry matter production, results showed significant differences among genotypes. The majority of used tolerance indices indicated that ESBYTM8910, 4 Shori and MBS8715 were the best barley genotypes showing the highest stress resistance for the greatest NaCl concentration. It is based on used stability parameters that the genotypes MBS8712 and Jo torsh were the most phenotypically stable. In general, the tolerant genotypes showed the least stability based on mostly of stability parameters","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"20 1","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81335008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-13DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.207.213
Taimur Ahmad, Rasool Khan, T. Khattak, I. Ullah, A. Khan, S. Khan
A field study was conducted at village Sardheri, district Charsadda for the year 2017 in order to evaluate the efficacy of bio-insecticides and synthetic agrochemicals against the aphids and Helicoverpa. armigera on Okra. There were eight treatments including control. The highest % reduction control of aphids after 3rd spray was 91.2 recorded for T6 treatment and T5 was the next superior treatment having a % reduction of 86.2. The highest percent reduction in pod damage (75.5%) was recorded for T6 after 3rd spray, while T5 was the next superior treatment and the pod borer damage was noted to be 72.2%. T5 yielded the highest mean produce of Okra per plant and was recorded to be 446.3 g. These findings revealed that bio-insecticide can be effectively used to control aphid population as well as the fruit infestation of Okra and improving the yield of Okra. The bio-insecticides can also lower the inputs of residues in the crops and pose least toxicity to non-targeted organism and also readily degradable.
{"title":"Comparative Efficacy of Bio-Pesticide and Synthetic Agrochemicals on Population Control of Aphids, Helicoverpa armigera, Infestation Control and Yield of Okra","authors":"Taimur Ahmad, Rasool Khan, T. Khattak, I. Ullah, A. Khan, S. Khan","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.207.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.207.213","url":null,"abstract":"A field study was conducted at village Sardheri, district Charsadda for the year 2017 in order to evaluate the efficacy of bio-insecticides and synthetic agrochemicals against the aphids and Helicoverpa. armigera on Okra. There were eight treatments including control. The highest % reduction control of aphids after 3rd spray was 91.2 recorded for T6 treatment and T5 was the next superior treatment having a % reduction of 86.2. The highest percent reduction in pod damage (75.5%) was recorded for T6 after 3rd spray, while T5 was the next superior treatment and the pod borer damage was noted to be 72.2%. T5 yielded the highest mean produce of Okra per plant and was recorded to be 446.3 g. These findings revealed that bio-insecticide can be effectively used to control aphid population as well as the fruit infestation of Okra and improving the yield of Okra. The bio-insecticides can also lower the inputs of residues in the crops and pose least toxicity to non-targeted organism and also readily degradable.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"121 1","pages":"207-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77239565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-13DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.148.156
Safia Khanam, A. Munshi, Hina Ahsan, R. Begum
Mass mortality of bivalve clams along with some other marine fauna was observed during the month of May 2016, mainly consisting of the clams (Mactra aequisulcata) of family Veneridae surfaced over the Clifton coast. The occurrence of mass mortality of the venerid clams Mactra aequisulcata and other marine life has been studied due to the toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDTs, HCHs, hexa chloro benzene (HCB), chlordane, dieldrin (4-chlorophenyl), methanol (TCPMOH) and heptachlor epoxide and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Significant compositional characteristics of PCBs and DDTs were found in all dead clams and other fauna including fish (Johnius carutta), crabs (Portunus pelagicus), gastropods (Babylonia spirata), bivalves (Anadara antiquata), (Mactra aequisulcata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) from Karachi coast, Pakistan. Mean concentrations (ranges) of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in crab (Portunus pelagicus) and fish samples were 1.1 (<0.01-1.5), 0.22 (<0.01-1.1) and 0.14 (<0.01-1.3) /µg/g. Those in, bivalves (Anadara antiquata) and pen shell (Atrina pectinata), clams (Mactra aequisulcata) were 0.09 (<0.02-1.2), 0.22 (<0.02-1.3) /µg and 0.13 (<0.01-0.27), respectively. The heptachlor epoxide was found in highest concentration in clam samples (25.00 ± 30.92) µg/g, (wet weight) however, in bivalves, (2.30 µg/g, (wet weight), which were higher than those in other gastropods. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations were also measured in the same samples of gastropods (Babylonia spirata), fish (Johnius carutta), crab (Portunus pelagicus), clams (Mactra aequisulcata), bivalves (Anadara antiquata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) to determine the possible cause of mass mortality. The DDT to metabolites (DDD & DDE) concentration ratios exceeded upto 1.0 in the sessile fauna that is clams (Mactra aequisulcata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) from Karachi coast. These organisms also exhibited dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) inputs, whereas dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDD) was found to be in degraded component and PCBs were generally in low concentrations. The concentrations of DDTs were higher than the ERL guidelines in the coastal areas of Karachi, suggesting that there is potential of ecological risk present in the prevailing environment.
{"title":"Impact of Organic Micropollutants Causing Mass Mortality of the Clams (Mactra aequisulcata) Due to Charactersitic Distribution at Karachi Coast, Pakistan","authors":"Safia Khanam, A. Munshi, Hina Ahsan, R. Begum","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.148.156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.148.156","url":null,"abstract":"Mass mortality of bivalve clams along with some other marine fauna was observed during the month of May 2016, mainly consisting of the clams (Mactra aequisulcata) of family Veneridae surfaced over the Clifton coast. The occurrence of mass mortality of the venerid clams Mactra aequisulcata and other marine life has been studied due to the toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDTs, HCHs, hexa chloro benzene (HCB), chlordane, dieldrin (4-chlorophenyl), methanol (TCPMOH) and heptachlor epoxide and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Significant compositional characteristics of PCBs and DDTs were found in all dead clams and other fauna including fish (Johnius carutta), crabs (Portunus pelagicus), gastropods (Babylonia spirata), bivalves (Anadara antiquata), (Mactra aequisulcata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) from Karachi coast, Pakistan. Mean concentrations (ranges) of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in crab (Portunus pelagicus) and fish samples were 1.1 (<0.01-1.5), 0.22 (<0.01-1.1) and 0.14 (<0.01-1.3) /µg/g. Those in, bivalves (Anadara antiquata) and pen shell (Atrina pectinata), clams (Mactra aequisulcata) were 0.09 (<0.02-1.2), 0.22 (<0.02-1.3) /µg and 0.13 (<0.01-0.27), respectively. The heptachlor epoxide was found in highest concentration in clam samples (25.00 ± 30.92) µg/g, (wet weight) however, in bivalves, (2.30 µg/g, (wet weight), which were higher than those in other gastropods. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations were also measured in the same samples of gastropods (Babylonia spirata), fish (Johnius carutta), crab (Portunus pelagicus), clams (Mactra aequisulcata), bivalves (Anadara antiquata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) to determine the possible cause of mass mortality. The DDT to metabolites (DDD & DDE) concentration ratios exceeded upto 1.0 in the sessile fauna that is clams (Mactra aequisulcata) and the pen shell (Atrina pectinata) from Karachi coast. These organisms also exhibited dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) inputs, whereas dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDD) was found to be in degraded component and PCBs were generally in low concentrations. The concentrations of DDTs were higher than the ERL guidelines in the coastal areas of Karachi, suggesting that there is potential of ecological risk present in the prevailing environment.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"30 1","pages":"148-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86995771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.135.141
P. Elijah, Bennett Chima Nwangum, V. Okpashi, Austin Ike Chukwunonyelum, Kenne Michel Tchimene, Orhonigbe Innocent Ogheneovo
The need to find a broad-based nutritional and antimicrobial therapy gave impetus to this investigation. The crude extracts of Baphia nitida stem bark were used to check for antimicrobial effect on selected micro-organisms for possible nutritional and therapeutic application. The stem bark components were extracted with four solvent systems using maceration. A synthetic drug gentamycin - 80 mg/mL (2 mL) was dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water to obtained 8 mg/mL, was used as a control. The crude extract exhibited an antibacterial effect on gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), and gram-negative organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) at 2 mg/mL. These showed competitiveness with the 8 mg/mL of the control drug. The normal hexane fraction had an effect on Staphylococcus aureus but showed no effect on other bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed a dose-dependent decrease in the effect for the crude extract. Ethyl acetate and methanol fraction had an effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli at varying concentrations - 20, 10, and 5 mg/mL. the initial screening of the Baphia nitida stem bark revealed alkaloids in the methanol-methylene chloride crude extract and methanol fraction only. Other solvents showed the alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, hydrogen cyanides and steroids respectively. Therefore, the presence of the phytochemicals implicates its antimicrobial effect and the basis for its efficacy as antimicrobial therapy.
{"title":"Dietary Benefits of Baphia nitida Stem Bark and Antimicrobial Effect on Some Pathogens","authors":"P. Elijah, Bennett Chima Nwangum, V. Okpashi, Austin Ike Chukwunonyelum, Kenne Michel Tchimene, Orhonigbe Innocent Ogheneovo","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.135.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.135.141","url":null,"abstract":"The need to find a broad-based nutritional and antimicrobial therapy gave impetus to this investigation. The crude extracts of Baphia nitida stem bark were used to check for antimicrobial effect on selected micro-organisms for possible nutritional and therapeutic application. The stem bark components were extracted with four solvent systems using maceration. A synthetic drug gentamycin - 80 mg/mL (2 mL) was dissolved in 20 mL of distilled water to obtained 8 mg/mL, was used as a control. The crude extract exhibited an antibacterial effect on gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), and gram-negative organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) at 2 mg/mL. These showed competitiveness with the 8 mg/mL of the control drug. The normal hexane fraction had an effect on Staphylococcus aureus but showed no effect on other bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed a dose-dependent decrease in the effect for the crude extract. Ethyl acetate and methanol fraction had an effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli at varying concentrations - 20, 10, and 5 mg/mL. the initial screening of the Baphia nitida stem bark revealed alkaloids in the methanol-methylene chloride crude extract and methanol fraction only. Other solvents showed the alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, hydrogen cyanides and steroids respectively. Therefore, the presence of the phytochemicals implicates its antimicrobial effect and the basis for its efficacy as antimicrobial therapy.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"476 1","pages":"135-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89023629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.142.147
A. A. Olaleye, H. O. Adubiaro
Fatty acid levels of two edible and medicinal species: Delonix regia and Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds flour were investigated using standard analytical techniques. Among the saturated fatty acids (SFA), palmitic acid (17.2-49.4%) had the highest concentration in both samples. Oleic acid (19.7-21.0%) was most abundant among the mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). In both samples, palmitoleic acid recorded 0.00% concentration, whilst margaric acid (0.001-0.060%), lignoceric acid (0.001-0.079%) and arachidonic acid (0.065-0.080%) were found in trace amounts. Both samples were high in total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (26.9-42.7%). MUFA/SFA was less than 1.00 in both samples (0.375-0.584); PUFA/SFA was 1.18 (Delonix regia) and 0.507 (Tetrapleura tetraptera). Total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) (63.8%) was higher than total SFA(36.1%) in Delonix regia. In Tetrapleura tetraptera, SFA (53.1%) was more than TUFA (46.8%). 2n-6/3n-3 were high at 59.9 (Delonix regia) and 536 (Tetrapleura tetraptera). The correlation coefficient of the fatty acids was positively high and significant
{"title":"Comparative Fatty Acids Analysis of Delonix regia and Tetrapleura tetraptera","authors":"A. A. Olaleye, H. O. Adubiaro","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.142.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.3.2020.142.147","url":null,"abstract":"Fatty acid levels of two edible and medicinal species: Delonix regia and Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds flour were investigated using standard analytical techniques. Among the saturated fatty acids (SFA), palmitic acid (17.2-49.4%) had the highest concentration in both samples. Oleic acid (19.7-21.0%) was most abundant among the mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). In both samples, palmitoleic acid recorded 0.00% concentration, whilst margaric acid (0.001-0.060%), lignoceric acid (0.001-0.079%) and arachidonic acid (0.065-0.080%) were found in trace amounts. Both samples were high in total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (26.9-42.7%). MUFA/SFA was less than 1.00 in both samples (0.375-0.584); PUFA/SFA was 1.18 (Delonix regia) and 0.507 (Tetrapleura tetraptera). Total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA) (63.8%) was higher than total SFA(36.1%) in Delonix regia. In Tetrapleura tetraptera, SFA (53.1%) was more than TUFA (46.8%). 2n-6/3n-3 were high at 59.9 (Delonix regia) and 536 (Tetrapleura tetraptera). The correlation coefficient of the fatty acids was positively high and significant","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"92 1","pages":"142-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83857359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoparticles in the drugs are useful for the treatment of cancer due to their unique properties and can act as drug carriers in different ways. Unlike the traditional chemotherapy, the entrance of nanotechnology enabled wide applications in treatment of cancer. Although nanoparticles provides safe and effective drug delivery systems but the factor of toxicity still limits the utilisation of several nanoparticles. The properties of nanodrug carriers are controllable by various factors. The use of nanoparticles in cancer therapy by drug delivery and their advantages as been reviewed.
{"title":"A Review on Nanocarriers for Cancer Targeted Drug Delivery","authors":"Fariha lrfan, Tahir lqbal, Nafisa Malik, Mohsin ljaz","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.239.246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.239.246","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles in the drugs are useful for the treatment of cancer due to their unique properties and can act as drug carriers in different ways. Unlike the traditional chemotherapy, the entrance of nanotechnology enabled wide applications in treatment of cancer. Although nanoparticles provides safe and effective drug delivery systems but the factor of toxicity still limits the utilisation of several nanoparticles. The properties of nanodrug carriers are controllable by various factors. The use of nanoparticles in cancer therapy by drug delivery and their advantages as been reviewed.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"3 1","pages":"239-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80021249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.201.208
Syeda Jabeen Fatima, M. Javed, S. Ahmed
Reliable and an efficient Public Transport plays key role in establishing sustainable Urban Transport system and healthy environment in any city. Public Transport equity in terms of easy access for the commuters is very crucial. With the drastic increase in population and cities extent in developing countries like Pakistan, the travel demand is recklessly increasing which urge to provide efficient public transit which may cater the ever increasing transport demand. Lahore being the provincial capital of Punjab and the second most densely populated city of Pakistan, has a remarkably large transportation network. The case study presented an advanced approach to determine the population with walking access to transit stop of Lahore Public Transport network, by using Geographical Information System (GIS). This approach is quite efficient, reliable and helpful to investigate the effectiveness of transit network, user's access to transit stops and spatial gaps in the transit facilities. GIS-based network service area analysis has been utilized to find the transit stop service area of the existing public transport network in metropolitan city Lahore. To find the transit stop service area, suitable walking time of 8 min or threshold distance of 624 m with walking speed of 78 m/min has been used as a standard. Transit stop service area has been used to find the population with walking access to a transit stop. The results reveal that only 40% of the total population was in suitable walking distance, which shows that less serviceability is due to the improper spatial distribution of existing transit stops across the transit route. The results also identify the population which is not in suitable walking distance to transit service. This study concludes that Geospatial Techniques are significant in assessment of the effectiveness and subsequently measuring the gaps in the existing transport network. Thus, on the basis of these results sustainable solution would be presented to enhance the efficacy of the integrated public transport.
{"title":"Assessing the Serviceability Status of Existing Transport Network by Using Geospatial Techniques in Metropolitan City Lahore","authors":"Syeda Jabeen Fatima, M. Javed, S. Ahmed","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.201.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.3.2020.201.208","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable and an efficient Public Transport plays key role in establishing sustainable Urban Transport system and healthy environment in any city. Public Transport equity in terms of easy access for the commuters is very crucial. With the drastic increase in population and cities extent in developing countries like Pakistan, the travel demand is recklessly increasing which urge to provide efficient public transit which may cater the ever increasing transport demand. Lahore being the provincial capital of Punjab and the second most densely populated city of Pakistan, has a remarkably large transportation network. The case study presented an advanced approach to determine the population with walking access to transit stop of Lahore Public Transport network, by using Geographical Information System (GIS). This approach is quite efficient, reliable and helpful to investigate the effectiveness of transit network, user's access to transit stops and spatial gaps in the transit facilities. GIS-based network service area analysis has been utilized to find the transit stop service area of the existing public transport network in metropolitan city Lahore. To find the transit stop service area, suitable walking time of 8 min or threshold distance of 624 m with walking speed of 78 m/min has been used as a standard. Transit stop service area has been used to find the population with walking access to a transit stop. The results reveal that only 40% of the total population was in suitable walking distance, which shows that less serviceability is due to the improper spatial distribution of existing transit stops across the transit route. The results also identify the population which is not in suitable walking distance to transit service. This study concludes that Geospatial Techniques are significant in assessment of the effectiveness and subsequently measuring the gaps in the existing transport network. Thus, on the basis of these results sustainable solution would be presented to enhance the efficacy of the integrated public transport.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"95 1","pages":"201-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83089106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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