Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.101.111
Muhammad Arif Bhatti, A. Ahad, K. R. Kazmi, U. Zafar, Athar Amin, A. Akram
A low-grade siliceous sedimentary phosphate rock assaying 22.05% P205 was upgraded by double float (direct and reverse) technology. The rock contains collophane (carbonate fluorapatite) as the valuable phosphate mineral along with siliceous, carbonaceous and clay minerals. A process was developed which yielded a high-grade phosphate concentrate with improved recovery rate. The developed process consists of three parts. The first part includes wet grinding of ore to liberation point followed by separation of fines (slimes) by cone classifier. The finely ground deslimed ore was floated by direct anionic flotation using oleic acid collector to get rougher phosphate concentrate. It was cleaned once using additional quantity of reagents. In the second part, the fines generated during grinding operation were floated by column flotation to recover phosphate values. The cleaned concentrate and column concentrate were mixed together and washed thoroughly with hot water to remove the attached reagents. The final part comprises of cationic flotation of combined phosphate concentrate with fatty amine collector to float away quartz and silicates and to leave behind phosphate values. The grade of final phosphate concentrate was found to be 32.85% P205 with an overall recovery of 88.14%. The concentrate obtained meets the specifications of fertilizer and acid grade.
{"title":"Flotation Studies on Low-Grade Phosphate Rock of Tarnawai, District Abbottabad, KPK Province, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Arif Bhatti, A. Ahad, K. R. Kazmi, U. Zafar, Athar Amin, A. Akram","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.101.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.101.111","url":null,"abstract":"A low-grade siliceous sedimentary phosphate rock assaying 22.05% P205 was upgraded by double float (direct and reverse) technology. The rock contains collophane (carbonate fluorapatite) as the valuable phosphate mineral along with siliceous, carbonaceous and clay minerals. A process was developed which yielded a high-grade phosphate concentrate with improved recovery rate. The developed process consists of three parts. The first part includes wet grinding of ore to liberation point followed by separation of fines (slimes) by cone classifier. The finely ground deslimed ore was floated by direct anionic flotation using oleic acid collector to get rougher phosphate concentrate. It was cleaned once using additional quantity of reagents. In the second part, the fines generated during grinding operation were floated by column flotation to recover phosphate values. The cleaned concentrate and column concentrate were mixed together and washed thoroughly with hot water to remove the attached reagents. The final part comprises of cationic flotation of combined phosphate concentrate with fatty amine collector to float away quartz and silicates and to leave behind phosphate values. The grade of final phosphate concentrate was found to be 32.85% P205 with an overall recovery of 88.14%. The concentrate obtained meets the specifications of fertilizer and acid grade.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"120 1","pages":"101-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87930834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.127.131
A. Masood, N. Iqbal, H. Mubeen
Promoters are of great importance for controlling gene expression. There are various regulatory regions within promoters which are crucial for expression specificity. Depending upon mode of expression, promoters can be divided into constitutive, tissue/developmental stage specific or inducible promoters. For expression of certain gene, there is interplay of cis acting element located on promoter and transcription factors. Cotton fibre promoters are of great importance in biotechnology as these may be used to express fibre genes in cotton fibres specifically. Although most of cotton fibre gene promoters show expression in fibres but some of them also exhibit expression in various other organs like trichomes, pedicles and vascular tissues. Due to difficulties in somatic embryogenesis in cotton, these promoters are mostly studied in heterologous systems like Arabidopsis and tobacco. In this article, expression pattern of some cotton fibre genes promoters have been reviewed.
{"title":"Review A Short Review of Promoters of Cotton Fibre Genes: Strength and Tissue Specificity","authors":"A. Masood, N. Iqbal, H. Mubeen","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.127.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.127.131","url":null,"abstract":"Promoters are of great importance for controlling gene expression. There are various regulatory regions within promoters which are crucial for expression specificity. Depending upon mode of expression, promoters can be divided into constitutive, tissue/developmental stage specific or inducible promoters. For expression of certain gene, there is interplay of cis acting element located on promoter and transcription factors. Cotton fibre promoters are of great importance in biotechnology as these may be used to express fibre genes in cotton fibres specifically. Although most of cotton fibre gene promoters show expression in fibres but some of them also exhibit expression in various other organs like trichomes, pedicles and vascular tissues. Due to difficulties in somatic embryogenesis in cotton, these promoters are mostly studied in heterologous systems like Arabidopsis and tobacco. In this article, expression pattern of some cotton fibre genes promoters have been reviewed.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"109 1","pages":"127-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79235916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.71.78
Firas Hassan Awad
This paper aims to develop a simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of paracetamol in aqueous medium. The method is based on the reaction between the hydrolyzed paracetamol and 9-chloroacridine reagent (9-CA). The spectra of the product show maximum absorption at 436 nm. Beers law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.25-11 mg/mL with molar absorptivity value 5.3×10 L/mol/cm. The average recovery percentage (Rec%) is 99.27% and relative standard deviation (RSD) is £ 2.82%. In addition, the stability constant has been determined and the reaction mechanism is proposed. The method has been applied successfully for the assay of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations. It is found that the method does not require extraction process and it agree well with British pharmacopeia.
{"title":"Colorimetric Determination of Paracetamol Using 9-Chloroacridine Reagent: Application to Pharmaceutical Formulations","authors":"Firas Hassan Awad","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.71.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.71.78","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to develop a simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of paracetamol in aqueous medium. The method is based on the reaction between the hydrolyzed paracetamol and 9-chloroacridine reagent (9-CA). The spectra of the product show maximum absorption at 436 nm. Beers law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.25-11 mg/mL with molar absorptivity value 5.3×10 L/mol/cm. The average recovery percentage (Rec%) is 99.27% and relative standard deviation (RSD) is £ 2.82%. In addition, the stability constant has been determined and the reaction mechanism is proposed. The method has been applied successfully for the assay of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations. It is found that the method does not require extraction process and it agree well with British pharmacopeia.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"30 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84606100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.118.122
S. Abro, A. Chandio, I. A. Channa, A. Alaboodi
Water purification and filtration is a global issue and many researchers are engaged to resolve this problem by adopting the scientific approach, graphene sand composite was prepared through bio- synthesized technique. River sand was used in this context to remove the impurities already present in the sand 0.1M nitric acid treated the sand and the product was powder black in colour, referred as GSC, graphene sand composite. SEM, XRD and FTIR characterization was used to analyze the results. SEM images showed nano sized layers or sheets of graphene extending outwards.The XRD peak represents the multi lagered graphene structure which is formed by the treatment of the composite with acid and application of the high temperature during experiment UV-visible spectroscopy results successfully reveals the filtration difference between mud water and filtered water.
{"title":"Design, Development and Characterization of Graphene Sand Nano-Composite for Water Filtration","authors":"S. Abro, A. Chandio, I. A. Channa, A. Alaboodi","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.118.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.118.122","url":null,"abstract":"Water purification and filtration is a global issue and many researchers are engaged to resolve this problem by adopting the scientific approach, graphene sand composite was prepared through bio- synthesized technique. River sand was used in this context to remove the impurities already present in the sand 0.1M nitric acid treated the sand and the product was powder black in colour, referred as GSC, graphene sand composite. SEM, XRD and FTIR characterization was used to analyze the results. SEM images showed nano sized layers or sheets of graphene extending outwards.The XRD peak represents the multi lagered graphene structure which is formed by the treatment of the composite with acid and application of the high temperature during experiment UV-visible spectroscopy results successfully reveals the filtration difference between mud water and filtered water.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"R-26 1","pages":"118-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84744279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.105.112
Arsalan Khan, F. Shah, Q. Zeb, M. Zeeshan, Huzaifa Iqbal, Hamid Noor
Fig is familiar in the World as a edible fruit, but technically it is not a fruit it is a container, called a syconium, which is oddly an inside out flower cluster. The present study was conducted to prepare a value-added product form fig fruit blended with apple pulp. The jam was prepared with different combination of fig pulp and apple pulp, 200:200, 250:150, 300:100, 350: 50 and 400:00. The treatments were analyzed physio-chemically and sensory for a total period of 90 days. The statistical results revealed that treatment have a significant (P<0.05) on physio-chemical and sensory attributes of jam. The physio- chemical study revealed that pH, ascorbic acid and non-reducing sugar decreased significantly, while TSS, reducing sugar and % acidity showed a significant increased during 90 days of storage. In sensory attributes, the control and test samples showed a significant difference in texture, taste and colour. The sensory results indicated that with decreased in the apple pulp the texture properties decreases and the opacity increased. The statistical results showed treatment T1(200:200) was found best among the other treatments followed by T2 (250:150) in chemical and sensory attributes. The new formulated product can serve as a good spread on bread and other etc.
{"title":"Preparation and Development of Fig Fruit Jam Blended with Different Level of Apple Pulp","authors":"Arsalan Khan, F. Shah, Q. Zeb, M. Zeeshan, Huzaifa Iqbal, Hamid Noor","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.105.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.105.112","url":null,"abstract":"Fig is familiar in the World as a edible fruit, but technically it is not a fruit it is a container, called a syconium, which is oddly an inside out flower cluster. The present study was conducted to prepare a value-added product form fig fruit blended with apple pulp. The jam was prepared with different combination of fig pulp and apple pulp, 200:200, 250:150, 300:100, 350: 50 and 400:00. The treatments were analyzed physio-chemically and sensory for a total period of 90 days. The statistical results revealed that treatment have a significant (P<0.05) on physio-chemical and sensory attributes of jam. The physio- chemical study revealed that pH, ascorbic acid and non-reducing sugar decreased significantly, while TSS, reducing sugar and % acidity showed a significant increased during 90 days of storage. In sensory attributes, the control and test samples showed a significant difference in texture, taste and colour. The sensory results indicated that with decreased in the apple pulp the texture properties decreases and the opacity increased. The statistical results showed treatment T1(200:200) was found best among the other treatments followed by T2 (250:150) in chemical and sensory attributes. The new formulated product can serve as a good spread on bread and other etc.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"163 1","pages":"105-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86214714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.112.117
Amina Riaz, Abid Zia
The tanning industry is the major chromium consuming industry. Tanning industries are present throughout Pakistan, but their presence is more concentrated in small industrial city Sialkot. The samples of wastewater were collected from different tanneries and Nullah Aik which are situated in Sialkot and analyzed for the measurement of pollution level. The effluents sample demonstrated high values of temperature (32-42°C), pH (5.1-10.9), biological oxygen demand (335-5818 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (740-14546 mg/L), total solids (2265-19314 mg/L), total dissolved solids (1313-17467 mg/L), hexavalent chromium (1.8-9.8 mg/L), and total chromium (3.75-16.7 mg/L). The total chromium analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and hexavalent chromium determined by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer with DCP. The study focused on the level of pollution in tannery wastewater to estimate the impairment caused by them.
{"title":"Appraisal of Chromium Contents from Different Tanneries and Drains of Sialkot","authors":"Amina Riaz, Abid Zia","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.112.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.112.117","url":null,"abstract":"The tanning industry is the major chromium consuming industry. Tanning industries are present throughout Pakistan, but their presence is more concentrated in small industrial city Sialkot. The samples of wastewater were collected from different tanneries and Nullah Aik which are situated in Sialkot and analyzed for the measurement of pollution level. The effluents sample demonstrated high values of temperature (32-42°C), pH (5.1-10.9), biological oxygen demand (335-5818 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (740-14546 mg/L), total solids (2265-19314 mg/L), total dissolved solids (1313-17467 mg/L), hexavalent chromium (1.8-9.8 mg/L), and total chromium (3.75-16.7 mg/L). The total chromium analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and hexavalent chromium determined by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer with DCP. The study focused on the level of pollution in tannery wastewater to estimate the impairment caused by them.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"28 1","pages":"112-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89393264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.100.104
M. Suhaib, Asma Mujtaba, Masooma Munir, Z. A. Saqib
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficiency of Ca and K ions and different maize genotypes with imposed salinity. Two levels of K+ and Ca++ (5 and 10 mM) each were tested on two maize genotypes (Pioneer-3335 and Syngenta-8441) under 100 mM NaCl stress. Saline treatment adversely affected the plant physiological parameters and disturbed the ionic balance and resulted in poor plant growth. However, Syngenta-8441 was more prone to salt stress as compared to Pioneer-3335. Both of the inorganic ions showed significant effects on physiological and ionic components of both genotypes. Among the inorganic ions K was found to be more efficient than Ca in improving the plant growth. Improved physiological and ionic traits were observed more significant with 10 mM K ion treatment followed by 5 mM K. Among Ca treatments higher level of Ca (10 mM) showed more significant results as compared to 5mM Ca++. This study revealed that Ca++ and K+ both are compulsory for maintaining the crop growth because of their mutual effects under salt stress. However, the alleviative efficiency of K is far better than Calcium but its (Ca++) role could not be neglected, while regarding genotypic differential response imposes the fact that Pioneer-3335 is more tolerant to salinity menace as compared to Syngenta- 8441 but both of the genotypes were significant in their recovery from stress to applied Ca++ and K+.
通过水培试验，比较了不同玉米基因型对钙离子、钾离子的处理效率。以先锋-3335和先正达-8441两种玉米基因型为材料，在100 mM NaCl胁迫下，分别测定了5和10 mM的K+和Ca+水平。生理盐水处理对植物生理参数产生不利影响，扰乱了离子平衡，导致植物生长不良。然而，先正达-8441比先锋-3335更容易受到盐胁迫。无机离子对两种基因型的生理和离子组分均有显著影响。在无机离子中，钾离子对植物生长的促进作用优于钙离子。10 mM钾离子处理和5mM钾离子处理对水稻生理和离子性状的改善更为显著。在钙处理中，高钙(10 mM)处理比5mM钙离子处理效果更显著。研究表明，在盐胁迫下，Ca++和K+都是维持作物生长所必需的。然而，钾的缓解效果远远好于钙，但其(Ca++)的作用不可忽视，而基因型差异反应表明，先锋-3335比先正达- 8441对盐威胁的耐受性更强，但两种基因型在胁迫下对Ca++和K+的恢复都很显著。
{"title":"Alleviation of Salinity Hazards in Different Maize Genotypes Using Inorganic Ions (Ca++ and K+)","authors":"M. Suhaib, Asma Mujtaba, Masooma Munir, Z. A. Saqib","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.100.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.100.104","url":null,"abstract":"A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficiency of Ca and K ions and different maize genotypes with imposed salinity. Two levels of K+ and Ca++ (5 and 10 mM) each were tested on two maize genotypes (Pioneer-3335 and Syngenta-8441) under 100 mM NaCl stress. Saline treatment adversely affected the plant physiological parameters and disturbed the ionic balance and resulted in poor plant growth. However, Syngenta-8441 was more prone to salt stress as compared to Pioneer-3335. Both of the inorganic ions showed significant effects on physiological and ionic components of both genotypes. Among the inorganic ions K was found to be more efficient than Ca in improving the plant growth. Improved physiological and ionic traits were observed more significant with 10 mM K ion treatment followed by 5 mM K. Among Ca treatments higher level of Ca (10 mM) showed more significant results as compared to 5mM Ca++. This study revealed that Ca++ and K+ both are compulsory for maintaining the crop growth because of their mutual effects under salt stress. However, the alleviative efficiency of K is far better than Calcium but its (Ca++) role could not be neglected, while regarding genotypic differential response imposes the fact that Pioneer-3335 is more tolerant to salinity menace as compared to Syngenta- 8441 but both of the genotypes were significant in their recovery from stress to applied Ca++ and K+.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"120 1","pages":"100-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77431761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.130.138
M. Nasir, H. Abbasi, A. Zubair, W. Ahmad
Monitoring of groundwater is very important because of climatic and demographic patterns along the coastline of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Seventy representative groundwater samples were collected during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for the investigation of physico-chemical variables to understand the groundwater chemistry of the coastal belt. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to interpret the data to reveal the pollution sources in the groundwater samples. The normalized charge balance index (NCBI) was computed on the data set and the STzand STz+ were analyzed in the collected groundwater samples. Cations were in excess and alkalinity in the aquifer of the study area was balanced by Ca+ + Mg+ ions. The contribution of ions was insignificant for charge balance. Mg+2 and Ca+2 were in huge concentration and alkaline hardness was maintained by the alkaline rocks formation. Majority of the charge was balanced by SO4 -2 and Cl. In groundwater ionic composition is used to categorize it into ionic types of groundwater based on the dissolved cation and anion. The ionic reaction is likely regulated by domestic geological formation. The sample location illustrates NaSO4 -2 and Na+Cl nature of groundwater. The groundwater with NaSO4 and Na+Cldominancy generally shows saline characteristics that make groundwater unfit to use for irrigation and drinking purposes.
{"title":"Seasonal Assessment of Water Quality by Statistical Analysis in the Coastal Area of Sindh, Pakistan","authors":"M. Nasir, H. Abbasi, A. Zubair, W. Ahmad","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.130.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.63.2.2020.130.138","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring of groundwater is very important because of climatic and demographic patterns along the coastline of Sindh Province, Pakistan. Seventy representative groundwater samples were collected during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons for the investigation of physico-chemical variables to understand the groundwater chemistry of the coastal belt. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to interpret the data to reveal the pollution sources in the groundwater samples. The normalized charge balance index (NCBI) was computed on the data set and the STzand STz+ were analyzed in the collected groundwater samples. Cations were in excess and alkalinity in the aquifer of the study area was balanced by Ca+ + Mg+ ions. The contribution of ions was insignificant for charge balance. Mg+2 and Ca+2 were in huge concentration and alkaline hardness was maintained by the alkaline rocks formation. Majority of the charge was balanced by SO4 -2 and Cl. In groundwater ionic composition is used to categorize it into ionic types of groundwater based on the dissolved cation and anion. The ionic reaction is likely regulated by domestic geological formation. The sample location illustrates NaSO4 -2 and Na+Cl nature of groundwater. The groundwater with NaSO4 and Na+Cldominancy generally shows saline characteristics that make groundwater unfit to use for irrigation and drinking purposes.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"36 1","pages":"130-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81290520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-15DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.93.99
N. Salehan, A. Naila, Azilah Ajita, A. Z. Sulaiman
Labisa pumila var alata contains bioactive compounds such as gallic acid that is of use for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Aqueous extraction is the traditional method that extracts phytochemicals from plant material. The study aimed to find the optimum condition for maximum gallic acid yield from ground L. pumila leaves using aqueous extraction. The results revealed that the maxium gallic acid yield obtained was at 1:10 sample to water ratio for 8 h at 50 °C. The maximum yield of gallic acid obtained was 1.025 mg gallic acid per g dried leaves (mg/g). The identification of gallic acid was done on Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (LCMS-Q-TOF) by comparison to that of reference standard. The morphological structure of the extract that was obtained at optimum condition showed less denaturation of cell wall which indicates that still some gallic acid could be trapped in the sample matrix and other methods need to be employed to release them.
Labisa pumila var alata含有生物活性化合物，如没食子酸，可用于制药和营养保健工业。水提法是从植物原料中提取植物化学物质的传统方法。本研究旨在寻找水提法提取细叶没食子酸的最佳工艺条件。结果表明，在50℃条件下，当料水比为1:10，反应8 h时，没食子酸得率最高。得到的没食子酸最高产率为1.025 mg/g。用液相色谱-质谱四极杆飞行时间(LCMS-Q-TOF)对没食子酸进行鉴定，并与参比标准品进行比较。在最佳条件下获得的提取物的形态结构显示细胞壁变性较小，说明仍有部分没食子酸残留在样品基质中，需要采用其他方法释放。
{"title":"Effect of Solid to Water Ratio, Time and Temperature on Aqueous Extraction of Gallic Acid from Labisia pumila var alata of Malaysia","authors":"N. Salehan, A. Naila, Azilah Ajita, A. Z. Sulaiman","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.93.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.63.2.2020.93.99","url":null,"abstract":"Labisa pumila var alata contains bioactive compounds such as gallic acid that is of use for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Aqueous extraction is the traditional method that extracts phytochemicals from plant material. The study aimed to find the optimum condition for maximum gallic acid yield from ground L. pumila leaves using aqueous extraction. The results revealed that the maxium gallic acid yield obtained was at 1:10 sample to water ratio for 8 h at 50 °C. The maximum yield of gallic acid obtained was 1.025 mg gallic acid per g dried leaves (mg/g). The identification of gallic acid was done on Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (LCMS-Q-TOF) by comparison to that of reference standard. The morphological structure of the extract that was obtained at optimum condition showed less denaturation of cell wall which indicates that still some gallic acid could be trapped in the sample matrix and other methods need to be employed to release them.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"38 1","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77665356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-19DOI: 10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.62.3.2019.133.138
I. Mahmood, M. A. Ullah, M. Jamil, B. Zaman, M. Suhaib, S. Haider
A two years field study on rice was conducted to see the efficacy of gypsum to improve soil productivity with green manuring (GM) and crop residue (CR) incorporation and its impact on paddy yield of direct seeded rice and transplanted rice grown under saline-sodic soil Soil organic matter (SOM) intensity was also improved due to GM and CR incorporation particularly during the second year of crop harvest.
{"title":"Impact of Green Manuring and Crop Residues Incorporation along with Gypsum on Rehabilitation of Saline Sodic Soil and Yield of Direct Seeded and Transplanted Rice","authors":"I. Mahmood, M. A. Ullah, M. Jamil, B. Zaman, M. Suhaib, S. Haider","doi":"10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.62.3.2019.133.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.62.3.2019.133.138","url":null,"abstract":"A two years field study on rice was conducted to see the efficacy of gypsum to improve soil productivity with green manuring (GM) and crop residue (CR) incorporation and its impact on paddy yield of direct seeded rice and transplanted rice grown under saline-sodic soil Soil organic matter (SOM) intensity was also improved due to GM and CR incorporation particularly during the second year of crop harvest.","PeriodicalId":19784,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of scientific and industrial research","volume":"1 1","pages":"133-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85935222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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