M. R. Alahi, M. A. Khan, A. G. Qamar, M. A. Jabbar, A. Iqbal, M. Arshad, G. Abbas
Buffaloes are one of the major contributors of milk production in Pakistan. Like other dairy animals, it also faces a variety of metabolic disorders right after parturition. Among these problems ketosis is a major one in high producing buffaloes when energy demands (e.g. high milk production) exceed energy intake and result in a negative energy balance. When large amount of body fat is utilized as an energy source to support production, fat is sometimes mobilized faster than the liver can properly metabolize it. If this situation occurs, ketone production exceeds ketone utilization by the animal, and ketosis results. At early stage Sub-clinical ketosis occurs which if not detected and controlled proceeds to clinical ketosis that has economic impact in terms of both production and reproduction losses. Early detection of sub-clinical ketosis is of vital importance to minimize thesubsequent losses associated with this condition. Many studies have been conducted in past to diagnose sub-clinical ketosis in cattle, but a very little data is available for buffaloes. This study was aimed to compare digital ketometer and conventional urine strips method to detect Ketone bodies in blood and urine samples respectively for the early diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in buffaloes. For this purpose, blood (n=100) and urine (n=100) samples were collected from buffaloes at post-partum period, from three different herds and were processed for the presence of ketone bodies. The data obtained from both cow-side detection assays was analyzed statistically. The results of this research study laid the foundation of early detection of sub-clinical ketosis in buffaloes that was made possible using the cowside Abott Optium Neo Ketometer.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF KETONE BODIES IN BLOOD AND URINE FOR THE DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN POSTPARTUM BUFFALOES","authors":"M. R. Alahi, M. A. Khan, A. G. Qamar, M. A. Jabbar, A. Iqbal, M. Arshad, G. Abbas","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.799","url":null,"abstract":"Buffaloes are one of the major contributors of milk production in Pakistan. Like other dairy animals, it also faces a variety of metabolic disorders right after parturition. Among these problems ketosis is a major one in high producing buffaloes when energy demands (e.g. high milk production) exceed energy intake and result in a negative energy balance. When large amount of body fat is utilized as an energy source to support production, fat is sometimes mobilized faster than the liver can properly metabolize it. If this situation occurs, ketone production exceeds ketone utilization by the animal, and ketosis results. At early stage Sub-clinical ketosis occurs which if not detected and controlled proceeds to clinical ketosis that has economic impact in terms of both production and reproduction losses. Early detection of sub-clinical ketosis is of vital importance to minimize thesubsequent losses associated with this condition. Many studies have been conducted in past to diagnose sub-clinical ketosis in cattle, but a very little data is available for buffaloes. This study was aimed to compare digital ketometer and conventional urine strips method to detect Ketone bodies in blood and urine samples respectively for the early diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in buffaloes. For this purpose, blood (n=100) and urine (n=100) samples were collected from buffaloes at post-partum period, from three different herds and were processed for the presence of ketone bodies. The data obtained from both cow-side detection assays was analyzed statistically. The results of this research study laid the foundation of early detection of sub-clinical ketosis in buffaloes that was made possible using the cowside Abott Optium Neo Ketometer.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90191863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Arshad, G. Abbas, S. Jaffery, A. H. Hashmi, I. Hussain, A. Mustafa, A. Rehman, A. Iqbal, R., Khan, A. Mahmood, T. Mahmood, S. Javed, R. Mahmood, M. A. Alvi, A. Haq, M. H. Ali, M. S. Rehman, T., U. Mehboob, S. Khan, M. Saleem, S. Hassan, assnain Munir, R. Qureshi
The poultry industry is one of the most important/vibrant sectors in the livestock industry. Feed economics is highly important in the production of poultry, especially in intensive farming. Protein intake is the key factor for the sustainable production process and growth rates. Mainly soybean and fish meal is used to fulfill the protein requirements in poultry feed, however, currently, soybean meal and other conventional protein ingredients are facing the problem of shortage supply resultantly increasing in prices. So, there is an urgent need to explore other alternatives and cheaper protein sources. In the past 20 years, amongst different alternative protein sources, private companies and research institutes have focused on the use of algae, insects, and other invertebrates in poultry diets whereas particular attention needs to be paid to the dietary use of earthworms as it is agood and palatable source of protein. Earthworms can be successfully used as an alternative protein source for poultry and aquaculture as an environmentally friendly protein feed ingredient. In this review, we summarize the suitability, productivity, and effectiveness of earthworm meals as an alternative protein ingredient in poultry diets The research has investigated the use of earthworm meal in fish and poultry feed and exhibited an increase in body weight, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, and growth rates in broilers as well as an increase in egg production in layers. The research has shown dietary inclusion level of earthworm meal in the fish diet is successfully up to 25-30% whilst its inclusion level in the broiler diet should not go beyond 15%. Supplementation of earthworm meals in broiler and aquaculture diets may trigger production performances without affecting the quality of the final product. The goal of this review is to deliver the recent scenario of research on earthworm meal; to offer a better understanding of its use as a novel feed ingredient for sustainable poultry production.
{"title":"EARTHWORM MEAL: A NOVEL NON-CONVENTIONAL FEED INGREDIENT FOR SUSTAINABLE POULTRY PRODUCTION","authors":"M. Arshad, G. Abbas, S. Jaffery, A. H. Hashmi, I. Hussain, A. Mustafa, A. Rehman, A. Iqbal, R., Khan, A. Mahmood, T. Mahmood, S. Javed, R. Mahmood, M. A. Alvi, A. Haq, M. H. Ali, M. S. Rehman, T., U. Mehboob, S. Khan, M. Saleem, S. Hassan, assnain Munir, R. Qureshi","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.798","url":null,"abstract":"The poultry industry is one of the most important/vibrant sectors in the livestock industry. Feed economics is highly important in the production of poultry, especially in intensive farming. Protein intake is the key factor for the sustainable production process and growth rates. Mainly soybean and fish meal is used to fulfill the protein requirements in poultry feed, however, currently, soybean meal and other conventional protein ingredients are facing the problem of shortage supply resultantly increasing in prices. So, there is an urgent need to explore other alternatives and cheaper protein sources. In the past 20 years, amongst different alternative protein sources, private companies and research institutes have focused on the use of algae, insects, and other invertebrates in poultry diets whereas particular attention needs to be paid to the dietary use of earthworms as it is agood and palatable source of protein. Earthworms can be successfully used as an alternative protein source for poultry and aquaculture as an environmentally friendly protein feed ingredient. In this review, we summarize the suitability, productivity, and effectiveness of earthworm meals as an alternative protein ingredient in poultry diets The research has investigated the use of earthworm meal in fish and poultry feed and exhibited an increase in body weight, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, and growth rates in broilers as well as an increase in egg production in layers. The research has shown dietary inclusion level of earthworm meal in the fish diet is successfully up to 25-30% whilst its inclusion level in the broiler diet should not go beyond 15%. Supplementation of earthworm meals in broiler and aquaculture diets may trigger production performances without affecting the quality of the final product. The goal of this review is to deliver the recent scenario of research on earthworm meal; to offer a better understanding of its use as a novel feed ingredient for sustainable poultry production.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91320284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rising environmental risks that plastics bring led to the development of bioplastics from renewable biomass resources. Glycerol is used to starch to create high-quality bioplastics.Plastics are fundamentally synthetic or synthetic-like materials that do not disintegrate. This study aimsto investigate the degradation of bioplastics. Synthetic plastics are more damaging to the environmentthan bioplastics. Soil, compost, and water are just a few of the environments where the bio-plastics candegrade. The bioplastic components are buried in composite soil or loam sand in order to weigh themand take photographs of the breakdown activity. Different weather circumstances, such as temperature,humidity, rainfall, sunshine intensity, and sunlight duration, were recorded in order to study the impactof weather on the degrading activities. The comparison of the results showed that hydrophilic enzymeswere used to carry out the bio-plastics' breakdown activity. After saturation, the initial regenerativematerial absorbs soil moisture, increasing weight by up to 87%. Following the start of the degradationprocess, the weight of the bio-plastics gradually decreased. Microorganisms from the soil that invadehelp the deterioration process. Rainfall, humidity, and the amount of sunlight all have an impact on theenvironment and how quickly bioplastics degrade. The rate at which bio-plastics degraded increased asa result of the soil's increased microbial activity brought on by the increased solar intensity.
{"title":"DEGRADATION OF BIOPLASTICS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS","authors":"M. Rizwan","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.792","url":null,"abstract":"The rising environmental risks that plastics bring led to the development of bioplastics from renewable biomass resources. Glycerol is used to starch to create high-quality bioplastics.Plastics are fundamentally synthetic or synthetic-like materials that do not disintegrate. This study aimsto investigate the degradation of bioplastics. Synthetic plastics are more damaging to the environmentthan bioplastics. Soil, compost, and water are just a few of the environments where the bio-plastics candegrade. The bioplastic components are buried in composite soil or loam sand in order to weigh themand take photographs of the breakdown activity. Different weather circumstances, such as temperature,humidity, rainfall, sunshine intensity, and sunlight duration, were recorded in order to study the impactof weather on the degrading activities. The comparison of the results showed that hydrophilic enzymeswere used to carry out the bio-plastics' breakdown activity. After saturation, the initial regenerativematerial absorbs soil moisture, increasing weight by up to 87%. Following the start of the degradationprocess, the weight of the bio-plastics gradually decreased. Microorganisms from the soil that invadehelp the deterioration process. Rainfall, humidity, and the amount of sunlight all have an impact on theenvironment and how quickly bioplastics degrade. The rate at which bio-plastics degraded increased asa result of the soil's increased microbial activity brought on by the increased solar intensity.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81091972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land modification and its associated resources have grown considerably to be aserious issue that is currently attracting attention on a global scale, and they now form the core ofenvironmental protection and sustainability. The current study used remote sensing and GIS techniquesto evaluate land-use changes and their impacts on agricultural productivity over the study area, whichincluded Tehsil Shorkot, District Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. Arc GIS and ERDAS Imagine 15 softwarewere used for image pre-processing in order to stack the layers, sub-set them, and mosaic the satellitebands. After pre-processing the photos, a maximum likelihood technique was used in a supervisedimage classification scheme to identify the land-use changes that had been noticed in the research area.The goal of the current study was. In 2010, there were 9.6 km2 under water. By 2015, there were 21.04km2, and by 2020, there were 19.4 km2. In 2010, there were 16.6 km2 of built-up land; this numberrose to 19.4 km2 in 2015 and 26.8 km2 in 2020. The total area covered by vegetation was estimated tobe 513.2 km2 in 2010, 601.6 km2 in 2015, and 717.7 km2 in 2020. The area covered by forest land usedeclined with time, from 90.8 km2 in 2010 to 86.7 km2 in 2015 to 61.84 km2 in 2020, indicating adownward trend. The area used for bare land in 2010 was 528.54 km2, which significantly reduced to429.64 km2 in 2015 and then to 333.1 km2 in 2020. The area of arid terrain that was once used foragriculture has dramatically shrunk. The results of this research will be beneficial for future land-useplanning, urban and regional development, and a growth in agricultural production of different crops inthe study area.
{"title":"IMPACT OF LAND-USE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & ACCURACY ASSESSMENT THROUGH CONFUSION MATRIX","authors":"M. Sajid","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.793","url":null,"abstract":"Land modification and its associated resources have grown considerably to be aserious issue that is currently attracting attention on a global scale, and they now form the core ofenvironmental protection and sustainability. The current study used remote sensing and GIS techniquesto evaluate land-use changes and their impacts on agricultural productivity over the study area, whichincluded Tehsil Shorkot, District Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. Arc GIS and ERDAS Imagine 15 softwarewere used for image pre-processing in order to stack the layers, sub-set them, and mosaic the satellitebands. After pre-processing the photos, a maximum likelihood technique was used in a supervisedimage classification scheme to identify the land-use changes that had been noticed in the research area.The goal of the current study was. In 2010, there were 9.6 km2 under water. By 2015, there were 21.04km2, and by 2020, there were 19.4 km2. In 2010, there were 16.6 km2 of built-up land; this numberrose to 19.4 km2 in 2015 and 26.8 km2 in 2020. The total area covered by vegetation was estimated tobe 513.2 km2 in 2010, 601.6 km2 in 2015, and 717.7 km2 in 2020. The area covered by forest land usedeclined with time, from 90.8 km2 in 2010 to 86.7 km2 in 2015 to 61.84 km2 in 2020, indicating adownward trend. The area used for bare land in 2010 was 528.54 km2, which significantly reduced to429.64 km2 in 2015 and then to 333.1 km2 in 2020. The area of arid terrain that was once used foragriculture has dramatically shrunk. The results of this research will be beneficial for future land-useplanning, urban and regional development, and a growth in agricultural production of different crops inthe study area.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90957071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mastitis is one of the major and keen parameter for quality and quantity of milkproduction. The recent study was conducted to estimate the occurrence rate of mastitis in four differentseasons of the year and its therapeutic cure in Llivestock Experiment Station Nili Ravi Bhunikey. Forthis purpose, the total of 1188 milk samples were screened for mastitis through California MastitisTest. Out of total 1188 milk samples, the prevalence rate of mastitis was 9.7% (27/279) in winter, 14%(40/286) in spring , 7.2% (23/320) in summer and 6% (18/303) in autumn respectively. An overallprevalence rate of mastitis was 9 %( 108/1188).The screened positive samples were subjected toculture on culture media. Seven antibiotics were selected for the fortitude of antibiotic sensitivityagainst the cultured organisms. Antibiotics used in current research were Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin,Amoxycillin, Norfloxacin, Tylosin, Oxytetracycline and Chloramphenicol. The efficacy of thedifferent antibiotics was checked by the configuration of the zone of inhibition. The outcome showedthat the incidence of mastitis was greater in spring and lower in autumn. From selected antibiotics,Enrofloxacin and Gentamycine have resulted in more effective against the cultured organism.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF MASTITIS IN NILI RAVI BUFFALO HERD AT LIVESTOCK EXPERIMENT STATION BHUNIKEY, PATTOKI","authors":"I. Anwar","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.773","url":null,"abstract":"Mastitis is one of the major and keen parameter for quality and quantity of milkproduction. The recent study was conducted to estimate the occurrence rate of mastitis in four differentseasons of the year and its therapeutic cure in Llivestock Experiment Station Nili Ravi Bhunikey. Forthis purpose, the total of 1188 milk samples were screened for mastitis through California MastitisTest. Out of total 1188 milk samples, the prevalence rate of mastitis was 9.7% (27/279) in winter, 14%(40/286) in spring , 7.2% (23/320) in summer and 6% (18/303) in autumn respectively. An overallprevalence rate of mastitis was 9 %( 108/1188).The screened positive samples were subjected toculture on culture media. Seven antibiotics were selected for the fortitude of antibiotic sensitivityagainst the cultured organisms. Antibiotics used in current research were Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin,Amoxycillin, Norfloxacin, Tylosin, Oxytetracycline and Chloramphenicol. The efficacy of thedifferent antibiotics was checked by the configuration of the zone of inhibition. The outcome showedthat the incidence of mastitis was greater in spring and lower in autumn. From selected antibiotics,Enrofloxacin and Gentamycine have resulted in more effective against the cultured organism.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78771954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was planned to investigate the effect of synbiotic on intestinalhistomorphometry and the growth rate of quails experimentally infected with a field strain ofSalmonella gallinarum. Day old Japanese quails (120), with an average body weight of 6.09±1.1 g,were randomly assigned into 4 groups A, B, C, and D. Quails of groups A and B were given synbioticon a daily and weekly basis respectively, along with challenge while group C was negative control andgroup D was the positive control group. A total of 60 organ samples of the intestine were collectedfrom apparently healthy and freshly dead quails respectively to isolate the field strain of Salmonellagallinarum. Bacterial isolation and molecular identification were performed in accordance withlaboratory diagnostic culture techniques and PCR. Results from the current study indicate thatnonantibiotic feed additives such as synbiotics boosted the gut histomorphometric parametersincluding the villus height, villus width, and crypt depth under the challenge of Salmonella gallinarum.There was a significant increase in all these parameters due to synbiotic feeding except for the negativecontrol group which showed the lowest values. On day 21, DD achieved a maximum villus height of636.88 ± 65.93b µm in the duodenal mucosa, whereas, maximum villus width of 182.01 ± 15.40c µmin duodenal mucosa was achieved by group AA. Maximum villus height of 276.89 ± 21.16b µm andcrypt depth of 26.66 ± 1.15a µm in jejunum mucosa were recorded in group AA. Statistical results byusing the technique of one-way ANOVAs indicated that there was a significant increase inmorphmetric parameters of duodenal and jejunum mucosa in the groups fed synbiotic as compared tothe negative control. Hence results illustrate that there is an overall increase in histological parametersof duodenal and jejunum mucosa in the groups fed synbiotic as compared with the negative controlgroup. This study supports the beneficial effects of synbiotic on intestinal health and the growth rate ofJapanese quails by improving FCR.
{"title":"EFFECT OF SYNBIOTIC ON INTESTINAL HISTOMORPHOMETRY AND GROWTH RATE IN QUAILS, EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH FIELD STRAIN OF SALMONELLA GALLINARUM","authors":"A. A. Khan","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.775","url":null,"abstract":"This study was planned to investigate the effect of synbiotic on intestinalhistomorphometry and the growth rate of quails experimentally infected with a field strain ofSalmonella gallinarum. Day old Japanese quails (120), with an average body weight of 6.09±1.1 g,were randomly assigned into 4 groups A, B, C, and D. Quails of groups A and B were given synbioticon a daily and weekly basis respectively, along with challenge while group C was negative control andgroup D was the positive control group. A total of 60 organ samples of the intestine were collectedfrom apparently healthy and freshly dead quails respectively to isolate the field strain of Salmonellagallinarum. Bacterial isolation and molecular identification were performed in accordance withlaboratory diagnostic culture techniques and PCR. Results from the current study indicate thatnonantibiotic feed additives such as synbiotics boosted the gut histomorphometric parametersincluding the villus height, villus width, and crypt depth under the challenge of Salmonella gallinarum.There was a significant increase in all these parameters due to synbiotic feeding except for the negativecontrol group which showed the lowest values. On day 21, DD achieved a maximum villus height of636.88 ± 65.93b µm in the duodenal mucosa, whereas, maximum villus width of 182.01 ± 15.40c µmin duodenal mucosa was achieved by group AA. Maximum villus height of 276.89 ± 21.16b µm andcrypt depth of 26.66 ± 1.15a µm in jejunum mucosa were recorded in group AA. Statistical results byusing the technique of one-way ANOVAs indicated that there was a significant increase inmorphmetric parameters of duodenal and jejunum mucosa in the groups fed synbiotic as compared tothe negative control. Hence results illustrate that there is an overall increase in histological parametersof duodenal and jejunum mucosa in the groups fed synbiotic as compared with the negative controlgroup. This study supports the beneficial effects of synbiotic on intestinal health and the growth rate ofJapanese quails by improving FCR.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88085152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Multi-layered Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert System is planned to diagnose HIVAIDS. The Proposed DHA-MLMFES System is an Automatic diagnose of HIV-AIDS exploitationMulti-layer Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert System (DHA-ML-MFES) knowledgeable System, willclassify the various stages of HIV-AIDS like No-HIV-AIDS, HIV Stage 1, 2, 3 and Aids. The ExpertSystem has seven input variables at layer-I and four input variables at layer-II. At layer-I input,variables are headache, fatigue, aching muscles, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, red rashes, feverthat detects output condition of HIV-AIDS, infection, and different downside. The additional inputvariables at layer-II are PCR+, PCR+ P24+, P24+ Ab+ (ELISA), Ab+ Wb-inderminate that verify theoutput condition of HIV-AIDS like No-HIV-AIDS, HIV stage I, II, III or AIDS and alternativeinfection and downside. Results display investigation of the accuracy of the outcomes up to 94 percentof exploitation planned DHA- Multi-layer Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert Structure to set up theadvanced HIV-AIDS technique with help of physician assumptions and compile it to the medical Labof Roscommon University Hospital, Ireland.
设计了一种用于艾滋病诊断的多层Mamdani模糊软专家系统。本文提出的DHA-ML-MFES系统是一种利用多层Mamdani模糊软专家系统(DHA-ML-MFES)知识系统对HIV- Aids的不同阶段进行分类，如No-HIV-AIDS、HIV阶段1、2、3和Aids。ExpertSystem在第一层有7个输入变量，在第二层有4个输入变量。在第一层输入，变量是头痛、疲劳、肌肉酸痛、喉咙痛、淋巴结肿大、红疹、发热(检测HIV-AIDS的输出状况)、感染和其他不利因素。第二层的额外输入变量是PCR+， PCR+ P24+， P24+ Ab+ (ELISA)， Ab+ wb - inderate，验证HIV-AIDS的输出条件，如No-HIV-AIDS, HIV I, II, III期或AIDS以及替代感染和下降。结果显示，调查结果的准确性高达94%，开发计划DHA多层Mamdani模糊软专家结构建立先进的HIV-AIDS技术，帮助医生假设，并将其编译到爱尔兰罗斯康门大学医院医学实验室。
{"title":"DIAGNOSIS OF HIV-AIDS BY ADOPTING MULTI-LAYER MAMDANI FUZZY SOFT EXPERT SYSTEM","authors":"K Parveen, S.Y.Siddiqui, M.Daud","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.783","url":null,"abstract":"A Multi-layered Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert System is planned to diagnose HIVAIDS. \u0000The Proposed DHA-MLMFES System is an Automatic diagnose of HIV-AIDS exploitationMulti-layer Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert System (DHA-ML-MFES) knowledgeable System, willclassify the various stages of HIV-AIDS like No-HIV-AIDS, HIV Stage 1, 2, 3 and Aids. The ExpertSystem has seven input variables at layer-I and four input variables at layer-II. At layer-I input,variables are headache, fatigue, aching muscles, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, red rashes, feverthat detects output condition of HIV-AIDS, infection, and different downside. The additional inputvariables at layer-II are PCR+, PCR+ P24+, P24+ Ab+ (ELISA), Ab+ Wb-inderminate that verify theoutput condition of HIV-AIDS like No-HIV-AIDS, HIV stage I, II, III or AIDS and alternativeinfection and downside. Results display investigation of the accuracy of the outcomes up to 94 percentof exploitation planned DHA- Multi-layer Mamdani Fuzzy Soft Expert Structure to set up theadvanced HIV-AIDS technique with help of physician assumptions and compile it to the medical Labof Roscommon University Hospital, Ireland.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82579548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The methodologies for genetic nitrogen removal and improvement through the dirtywater have been précised in this study. Although there are some low energy options, like as denitritation and the proficient partial Ammonium that has been displayed in a well manner for sidewatercourse treatment and is growing towards the normal applications, and the usually usedtechnology of BNR is one of the energy exhaustive. Cell absorption with photographs may get betternitrogen, but bottleneck having solids division and space needs maximum applicability to the tertiarymanagement. Bacteriological cell, alternatively, is the power proficient at improving nitrogen by theside stream but not at obtaining low waste matter levels. And by the low usage of energy, nitrogenrecovery, to minimize waste matter nitrogen and the joint power of the growing techniques will getbetter wastewater nitrogen removal.
{"title":"NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT","authors":"Z.A. Dasti","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.771","url":null,"abstract":"The methodologies for genetic nitrogen removal and improvement through the dirtywater \u0000have been précised in this study. Although there are some low energy options, like as denitritation \u0000and the proficient partial Ammonium that has been displayed in a well manner for sidewatercourse \u0000treatment and is growing towards the normal applications, and the usually usedtechnology of BNR is one of the energy exhaustive. Cell absorption with photographs may get betternitrogen, but bottleneck having solids division and space needs maximum applicability to the tertiarymanagement. Bacteriological cell, alternatively, is the power proficient at improving nitrogen by theside stream but not at obtaining low waste matter levels. And by the low usage of energy, nitrogenrecovery, to minimize waste matter nitrogen and the joint power of the growing techniques will getbetter wastewater nitrogen removal.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"304 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78348790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Our understanding of the universe has changed widely since Einstein‟s explanationof time as an axis. In this paper, we aim to study the effect of traveling at speeds beyond the limitassigned by Einstein in his theory of relativity. Using his very equations for time dilation, we willshow that it is not only possible to break down the barriers of time, but also to predict with certaintyabout the effects that a body will undergo if it travels beyond the limit of the speed of light. This articledeals with the mathematical proof of time travelling and the derivation of a general formula that isapplicable for all speeds greater than, the speed of light. The extent of time dilation will also be underdiscussion. This article concludes the variation in the dilation of time with concluding help ofexemplary questions and the extended articles used in the relativity equations. The methods and theconclusion of our paper conclude the result in favor of relative extension of time.
{"title":"PREDICTING THE EXTENT OF TIME TRAVELING DONE AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS USING THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY","authors":"F. Zahra, G. Abbas","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.779","url":null,"abstract":"Our understanding of the universe has changed widely since Einstein‟s explanationof time as an axis. In this paper, we aim to study the effect of traveling at speeds beyond the limitassigned by Einstein in his theory of relativity. Using his very equations for time dilation, we willshow that it is not only possible to break down the barriers of time, but also to predict with certaintyabout the effects that a body will undergo if it travels beyond the limit of the speed of light. This articledeals with the mathematical proof of time travelling and the derivation of a general formula that isapplicable for all speeds greater than, the speed of light. The extent of time dilation will also be underdiscussion. This article concludes the variation in the dilation of time with concluding help ofexemplary questions and the extended articles used in the relativity equations. The methods and theconclusion of our paper conclude the result in favor of relative extension of time.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87505179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Abbas, S. Jaffery, A. H. Hashmi, M. Arshad, S. J. Usmani, M. Imran, A. Taweer, M. Tariq, M. Saleem, M., Arshad, Q. Amin, A. A. Khan, M. A. Alvi, S. Shabbir, R. Qureshi, A. Mustafa, T. A. Iqbal, A. Iqbal, M. Hassan, Sikandar Abbas, R. Zafar, W. Abbas, H. Abbas, S. G. Mohyyuddin, W. Ismail, -. D.K.A.AL, Taey, B. Shaukat
The usage of nanoparticles in veterinary/animal production is still relatively new, yetthey have long been used as therapeutic and/or diagnostic tools in human medicine. At the moment,improvements and breakthroughs in animal production are being made using nanotechnologyadvancements. Therefore, the goal of the current review is to provide a data-ailed classification anduses of nano-particles in animal science. By increasing therapeutic benefits and minimizing sideeffects, the creation of an alternative medicine delivery system based on nanoparticles is thought to bebeneficial for treating microbial illnesses. The increasing applications of nanoparticles in veterinarymedicine, reproductive technology, food delivery, biocide, and as a factor in meat, egg, and milkquality has been widely studied and found to be a noteworthy effect. Recently, the introduction ofnovel, small-scale technologies, and materials that are advantageous to livestock species hasrevolutionized practically most aspects of veterinary care and animal research. This review will coverinformation about varying types of nanoparticles, the benefits of using nanomaterials over theiralternatives, and the nanotechnology role and applications in veterinary science. The use ofnanoparticles to create nano-vaccines and nano-adjuvants, and their usage in gene therapy and cancertreatment has ushered in a new era of medicine. Moreover, there is also limited literature available onthe use and possible effects of nanoparticles in poultry feed, hence, this review will highlight thepromising effect of various mineral nanoparticles (NPs) or mineral supplements on the productionperformance of broiler and commercial layers.
{"title":"CURRENT PROSPECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY USES IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND ITS FUTURE SCENARIO","authors":"G. Abbas, S. Jaffery, A. H. Hashmi, M. Arshad, S. J. Usmani, M. Imran, A. Taweer, M. Tariq, M. Saleem, M., Arshad, Q. Amin, A. A. Khan, M. A. Alvi, S. Shabbir, R. Qureshi, A. Mustafa, T. A. Iqbal, A. Iqbal, M. Hassan, Sikandar Abbas, R. Zafar, W. Abbas, H. Abbas, S. G. Mohyyuddin, W. Ismail, -. D.K.A.AL, Taey, B. Shaukat","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.789","url":null,"abstract":"The usage of nanoparticles in veterinary/animal production is still relatively new, yetthey have long been used as therapeutic and/or diagnostic tools in human medicine. At the moment,improvements and breakthroughs in animal production are being made using nanotechnologyadvancements. Therefore, the goal of the current review is to provide a data-ailed classification anduses of nano-particles in animal science. By increasing therapeutic benefits and minimizing sideeffects, the creation of an alternative medicine delivery system based on nanoparticles is thought to bebeneficial for treating microbial illnesses. The increasing applications of nanoparticles in veterinarymedicine, reproductive technology, food delivery, biocide, and as a factor in meat, egg, and milkquality has been widely studied and found to be a noteworthy effect. Recently, the introduction ofnovel, small-scale technologies, and materials that are advantageous to livestock species hasrevolutionized practically most aspects of veterinary care and animal research. This review will coverinformation about varying types of nanoparticles, the benefits of using nanomaterials over theiralternatives, and the nanotechnology role and applications in veterinary science. The use ofnanoparticles to create nano-vaccines and nano-adjuvants, and their usage in gene therapy and cancertreatment has ushered in a new era of medicine. Moreover, there is also limited literature available onthe use and possible effects of nanoparticles in poultry feed, hence, this review will highlight thepromising effect of various mineral nanoparticles (NPs) or mineral supplements on the productionperformance of broiler and commercial layers.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76540694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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