Increasing concentration of trace metals in the environment and their subsequenthealth effects in living organisms has become a major threat particularly in developing parts of theworld. Therefore present study was designed to investigate the concentration of trace metals such asPb, Cd, Cr and Cu in liver, pectoral muscle, pelvic muscle and blood of two terrestrial (Bank Myna;Acridotheres ginginianus and Jungle Babbler; Turdoides striata) and two aquatic (Grey Heron; Ardeacinerea and Cattle Egret; Bubulcus ibis) bird species collected from the premises of Lahore, Pakistan.The detection frequency of trace metals in collected samples were highest in Cd (100%) followed byPb (83%), Cr (80%) and Cu (76.5%). Species revealed heterogeneous levels of metals in all organs. Ingeneral the mean concentration (µg/g) of trace metals in organs and blood of terrestrial speciesfollowed the pattern as Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd contrary to aquatic species in which the trend was Cu > Pb> Cr > Cd. Highest concentration of Pb (3.23 µg/g) was reported in pelvic muscle of jungle babbler,Cd (0.15 µg/g) in liver of bank myna, Cr (0.40 µg/g) in pelvic muscle of Cattle Egret and Cu (1.89µg/g) in liver of Cattle Egret. Whereas lowest concentration of Pb (0µg/g) and Cd (0.09 µg/g) wasreported in blood and pelvic muscle of Grey Heron respectively, Cr (0µg/g) in blood of Bank Myna,Grey Heron and Cattle Egret, Cu (0 µg/g) in blood of Grey Heron, Cattle Egret and Jungle Babbler.Concentration of metals varied significantly (P<0.05) among organs however, no significant difference(P>0.05) was observed among species except Cu(P<0.05). Further, no significant difference (P>0.05)of metals was observed between feeding guilds and habitat of the species. The increasing concentrationof toxic trace metals in the birds reflects deteriorating environmental health as a result of greater metalsexposure which must be reduced through proper legislation and strict implementation of laws.
{"title":"EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS OF TOXIC TRACE METALS IN BIRDS OF PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Ashraf, N. A. Abbasi, S. Ahmad","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.762","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing concentration of trace metals in the environment and their subsequenthealth effects in living organisms has become a major threat particularly in developing parts of theworld. Therefore present study was designed to investigate the concentration of trace metals such asPb, Cd, Cr and Cu in liver, pectoral muscle, pelvic muscle and blood of two terrestrial (Bank Myna;Acridotheres ginginianus and Jungle Babbler; Turdoides striata) and two aquatic (Grey Heron; Ardeacinerea and Cattle Egret; Bubulcus ibis) bird species collected from the premises of Lahore, Pakistan.The detection frequency of trace metals in collected samples were highest in Cd (100%) followed byPb (83%), Cr (80%) and Cu (76.5%). Species revealed heterogeneous levels of metals in all organs. Ingeneral the mean concentration (µg/g) of trace metals in organs and blood of terrestrial speciesfollowed the pattern as Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd contrary to aquatic species in which the trend was Cu > Pb> Cr > Cd. Highest concentration of Pb (3.23 µg/g) was reported in pelvic muscle of jungle babbler,Cd (0.15 µg/g) in liver of bank myna, Cr (0.40 µg/g) in pelvic muscle of Cattle Egret and Cu (1.89µg/g) in liver of Cattle Egret. Whereas lowest concentration of Pb (0µg/g) and Cd (0.09 µg/g) wasreported in blood and pelvic muscle of Grey Heron respectively, Cr (0µg/g) in blood of Bank Myna,Grey Heron and Cattle Egret, Cu (0 µg/g) in blood of Grey Heron, Cattle Egret and Jungle Babbler.Concentration of metals varied significantly (P<0.05) among organs however, no significant difference(P>0.05) was observed among species except Cu(P<0.05). Further, no significant difference (P>0.05)of metals was observed between feeding guilds and habitat of the species. The increasing concentrationof toxic trace metals in the birds reflects deteriorating environmental health as a result of greater metalsexposure which must be reduced through proper legislation and strict implementation of laws.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91348681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficient breeding plans depend upon the availability of reliable and accurate data.To evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of the Nili-Ravi buffalo, registered under thebull mother scheme, was evaluated from 1980-2020. General Linear Model is used to study the effectof phenotypic characters on milk yield i.e., year of calving, age at first calving, and dam’s parity onproductive traits under consideration. The lactation records of all parity are used for the analysis. Thedata on pedigrees, breeding, and performance records through analysis of variance procedure showsstatistically significant (P < 0.05) differences for the effect of 305 days milk yield and lactation length.The Least Squares Mean for lactation milk yield, age at first calving and lactation length are 2108.62 ±12.80 liters, 1574.49 ± 8.1 and 295.50 ± 1.47 days, respectively. The inclusive results depict thatbuffaloes calve in the winter season have the highest and most significant total milk yield. The data setcould be used as a phenotype for genome-wide association studies as a reference population.
{"title":"PHENOTYPIC TRENDS FOR MILK YIELD IN NILI RAVI BUFFALOES REGISTERED UNDER BULL MOTHER SCHEME AND AT LIVESTOCK EXPERIMENT STATION BAHADURNAGAR- OKARA","authors":"A. Manan","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.759","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient breeding plans depend upon the availability of reliable and accurate data.To evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of the Nili-Ravi buffalo, registered under thebull mother scheme, was evaluated from 1980-2020. General Linear Model is used to study the effectof phenotypic characters on milk yield i.e., year of calving, age at first calving, and dam’s parity onproductive traits under consideration. The lactation records of all parity are used for the analysis. Thedata on pedigrees, breeding, and performance records through analysis of variance procedure showsstatistically significant (P < 0.05) differences for the effect of 305 days milk yield and lactation length.The Least Squares Mean for lactation milk yield, age at first calving and lactation length are 2108.62 ±12.80 liters, 1574.49 ± 8.1 and 295.50 ± 1.47 days, respectively. The inclusive results depict thatbuffaloes calve in the winter season have the highest and most significant total milk yield. The data setcould be used as a phenotype for genome-wide association studies as a reference population.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74889528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research investigates interrelationship between landscape evolution and neotectonics in the Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) region based on surface roughness (SR). We analyzed the topographic surface features such as flat area, surface area and surface ratio using Shuttle RadaTopographic Mission-Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) with a spatial resolution of 90 meters. The objective is to make a SR map and to identify areas influenced by neotectonics. The DEM based spatial distribution of slope gradients and slope orientations along with the aspect map were combined to portray the vertical dissection. Lower values of vertical dissection indicate relatively flat topographic basins which generally mean a region of with intermediate slope gradient and slope orientation. Areas with high vertical dissection values correspond to sharp changes in the slope gradients and slope orientations, which could be due to abrupt scrap edges (possibly neotectonic or lithological control). Higher vertical dissection values in GB are wide spread and are oriented SE- NW in Ghanche, Skardu, Hunza, Gilgit and northern Ghizer districts along Karakorum, South Pamirs and Hindu-Kush ranges. While a few higher roughness values are aligned NE- SW in Diamir and Gilgit districts along the Raikot Fault. The surface roughness map is capable of identifying deeply incised valleys, tectonic uplifts and depressions.
基于地表粗糙度(SR)研究了吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦(GB)地区景观演化与新构造的相互关系。利用空间分辨率为90 m的SRTM DEM (Shuttle RadaTopographic Mission-Digital Elevation Model)分析了平坦面积、比表面积和比表面积等地形表面特征。目的是绘制SR图，确定受新构造影响的地区。将基于DEM的坡度和坡向空间分布与坡向图相结合来描绘垂直解剖。垂向解剖值较低表明地形盆地相对平坦，一般为坡度和坡向中等的区域。垂直解剖值高的地区对应于斜坡梯度和斜坡方向的急剧变化，这可能是由于突然的碎屑边缘(可能是新构造或岩性控制)。在喀喇昆仑山脉、南帕米尔高原和兴都库什山脉沿线的Ghanche、Skardu、Hunza、Gilgit和Ghizer北部地区，高垂直解剖值分布广泛，呈SE- NW取向。而在迪亚米尔和吉尔吉特地区沿莱科特断层的东北-西南方向有一些较高的粗糙度值。地表粗糙度图能够识别深切谷、构造隆升和构造坳陷。
{"title":"DEM BASED COMPUTATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE ROUGHNESS TO REVEAL INCISION IN GILGIT-BALTISTAN,PAKISTAN","authors":"S.R. Ahmad","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v65i1.724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v65i1.724","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates interrelationship between landscape evolution and neotectonics in the Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) region based on surface roughness (SR). We analyzed the topographic surface features such as flat area, surface area and surface ratio using Shuttle RadaTopographic Mission-Digital Elevation Model (SRTM DEM) with a spatial resolution of 90 meters. The objective is to make a SR map and to identify areas influenced by neotectonics. The DEM based spatial distribution of slope gradients and slope orientations along with the aspect map were combined to portray the vertical dissection. Lower values of vertical dissection indicate relatively flat topographic basins which generally mean a region of with intermediate slope gradient and slope orientation. Areas with high vertical dissection values correspond to sharp changes in the slope gradients and slope orientations, which could be due to abrupt scrap edges (possibly neotectonic or lithological control). Higher vertical dissection values in GB are wide spread and are oriented SE- NW in Ghanche, Skardu, Hunza, Gilgit and northern Ghizer districts along Karakorum, South Pamirs and Hindu-Kush ranges. While a few higher roughness values are aligned NE- SW in Diamir and Gilgit districts along the Raikot Fault. The surface roughness map is capable of identifying deeply incised valleys, tectonic uplifts and depressions.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73839187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural pigments extracted from plants are raised as a vital substitute to artificial dyes. The present study was conducted to extract pigment from Bistorta amplexicaule and evaluate its dyeing property, antimicrobial activity and toxicity. The extraction was done by maceration and sonication methods with 7.5% and 5% yield, respectively. The extracted pigment appeared bright- amber colored which was used for dyeing fabrics and food using traditional methods. The suitable dying was achieved using 4g dye powder in 100ml water for fabrics and 250mg in 26.2g of rice. The extract did not indicate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens by disc-diffusion method. Dye extract using albino mice assay did not show any mortality throughout the study period (15 days). The natural plant pigment extracted from B. amplexicaule had a potential as natural dye for food and fabric.
{"title":"EXTRACTION AND EVALUATION OF A NATURAL DYE FROM BISTORTA AMPLEXICAULE","authors":"A. Fatima","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v69i2.355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v69i2.355","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Natural pigments extracted from plants are raised as a vital substitute to artificial dyes. The present study was conducted to extract pigment from Bistorta amplexicaule and evaluate its dyeing property, antimicrobial activity and toxicity. The extraction was done by maceration and sonication methods with 7.5% and 5% yield, respectively. The extracted pigment appeared bright- amber colored which was used for dyeing fabrics and food using traditional methods. The suitable dying was achieved using 4g dye powder in 100ml water for fabrics and 250mg in 26.2g of rice. The extract did not indicate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens by disc-diffusion method. Dye extract using albino mice assay did not show any mortality throughout the study period (15 days). The natural plant pigment extracted from B. amplexicaule had a potential as natural dye for food and fabric. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72615754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is affected by different diseases andTomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is the most prevalent and devastating begomovirus. Tyresistant cultivars were developed by Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC)Taiwan, using different combinations of Ty genes to observe pyramiding effects on resistance againstvarious Begomoviruses. Cultivars containing Ty genes were grown in glass house at 65% relativehumidity, 16 hours Dark and 8 hours Light, at 26 oC. At the age of 5 to 6 leaves, plants were exposed toviruliferous whitefly and were kept for ~40 days. Symptoms were observed every 10 days postexposure. Among nine Ty-resistant and one native (Nagina) cultivars, three were resistant i.e., R1, R6and R9, two mild to moderately resistant i.e., R2 and R10, three i.e., R7, R8 and R14 very mildresistant while one Ty cultivar i.e., R15 along with susceptible (Nagina) variety showed no resistance.Nagina (susceptible) and R6 (resistant) cultivars were analyzed by Gas Chromatography MassSpectrometry (GCMS). Among Ty cultivars (Ty-2, Ty-3 and Ty-5) genes harbouring cultivars showedbetter resistance and GCMS analysis lead to identification of bioactive compounds associated withresistant (R6) cultivar.
{"title":"RESPONSE OF Ty-RESISTANT TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum) CULTIVARS TO BEGOMOVIRUSES AND THEIR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETERY ANALYSIS","authors":"R. Siddique","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v68i4.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v68i4.254","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production is affected by different diseases andTomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is the most prevalent and devastating begomovirus. Tyresistant cultivars were developed by Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC)Taiwan, using different combinations of Ty genes to observe pyramiding effects on resistance againstvarious Begomoviruses. Cultivars containing Ty genes were grown in glass house at 65% relativehumidity, 16 hours Dark and 8 hours Light, at 26 oC. At the age of 5 to 6 leaves, plants were exposed toviruliferous whitefly and were kept for ~40 days. Symptoms were observed every 10 days postexposure. Among nine Ty-resistant and one native (Nagina) cultivars, three were resistant i.e., R1, R6and R9, two mild to moderately resistant i.e., R2 and R10, three i.e., R7, R8 and R14 very mildresistant while one Ty cultivar i.e., R15 along with susceptible (Nagina) variety showed no resistance.Nagina (susceptible) and R6 (resistant) cultivars were analyzed by Gas Chromatography MassSpectrometry (GCMS). Among Ty cultivars (Ty-2, Ty-3 and Ty-5) genes harbouring cultivars showedbetter resistance and GCMS analysis lead to identification of bioactive compounds associated withresistant (R6) cultivar.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84564817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to calculate production efficiency (technical, economic and allocative) and determinants of inefficiency in open field tomato production in Punjab, Pakistan. Simple random sampling was used for primary data collection from 70 farmers in 2014. Data envelopment analysis explored the mean of technical (79.4%), allocative (58.1%) and economic (45.9%) efficiency. It showed the capability of 21.6 and 41.9% reduction in inputs and total cost, respectively with same output and technology. For sub groups, technical efficiency (92.1%) was more for medium farmer while allocative (74.2%) and economic efficiency (63.8%) was higher for large farmer. Tobit model explored the negative impact of education, experience, extension services and credit availability on inefficiency. Impact on inefficiency was positive for family size, area and vegetable market distance.
{"title":"EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF OPEN FIELD TOMATO PRODUCTION IN PUNJAB: A NON PARAMETRIC DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS APPROACH","authors":"Q. Ali","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v69i3.537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v69i3.537","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This study was designed to calculate production efficiency (technical, economic and allocative) and determinants of inefficiency in open field tomato production in Punjab, Pakistan. Simple random sampling was used for primary data collection from 70 farmers in 2014. Data envelopment analysis explored the mean of technical (79.4%), allocative (58.1%) and economic (45.9%) efficiency. It showed the capability of 21.6 and 41.9% reduction in inputs and total cost, respectively with same output and technology. For sub groups, technical efficiency (92.1%) was more for medium farmer while allocative (74.2%) and economic efficiency (63.8%) was higher for large farmer. Tobit model explored the negative impact of education, experience, extension services and credit availability on inefficiency. Impact on inefficiency was positive for family size, area and vegetable market distance. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80968208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan has variety of topographic features including planes, sub-mountainous andmountainous ranges. These mountainous and sub-mountainous ranges possess a vast potential forconcrete aggregates. However, alkali silica reactivity has largely been observed in the past, due toreactive nature of these aggregates. This study was planned to explore the possible causes of alkalisilica reaction (ASR) and their consequences in the environment of Pakistan. Several materials can beused economically to mitigate alkali silica expansion. Among all possible remedies, use of granulatedblast furnace slag is the most effective and economical option to control ASR. Use of other materialssuch as calcined or bentonite clay, rice husk ash, bagasse ash and silica fume may be effective againstASR.
{"title":"A LITERATURE REVIEW ON ALKALI SILICA REACTIVITY OF CONCRETE IN PAKISTAN","authors":"M. J. Munir","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v68i1.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v68i1.114","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has variety of topographic features including planes, sub-mountainous andmountainous ranges. These mountainous and sub-mountainous ranges possess a vast potential forconcrete aggregates. However, alkali silica reactivity has largely been observed in the past, due toreactive nature of these aggregates. This study was planned to explore the possible causes of alkalisilica reaction (ASR) and their consequences in the environment of Pakistan. Several materials can beused economically to mitigate alkali silica expansion. Among all possible remedies, use of granulatedblast furnace slag is the most effective and economical option to control ASR. Use of other materialssuch as calcined or bentonite clay, rice husk ash, bagasse ash and silica fume may be effective againstASR.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90067698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At-site Frequency Analysis (ASFA) of low flow was carried out for nine sites ofIndus basin in Pakistan. In the present study, 10-day annual low flow series were analyzed by robustestimation methods such as Method of L-moment (ML) and TL-moment (MTL) to identify best fitprobability distributions for each site. Best distribution for each site was identified using differentgoodness-of-fit Tests (GFT). No single probability distribution was declared as the best-fit distributionfor all sites included in the plan. The GFT results indicated GPA was the most appropriate distributionfor most of the sites followed by GLO and GEV distributions. On comparison, it was found that formost of the sites ML was best estimation method and for others MTL. For ASFA, the quantiles of bestfit distribution were also estimated. It was found that estimated low flows based on fitted distributionwere in close agreement with observed flows.
{"title":"PROBABILITY MODELING OF LOW FLOWS AT DIFFERENT SITES OF INDUS BASIN IN PAKISTAN USING L-MOMENTS AND TL-MOMENTS","authors":"None I. Ahmad","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v68i1.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v68i1.139","url":null,"abstract":"At-site Frequency Analysis (ASFA) of low flow was carried out for nine sites ofIndus basin in Pakistan. In the present study, 10-day annual low flow series were analyzed by robustestimation methods such as Method of L-moment (ML) and TL-moment (MTL) to identify best fitprobability distributions for each site. Best distribution for each site was identified using differentgoodness-of-fit Tests (GFT). No single probability distribution was declared as the best-fit distributionfor all sites included in the plan. The GFT results indicated GPA was the most appropriate distributionfor most of the sites followed by GLO and GEV distributions. On comparison, it was found that formost of the sites ML was best estimation method and for others MTL. For ASFA, the quantiles of bestfit distribution were also estimated. It was found that estimated low flows based on fitted distributionwere in close agreement with observed flows.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135405567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban sprawl is a global phenomenon of present era and is mostly taking place in less developed countries. In LDCs there is a consistent and vibrant trend among the people to agglomerate in mega cities and large urban centers. This phenomenon has gained the attention of researchers in the fields of urban geography, environmental studies and city & regional planning. Keeping in view its importance, an attempt has been made to explore the use of geo-informatics techniques for the assessment of urban sprawl in Faisalabad city. The result inferred from the classified Landsat image for year 1980 revealed that the total built-up area of Faisalabad was 5661 hectors (26 per cent of total) while year 2010 classified Landsat image depicts that the total built-up area was 9480.44 hectors (44 per cent) of the City. The total areal change for 30 years research span (1980-2010) was 44 per cent in built up land, contrary to this non built-up /open area decreased to 32 per cent during the same period. The total area in 1980 was 102 sq. km while the city grew up to 213 sq. km by year 2010. This appreciable change in built up lands was at the expanse of fertile agricultural tracts once part of the fringe of Faisalabad city.
{"title":"REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN SPRAWL IN FAISALABAD-PAKISTAN","authors":"M. N. Bhalli, A. Ghaffar, S. A. Shirazi","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v64i3.535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v64i3.535","url":null,"abstract":"Urban sprawl is a global phenomenon of present era and is mostly taking place in less developed countries. In LDCs there is a consistent and vibrant trend among the people to agglomerate in mega cities and large urban centers. This phenomenon has gained the attention of researchers in the fields of urban geography, environmental studies and city & regional planning. Keeping in view its importance, an attempt has been made to explore the use of geo-informatics techniques for the assessment of urban sprawl in Faisalabad city. The result inferred from the classified Landsat image for year 1980 revealed that the total built-up area of Faisalabad was 5661 hectors (26 per cent of total) while year 2010 classified Landsat image depicts that the total built-up area was 9480.44 hectors (44 per cent) of the City. The total areal change for 30 years research span (1980-2010) was 44 per cent in built up land, contrary to this non built-up /open area decreased to 32 per cent during the same period. The total area in 1980 was 102 sq. km while the city grew up to 213 sq. km by year 2010. This appreciable change in built up lands was at the expanse of fertile agricultural tracts once part of the fringe of Faisalabad city.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74947141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the current research, in vitro antiradical potential of some medicinal trees of Lahore, Pakistan was investigated. Various fruits and pods of 25 medicinal plants (Prosopis juliflora, Carissa carandas, Ceiba speciosa, Heterophragma adenophyllum Cestrum diurnum Jacaranda mimosifolia, Diospyros malabarica, Terminalia bellerica, Ficus lyrata, Diospyros peregrine, Cinnamomum verum, Erysimum cheiri, Buchanania lanzan, Withania somnifera, Fagonia arabica, Berberis lycium, Strychnos potatorum, Matthiola incana, Ziziphora tenuior, Centaurea behen, Rosa indica, Punica granatum, Lodoicea maldivica, Cassia absus, Celastrus paniculatus) were extracted by ethanol. Different concentrations of fruit extracts (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 mg/mL) were prepared to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method was performed and compared with standards like Vitamin E, BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) and ascorbic acid. Many plant extracts exhibited 80% of DPPH radical scavenging activity. F. Arabica, S. potatorum, M. incana, P. granatum, C. behen, W. somnifera, T. bellerica, and H. adenophyllum showed significant anti-radical potential (98.4±0.52, 96.40±0.52, 96.42±0.51, 94.58±0.52, 94.47±0.50, 94.65±0.56, 94.55±0.50, 91.42±0.51% inhibition, respectively) at 1 mg/mL equivalent to standards i.e. Vitamin E, BHT and ascorbic acid inhibition (88.25±0.2, 78.1±0.3 and 40.51±0.17%), respectively. Moreover, the dose dependent activity was observed as decline in the percentage inhibition at lower extracts concentration. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was also determined for the extracts that varied from 0.014± 0.001 (W. somnifera and J. mimosifolia) to 2.69±0.001 (B.lanzan) mg/mL depending on the sample extracts. The natural antioxidants in plants may be used in foods and natural products as a substitute to synthetic antioxidants, which have side effects.
{"title":"“ESTIMATION OF RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN”","authors":"S. K. Malik","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v69i3.559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v69i3.559","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000In the current research, in vitro antiradical potential of some medicinal trees of Lahore, Pakistan was investigated. Various fruits and pods of 25 medicinal plants (Prosopis juliflora, Carissa carandas, Ceiba speciosa, Heterophragma adenophyllum Cestrum diurnum Jacaranda mimosifolia, Diospyros malabarica, Terminalia bellerica, Ficus lyrata, Diospyros peregrine, Cinnamomum verum, Erysimum cheiri, Buchanania lanzan, Withania somnifera, Fagonia arabica, Berberis lycium, Strychnos potatorum, Matthiola incana, Ziziphora tenuior, Centaurea behen, Rosa indica, Punica granatum, Lodoicea maldivica, Cassia absus, Celastrus paniculatus) were extracted by ethanol. Different concentrations of fruit extracts (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 mg/mL) were prepared to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method was performed and compared with standards like Vitamin E, BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) and ascorbic acid. Many plant extracts exhibited 80% of DPPH radical scavenging activity. F. Arabica, S. potatorum, M. incana, P. granatum, C. behen, W. somnifera, T. bellerica, and H. adenophyllum showed significant anti-radical potential (98.4±0.52, 96.40±0.52, 96.42±0.51, 94.58±0.52, 94.47±0.50, 94.65±0.56, 94.55±0.50, 91.42±0.51% inhibition, respectively) at 1 mg/mL equivalent to standards i.e. Vitamin E, BHT and ascorbic acid inhibition (88.25±0.2, 78.1±0.3 and 40.51±0.17%), respectively. Moreover, the dose dependent activity was observed as decline in the percentage inhibition at lower extracts concentration. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was also determined for the extracts that varied from 0.014± 0.001 (W. somnifera and J. mimosifolia) to 2.69±0.001 (B.lanzan) mg/mL depending on the sample extracts. The natural antioxidants in plants may be used in foods and natural products as a substitute to synthetic antioxidants, which have side effects. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84965478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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