Objective: Comparison of beetroot extract and iron supplement (Iberet Folic) effects on iron andhaemoglobin levels among iron deficient anaemic rats.Methodology: In this study a natural source of iron, beetroot extract, and iron supplement (Iberetfolic) was administrated to phenyl-hydrazine induced anaemic rats for 21 days. Beetroot was firstdried, powdered, then extracted by ethanol.Results: The beetroot in current experimental study showed improvements in haemoglobin, red bloodcells, and iron serum as mean values of 23.8±0.69 g/dL, 15.16 ±0.54 106 /μL, and 31.5 ±1.5 μg/dL,respectively. As compared to beetroot, minor changes could be seen in mean values of haemoglobin,red blood cells, and serum iron of iron supplemented anaemic rats as; 22.4 ±0.443 g/dL, 13.69 ±0.5106 /μL, and 30.1 ±0.9 μg/dL, correspondingly.Conclusion: The Beetroot extract in this study presented as a viable replacement to the conventionallocal iron supplement.
{"title":"EFFICACY ASSESSMENT OF BEETROOT EXTRACT IN REGULATING IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA IN ANEMIC RATS","authors":"Z. A. Ali, A.Bilal","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v75i1.826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v75i1.826","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Comparison of beetroot extract and iron supplement (Iberet Folic) effects on iron andhaemoglobin levels among iron deficient anaemic rats.Methodology: In this study a natural source of iron, beetroot extract, and iron supplement (Iberetfolic) was administrated to phenyl-hydrazine induced anaemic rats for 21 days. Beetroot was firstdried, powdered, then extracted by ethanol.Results: The beetroot in current experimental study showed improvements in haemoglobin, red bloodcells, and iron serum as mean values of 23.8±0.69 g/dL, 15.16 ±0.54 106 /μL, and 31.5 ±1.5 μg/dL,respectively. As compared to beetroot, minor changes could be seen in mean values of haemoglobin,red blood cells, and serum iron of iron supplemented anaemic rats as; 22.4 ±0.443 g/dL, 13.69 ±0.5106 /μL, and 30.1 ±0.9 μg/dL, correspondingly.Conclusion: The Beetroot extract in this study presented as a viable replacement to the conventionallocal iron supplement.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91146903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was performed to know the prevalence of coccidiosis and efficacyof anti-coccidial drugs in the capital city of Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. A total of 573broiler birds of different age groups were sampled from the study area farms and processedaccordingly. Fecal flotation and McMaster egg counting techniques were used for Oocystidentification and counting, respectively. Postmortem of birds was performed to know the lesions and type of coccidiosis present in the birds. Drug trial was also carried out to evaluate the efficacy of anti-coccidial drugs available in the study area market. An overall 19.37% (111/573) prevalence of Coccidiosis was observed in study area. Among different age groups, broilers below three weeks ofage were found more susceptible to infection. During summer season higher prevalence was recorded.Different risk factors were found associated with coccidial infection in the study area. Fiveanticoccidial drugs available in the market have been found effective with different efficacy level.Among the anticoccidial drugs used during the present investigation, Sulphadimerazine 86% hadshown better effect. Besides these anticoccidial drugs, a herbal plant locally known as Sumbal was alsoused and found potent against Coccidiosis. This is a good alternate choice used in field conditionsalong with synthetic anti-coccidial for the treatment and control of coccidiosis. It was deduced thatprevalence of coccidiosis recorded in study area was comparatively lower than prevalence recorded inother parts of the world. Furthermore, Sulphadimerazine 86% have shown comparatively betterefficacy than other drugs.
{"title":"PREVALENCE AND CHEMOTHERAPY OF COCCIDIAL INFECTIONS IN BROILERS IN MUZAFFARABAD","authors":"Z.H.Awan, M.A.A.Shah, M.A.Zafar, A.A.Farooq, M.Shoaib, M.Kamran, M.F.Iqbal, R.Hussain, M.A.Khan, M.A.Javid, T.Mukhtar, Murtaz-ul-Hassan, S.G. Mohyuddin","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v75i1.820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v75i1.820","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was performed to know the prevalence of coccidiosis and efficacyof anti-coccidial drugs in the capital city of Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. A total of 573broiler birds of different age groups were sampled from the study area farms and processedaccordingly. Fecal flotation and McMaster egg counting techniques were used for Oocystidentification and counting, respectively. Postmortem of birds was performed to know the lesions and \u0000type of coccidiosis present in the birds. Drug trial was also carried out to evaluate the efficacy of anti-coccidial drugs available in the study area market. An overall 19.37% (111/573) prevalence of \u0000Coccidiosis was observed in study area. Among different age groups, broilers below three weeks ofage were found more susceptible to infection. During summer season higher prevalence was recorded.Different risk factors were found associated with coccidial infection in the study area. Fiveanticoccidial drugs available in the market have been found effective with different efficacy level.Among the anticoccidial drugs used during the present investigation, Sulphadimerazine 86% hadshown better effect. Besides these anticoccidial drugs, a herbal plant locally known as Sumbal was alsoused and found potent against Coccidiosis. This is a good alternate choice used in field conditionsalong with synthetic anti-coccidial for the treatment and control of coccidiosis. It was deduced thatprevalence of coccidiosis recorded in study area was comparatively lower than prevalence recorded inother parts of the world. Furthermore, Sulphadimerazine 86% have shown comparatively betterefficacy than other drugs.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81391829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ihtisham ul huq, A.A.Channa, R.Yousaf, N.Ullah, R.Khan, M.H.Ali, G.Abbas, B.Khan
Agribusiness is the foundation of Pakistan's economy as it contributes 18.9 percentto the nation's GDP. Buffalo is a significant investor with a populace of 38.8 million heads. Theprofitable characteristics of Nili Ravi wild ox are inimitable with some other buffalo breeds on theplanet, while the conceptive qualities are still nadir. The most widely recognized regenerative issuesexperienced are postponed time of pubescence, helpless estrus articulation, low ripeness with AI,deferred baby blues anestrous, and irregularity. These attributes have made it amazingly hard toincrease quick hereditary advancement in this variety. Conceptive biotechnologies assume a key job inbreed improvement by bypassing these obstacles. For this study eighty animals were selected andslaughtered due to reproductive issues and reproductive tracts were collected from the slaughterhouseand observe the tract grossly (texture and shape, any exudate, ovarian structures). Then cut the uterinetissue sample with the size of 2 × 2 × 2cm was fixed in formalin 10% for histopathology. Afterprocessing microscopy was performed to find histopathologic changes (Endometrial epithelium,uterine gland, and inflammatory cells and caruncles status). The grading of animals is labeled asNormal (-), Mild (+), Moderate (++), and Severe (+++) on basis of the degree of infection. The whiteside test was negative for 40% of samples while 60% of animals are positive with different degrees ofaffection. Endometrial epithelium erosion is absent in 31.43% of animals while 68.67% of animalshave erosions. Atrophy of uterine glands was absent in 41.43% of animals while 58.67% of animalscontained atrophy of glands. 11.43% of animals were negative for inflammatory cells while 88.66% ofanimals were positive for inflammatory cells. 20% of animals had normal caruncles while 80% ofanimals had swelled caruncles. Discharge was collected for the white side test from the cervix. 62.86%of animals had serious discharge while 37.14% of animals had a purulent discharge. The color andtexture of the tract are divided into two categories pale and pale reddish with swelling. 54.74% had apale color while 45.26% had a pale and reddish with swelling. In conclusion, 60% of animals wereaffected by endometritis including mild, moderate, and severe. Histopathological parameters and thenature of exudate also showed a significant relationship with endometritis which was indicated by thewhite side test. The treatment of endometritis should be done after the white side test beforeinsemination. In this way, we can improve reproductive performance and conception rate. Furtherstudies are warranted to perform the culture sensitivity test and treat the animals with intra-uterine andsystemic antibiotic therapy.
{"title":"HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE UTERUS OF INFERTILE SLAUGHTERED BUFFALOES","authors":"M. Ihtisham ul huq, A.A.Channa, R.Yousaf, N.Ullah, R.Khan, M.H.Ali, G.Abbas, B.Khan","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v75i1.830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v75i1.830","url":null,"abstract":"Agribusiness is the foundation of Pakistan's economy as it contributes 18.9 percentto the nation's GDP. Buffalo is a significant investor with a populace of 38.8 million heads. Theprofitable characteristics of Nili Ravi wild ox are inimitable with some other buffalo breeds on theplanet, while the conceptive qualities are still nadir. The most widely recognized regenerative issuesexperienced are postponed time of pubescence, helpless estrus articulation, low ripeness with AI,deferred baby blues anestrous, and irregularity. These attributes have made it amazingly hard toincrease quick hereditary advancement in this variety. Conceptive biotechnologies assume a key job inbreed improvement by bypassing these obstacles. For this study eighty animals were selected andslaughtered due to reproductive issues and reproductive tracts were collected from the slaughterhouseand observe the tract grossly (texture and shape, any exudate, ovarian structures). Then cut the uterinetissue sample with the size of 2 × 2 × 2cm was fixed in formalin 10% for histopathology. Afterprocessing microscopy was performed to find histopathologic changes (Endometrial epithelium,uterine gland, and inflammatory cells and caruncles status). The grading of animals is labeled asNormal (-), Mild (+), Moderate (++), and Severe (+++) on basis of the degree of infection. The whiteside test was negative for 40% of samples while 60% of animals are positive with different degrees ofaffection. Endometrial epithelium erosion is absent in 31.43% of animals while 68.67% of animalshave erosions. Atrophy of uterine glands was absent in 41.43% of animals while 58.67% of animalscontained atrophy of glands. 11.43% of animals were negative for inflammatory cells while 88.66% ofanimals were positive for inflammatory cells. 20% of animals had normal caruncles while 80% ofanimals had swelled caruncles. Discharge was collected for the white side test from the cervix. 62.86%of animals had serious discharge while 37.14% of animals had a purulent discharge. The color andtexture of the tract are divided into two categories pale and pale reddish with swelling. 54.74% had apale color while 45.26% had a pale and reddish with swelling. In conclusion, 60% of animals wereaffected by endometritis including mild, moderate, and severe. Histopathological parameters and thenature of exudate also showed a significant relationship with endometritis which was indicated by thewhite side test. The treatment of endometritis should be done after the white side test beforeinsemination. In this way, we can improve reproductive performance and conception rate. Furtherstudies are warranted to perform the culture sensitivity test and treat the animals with intra-uterine andsystemic antibiotic therapy.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80609596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The area of occupational health and safety encompasses efforts to ensure thephysical, mental, and emotional well-being of workers worldwide. Every human organization hasgenuine reasons to be concerned about its employees' health and safety. Management should place ahigh value on health and safety programs for workers since they have the potential to save lives,continue strengthening, and decreased costs. This article's purpose is to research and assess thecompany's safety procedures, strategies, and policies. The goal of an industry's safety managementprogram is to create a workplace in which every employee can do their job without risk to their healthor safety.
{"title":"EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYERS ROLE IN ENSURING SAFE WORKING ENVIRONMENT BY MAINTAINING HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORKPLACE","authors":"M. Asad, A. Ali, A. Mushtaq, R. Ullah","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v75i1.828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v75i1.828","url":null,"abstract":"The area of occupational health and safety encompasses efforts to ensure thephysical, mental, and emotional well-being of workers worldwide. Every human organization hasgenuine reasons to be concerned about its employees' health and safety. Management should place ahigh value on health and safety programs for workers since they have the potential to save lives,continue strengthening, and decreased costs. This article's purpose is to research and assess thecompany's safety procedures, strategies, and policies. The goal of an industry's safety managementprogram is to create a workplace in which every employee can do their job without risk to their healthor safety.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"93 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83694296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important leguminous crop has a dwindling croparea everyday due to climate change, and the overall yield has declined. In a controlled conditionexperiment, four distinct levels of drought were applied to ten different varieties of chickpeas in a petridish using polyethylene glycol (PEG) @ 0, 10, 20, and 30%. As differentiating factors, germinationrate, plumule, and radicle lengths were used. The experiment's results showed that, at 0% PEG, KK-2and Punjab-2008 demonstrated the highest germination rates (99%), while the lowest (0%)germination rates at (30% PEG) were recorded for Chattan and KK-1 genotypes. At 0% polyethyleneglycol (PEG), Chattan and Punjab-2008 had the maximum plumule (0.70 cm) and radicle (7.47 cm)lengths, respectively and with increasing drought they got reduced. Thus, it may be inferred thatdrought impacted negatively but its impact can be lessened by adopting genotypes that are droughtresistant.
{"title":"RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA GENOTYPES TO DROUGHT STRESS IN PETRI DISH ENVIRONMENT","authors":"J. Gul, Midrarullah, S.H.Shah","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v75i1.818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v75i1.818","url":null,"abstract":"Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an important leguminous crop has a dwindling croparea everyday due to climate change, and the overall yield has declined. In a controlled conditionexperiment, four distinct levels of drought were applied to ten different varieties of chickpeas in a petridish using polyethylene glycol (PEG) @ 0, 10, 20, and 30%. As differentiating factors, germinationrate, plumule, and radicle lengths were used. The experiment's results showed that, at 0% PEG, KK-2and Punjab-2008 demonstrated the highest germination rates (99%), while the lowest (0%)germination rates at (30% PEG) were recorded for Chattan and KK-1 genotypes. At 0% polyethyleneglycol (PEG), Chattan and Punjab-2008 had the maximum plumule (0.70 cm) and radicle (7.47 cm)lengths, respectively and with increasing drought they got reduced. Thus, it may be inferred thatdrought impacted negatively but its impact can be lessened by adopting genotypes that are droughtresistant.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87725953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. H. Kuthu, Z.Ahmed, M.Nawaz, G.Bila, M.Zubair, I.Ahmed, F.A.Kiani, M. Ikram
The information on principal component analysis (PCA) of kail sheep was generated using 16 different morphomteriacal traits. A total of 368 Kail sheep individuals were selected from different ecological zone of Azad Jammu Kahmir during the summer of 2020. The coefficient of correlation between these traits were found highly correlate with other morphometric traits of this breed. The PC extract two components and explaning total variance of 67 % and 60% respectively. PC1 has high variance while PC2 high association eith these traits. The application of PC analysis in kail sheep reduce the number of factor and variable a draw a more informative information about morphometric traits. These component can be used in breeding and conservation programme of this breed.
{"title":"PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF KAIL SHEEP BASED ON BODY MEASUREMENTS","authors":"Z. H. Kuthu, Z.Ahmed, M.Nawaz, G.Bila, M.Zubair, I.Ahmed, F.A.Kiani, M. Ikram","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.801","url":null,"abstract":"The information on principal component analysis (PCA) of kail sheep was generated using 16 different morphomteriacal traits. A total of 368 Kail sheep individuals were selected from different ecological zone of Azad Jammu Kahmir during the summer of 2020. The coefficient of correlation between these traits were found highly correlate with other morphometric traits of this breed. The PC extract two components and explaning total variance of 67 % and 60% respectively. PC1 has high variance while PC2 high association eith these traits. The application of PC analysis in kail sheep reduce the number of factor and variable a draw a more informative information about morphometric traits. These component can be used in breeding and conservation programme of this breed.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89609614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A significant part of a complete dairy feeding program is the mineral-vitamin component. Physiologically, minerals are involved in reproduction, lactation, cow/calf health during pregnancy and cow recovery after calving and general herd health. Highly productive dairy animals have much greater needs for minerals and vitamins than low-producing.Concentrations of minerals andvitamins in feeds can be extremely variable. Dairy animals commonly need 3 vitamins and 17 mineral for their optimal productivity. Even the deficiency of any of these can result in health, reproduction and milk production problems. The antioxidant, vitamin E and carotene are beneficial in reducing mastitis. Vitamins (D, E, C and carotene) and minerals (Cu, Zn, and Se) are needed for enhanced immune response.Almost all the members of B.comlex group, C vitamin K2 are synthesized in rumenbut ruminant diet should contain sufficient cobalt for B12 synthesis. Vitamin A is neither synthesized in the body nor contributed by bacteria and it is the only vitamin, which may be deficient supply under many conditions. Therefore its supply seems to be critical.Vitamin E content of forage is highly variable and is effective in reducing gossypol toxicity. Generally it is assumed that the dairy animals with functional rumen do not develop deficiency. Different research reports suggest the need for supplemental biotin, thiamin and niacin for dairy cattle. Pre-partum anionic diets should be supplemented to avoid Milk fever. High phosphorus diets do not improve milk production or reproduction but there is environmental concern from use of excess P. Manganese has its role in ovulation and fertility of dairy animals. Grazing dairy animals should have access to high quality freechoice mineral mixtures. Mineral and Vitamin supplementation should especially be managed before the periods of increased trace mineral demand such as calving, joining, dry-off and growth.
{"title":"EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF MINERALS ON THE PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING CATTLE AND BUFFALO","authors":"M. Tariq, G.Abbas, S.Ahmad, R.Mustafa, H.Sultan, M.Abdullah, I.Hussain, M.Arshad, U.Bashir Cheema, S.U.Hassan","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.803","url":null,"abstract":"A significant part of a complete dairy feeding program is the mineral-vitamin component. Physiologically, minerals are involved in reproduction, lactation, cow/calf health during pregnancy and cow recovery after calving and general herd health. Highly productive dairy animals have much greater needs for minerals and vitamins than low-producing.Concentrations of minerals andvitamins in feeds can be extremely variable. Dairy animals commonly need 3 vitamins and 17 mineral for their optimal productivity. Even the deficiency of any of these can result in health, reproduction and milk production problems. The antioxidant, vitamin E and carotene are beneficial in reducing mastitis. Vitamins (D, E, C and carotene) and minerals (Cu, Zn, and Se) are needed for enhanced immune response.Almost all the members of B.comlex group, C vitamin K2 are synthesized in rumenbut ruminant diet should contain sufficient cobalt for B12 synthesis. Vitamin A is neither synthesized in the body nor contributed by bacteria and it is the only vitamin, which may be deficient supply under many conditions. Therefore its supply seems to be critical.Vitamin E content of forage is highly variable and is effective in reducing gossypol toxicity. Generally it is assumed that the dairy animals with functional rumen do not develop deficiency. Different research reports suggest the need for supplemental biotin, thiamin and niacin for dairy cattle. Pre-partum anionic diets should be supplemented to avoid Milk fever. High phosphorus diets do not improve milk production or reproduction but there is environmental concern from use of excess P. Manganese has its role in ovulation and fertility of dairy animals. Grazing dairy animals should have access to high quality freechoice mineral mixtures. Mineral and Vitamin supplementation should especially be managed before the periods of increased trace mineral demand such as calving, joining, dry-off and growth.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78476790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. M. Siddique, A.Iqbal, M.Arshad, J.U.Rehman, G.Abbas, M.A.Munir, T.Fatima, F.Siddique, N.Iqba, U.Mehboob
The intent of the present study was conducted (January, 2020 to December, 2020) to estimate the prevalence of wingless insects in dog population and to identify the potential risks factors in selected areas of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Results of the study revealed an overall prevalence of wingless insects 50.16% (1204/2400) in dogs of study area. Among various insects, fleas were found predominant (28.5%; 684/2400; P<0.05) as compared to lice (21.66%; 520/2400). Among the reported species 4 were wingless insects (Ctenocepahlides (Ct.) felis, Ct, canis, Linognathus setosus and Trichodectes canis). Breed, age and sex of host were not found to be related with risk factors (P>0.05) affecting incidence of wingless insects. These inscets effect different body parts differently as highest prvelance was noted at neck (15%) and back (11.5%) followed by abdomen (10%) and ear (7.4%).Prevelence of the ectoparasites was found to be 6.2% at forelegs and 4% in congenital area, 4% around the shoulder and 6% around the hind legs, however, tail area was minimally affected (1.2%). Prevelance of Ct. felis was noted to be 35.96, Ct. canis 68.43%, Linognathus setosus 21.1% and Trichodectes canis 78.8%. Town wise incidences were found to be highest in Shalimar Town (62.91%) followed by Wagha Town (59.58%), Aziz Bhatti(59.16%), Data Ganj Bakhsh (55.41%), Nishtar Town (46.66%), Samanabad (44.3%), Iqbal Town (43.6%), Ravi Town (42%), Lahore Cantonment (41.6%) and Gulberg (40.4%). Rate of ectoparasites infestation was observed higher (P<0.05) in stray dogs (80.36%) followed by guard dogs (63.7%), hunting dogs (37.5%) and pet dogs (35.66%). Amongst the different seasons, rainy season showed higher lice prevalence (26.1%; 157/600), fleas (37.8%; 227/600), as compared to summer season and spring. Though, summer season was found to be unfavourable for the increase of almost all these insects. Comparative results of blood profile revealed significant difference (P<0.05) between non-infested and infested dogs, in the sort of lower value of infested/infected animals. To control the prevelance and ultimate effect of wingless insects on dog population applicable a well planned and control startegies as well as extension facilities should be arranged. Pet owners should be provided awareness about the significance of controlling the wingless insects to keep the pets and owner healthy.
{"title":"GIS BASED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WINGLESS INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC POPULATION OF DOGS IN LAHORE, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN","authors":"R. M. Siddique, A.Iqbal, M.Arshad, J.U.Rehman, G.Abbas, M.A.Munir, T.Fatima, F.Siddique, N.Iqba, U.Mehboob","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.796","url":null,"abstract":"The intent of the present study was conducted (January, 2020 to December, 2020) to estimate the prevalence of wingless insects in dog population and to identify the potential risks factors in selected areas of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Results of the study revealed an overall prevalence of wingless insects 50.16% (1204/2400) in dogs of study area. Among various insects, fleas were found predominant (28.5%; 684/2400; P<0.05) as compared to lice (21.66%; 520/2400). Among the reported species 4 were wingless insects (Ctenocepahlides (Ct.) felis, Ct, canis, Linognathus setosus and Trichodectes canis). Breed, age and sex of host were not found to be related with risk factors (P>0.05) affecting incidence of wingless insects. These inscets effect different body parts differently as highest prvelance was noted at neck (15%) and back (11.5%) followed by abdomen (10%) and ear (7.4%).Prevelence of the ectoparasites was found to be 6.2% at forelegs and 4% in congenital area, 4% around the shoulder and 6% around the hind legs, however, tail area was minimally affected (1.2%). Prevelance of Ct. felis was noted to be 35.96, Ct. canis 68.43%, Linognathus setosus 21.1% and Trichodectes canis 78.8%. Town wise incidences were found to be highest in Shalimar Town (62.91%) followed by Wagha Town (59.58%), Aziz Bhatti(59.16%), Data Ganj Bakhsh (55.41%), Nishtar Town (46.66%), Samanabad (44.3%), Iqbal Town (43.6%), Ravi Town (42%), Lahore Cantonment (41.6%) and Gulberg (40.4%). Rate of ectoparasites infestation was observed higher (P<0.05) in stray dogs (80.36%) followed by guard dogs (63.7%), hunting dogs (37.5%) and pet dogs (35.66%). Amongst the different seasons, rainy season showed higher lice prevalence (26.1%; 157/600), fleas (37.8%; 227/600), as compared to summer season and spring. Though, summer season was found to be unfavourable for the increase of almost all these insects. Comparative results of blood profile revealed significant difference (P<0.05) between non-infested and infested dogs, in the sort of lower value of infested/infected animals. To control the prevelance and ultimate effect of wingless insects on dog population applicable a well planned and control startegies as well as extension facilities should be arranged. Pet owners should be provided awareness about the significance of controlling the wingless insects to keep the pets and owner healthy.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82824390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mahmood, F.Mahmood, M.N.Faisal, A.Mahmood, H.Muzaffar, M.Mahmood, G.Abbas, T.Mahmood, M. Arshad
Usher syndrome is defined as an autosomal recessive disorder which is caused by a mutation in any one of at least 10 genes resulting in a combination of hearing loss and visual impairment. The loss of hearing is caused by a defect in the inner ear, whereas degeneration of the retinal cells called retinitis pigmentosa (RP), results in loss of vision. Based on severity and age whensigns and symptoms appear, there are three clinical subtypes of Usher syndrome (characterized as Usher I, II, and III). People suffering from Usher I are deaf by birth and during the first decade of life, they begin to lose their vision. Balance difficulties are also exhibited by them. Patients with Usher II have hearing loss but they are not deaf by birth. They also lose their vision later on. They do not show problems with balance. People having Usher syndrome III lose their vision and hearing gradually but they are not born deaf; they may or may not show difficulties with balance. In this review, those mouse models for usher syndrome will be discussed in which homologue of humans was identified first and a model called, “mouse model” was based upon gene defects in the human beings.
Usher综合征被定义为一种常染色体隐性遗传病，由至少10种基因中的任何一种突变引起，导致听力损失和视力障碍。听力的丧失是由内耳的缺陷引起的，而视网膜细胞的退化被称为视网膜色素变性(RP)，导致视力的丧失。根据症状和体征出现的严重程度和年龄，Usher综合征有三种临床亚型(特征为Usher I, II和III)。患有Usher I的人出生时耳聋，在生命的前十年开始失去视力。平衡困难也表现在他们身上。Usher II型患者听力受损，但并非天生失聪。之后他们也会失去视力。他们没有表现出平衡方面的问题。患有Usher III型综合症的人逐渐丧失视力和听力，但他们并非天生失聪;他们可能会也可能不会表现出平衡方面的困难。本文将对首次发现人类同源物和基于人类基因缺陷建立的小鼠模型进行综述。
{"title":"USHER SYNDROME AND ITS GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION","authors":"A. Mahmood, F.Mahmood, M.N.Faisal, A.Mahmood, H.Muzaffar, M.Mahmood, G.Abbas, T.Mahmood, M. Arshad","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.802","url":null,"abstract":"Usher syndrome is defined as an autosomal recessive disorder which is caused by a mutation in any one of at least 10 genes resulting in a combination of hearing loss and visual impairment. The loss of hearing is caused by a defect in the inner ear, whereas degeneration of the retinal cells called retinitis pigmentosa (RP), results in loss of vision. Based on severity and age whensigns and symptoms appear, there are three clinical subtypes of Usher syndrome (characterized as Usher I, II, and III). People suffering from Usher I are deaf by birth and during the first decade of life, they begin to lose their vision. Balance difficulties are also exhibited by them. Patients with Usher II have hearing loss but they are not deaf by birth. They also lose their vision later on. They do not show problems with balance. People having Usher syndrome III lose their vision and hearing gradually but they are not born deaf; they may or may not show difficulties with balance. In this review, those mouse models for usher syndrome will be discussed in which homologue of humans was identified first and a model called, “mouse model” was based upon gene defects in the human beings.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83801500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. Afzal, U.Farooq, M.F.Khalid, S.L.Butt, G.Abbas
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of xylo-oligosaccharide and xylanase supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histology of broilers. Six hundred day-old chicks (ROSS-308) were divided into four experimental groups (i.e. T1, T2, T3, and T4). Each experimental unit had six replicates of 25 chicks/replicate. Following treatments were offered: T1= positive control (PC, commercial diet); T2=negative control (NC, basal diet); T3= NC+Signis®; T4= NC+XOS+Xylanase. The experiment was conducted from 1 to 35 days of broiler age and during this trial data regarding growth performance (feed intake, weight gain) was recorded and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. At the end of the experiment, 2 birds from every replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered to get data on carcass characteristics and giblet's weight. Intestinal tissues (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) were also collected for histological analysis. Digestibility data was collected toward the end of the experiment to estimate nutrient digestibility. The data so generated were analyzed using the General Linear Model procedure of SPSS, 18.0, and the mean was compared using Tukey’s test. Results showed that duringthe starter phase, the effect of the treatments was non-significant for mortality and feed conversion ratio whereas a significant effect was observed for body weight gain and feed intake. Treatment C had significantly higher feed intake whereas for body weight treatments C and D had significantly higher body weight than positive and negative control groups. During the grower phase, the effect of the treatment was significant for mortality where treatments C had significantly higher mortality comparedwith all other treatments. The effect of the treatments was significant on body weight gain during the grower phase where treatment D had a significantly higher body weight compared with treatment The effect of the treatments was non-significant on the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. During the finisher phase, the effect of the treatments was significant on mortality where treatment D had the highest mortality followed by treatment A. Treatments C B and C showed no mortality during thefinisher phase of the study. The effect of the treatments was significant on FCR during the finisher phase. Treatments B and C had significantly poor FCR compared with treatment A while treatment D had non-significant differences with all other treatments. The effect of the treatments was nonsignificant for body weight and feed intake during the finisher phase. For carcass characteristics and intestinal histology, none of the treatments showed any significant difference. Keeping in view the dataon growth performance we concluded that the supplementation of these enzyme energy contents of the feed can be decreased without affecting the performance of the broilers.
{"title":"EFFECT OF XYLO-OLIGOSACCHARIDE AND XYLANASE SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, AND INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY OF BROILERS","authors":"S. A. Afzal, U.Farooq, M.F.Khalid, S.L.Butt, G.Abbas","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.800","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of xylo-oligosaccharide and xylanase supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histology of broilers. Six hundred day-old chicks (ROSS-308) were divided into four experimental groups (i.e. T1, T2, T3, and T4). Each experimental unit had six replicates of 25 chicks/replicate. Following treatments were offered: T1= positive control (PC, commercial diet); T2=negative control (NC, basal diet); T3= NC+Signis®; T4= NC+XOS+Xylanase. The experiment was conducted from 1 to 35 days of broiler age and during this trial data regarding growth performance (feed intake, weight gain) was recorded and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. At the end of the experiment, 2 birds from every replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered to get data on carcass characteristics and giblet's weight. Intestinal tissues (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) were also collected for histological analysis. Digestibility data was collected toward the end of the experiment to estimate nutrient digestibility. The data so generated were analyzed using the General Linear Model procedure of SPSS, 18.0, and the mean was compared using Tukey’s test. Results showed that duringthe starter phase, the effect of the treatments was non-significant for mortality and feed conversion ratio whereas a significant effect was observed for body weight gain and feed intake. Treatment C had significantly higher feed intake whereas for body weight treatments C and D had significantly higher body weight than positive and negative control groups. During the grower phase, the effect of the treatment was significant for mortality where treatments C had significantly higher mortality comparedwith all other treatments. The effect of the treatments was significant on body weight gain during the grower phase where treatment D had a significantly higher body weight compared with treatment The effect of the treatments was non-significant on the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. During the finisher phase, the effect of the treatments was significant on mortality where treatment D had the highest mortality followed by treatment A. Treatments C B and C showed no mortality during thefinisher phase of the study. The effect of the treatments was significant on FCR during the finisher phase. Treatments B and C had significantly poor FCR compared with treatment A while treatment D had non-significant differences with all other treatments. The effect of the treatments was nonsignificant for body weight and feed intake during the finisher phase. For carcass characteristics and intestinal histology, none of the treatments showed any significant difference. Keeping in view the dataon growth performance we concluded that the supplementation of these enzyme energy contents of the feed can be decreased without affecting the performance of the broilers.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75380954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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