Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow out of control. Breast cancer canspread outside the breast through lymph vessels and blood vessels when it spreads to other parts of thebody, it is said to have metastasized. Most breast cancer cases are reported in women who are 50 yearsand/or o40 years older. According to facts and figures shared by WHO (World Health Organization), itimpacts 2.1 million women every year and also causes the greatest number of cancer-related deathsamongst women. Whilst breast cancer rates are higher among women in more developed regions, ratesare increasing in nearly every region globally. Different machine learning algorithms have beenapplied to the dataset like Naïve Bayes (NB), J48 Decision tree, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and ANN(Gradient Descent) have been applied among them ANN (Gradient Descent) produces the optimalresults among these classification algorithms. The proposed Internet of Medical Things EnabledCloud-Based Breast Cancer Identification with Machine Learning system model with 98.07 %accuracy has been achieved. For the proposed model 97.64 % sensitivity and 98.32 % specificity havebeen recorded. From the results produced by the proposed expert system, it's satisfactory to utilize itfor breast cancer diagnosis. The Proposed system model will be helpful for the diagnosis of breastcancer.
{"title":"INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS ENABLED CLOUD-BASED BREAST CANCER IDENTIFICATION WITH MACHINE LEARNING","authors":"K Parveen, S.Y.Siddiqui, M.Daud, G.Abbas","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.784","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow out of control. Breast cancer canspread outside the breast through lymph vessels and blood vessels when it spreads to other parts of thebody, it is said to have metastasized. Most breast cancer cases are reported in women who are 50 yearsand/or o40 years older. According to facts and figures shared by WHO (World Health Organization), itimpacts 2.1 million women every year and also causes the greatest number of cancer-related deathsamongst women. Whilst breast cancer rates are higher among women in more developed regions, ratesare increasing in nearly every region globally. Different machine learning algorithms have beenapplied to the dataset like Naïve Bayes (NB), J48 Decision tree, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and ANN(Gradient Descent) have been applied among them ANN (Gradient Descent) produces the optimalresults among these classification algorithms. The proposed Internet of Medical Things EnabledCloud-Based Breast Cancer Identification with Machine Learning system model with 98.07 %accuracy has been achieved. For the proposed model 97.64 % sensitivity and 98.32 % specificity havebeen recorded. From the results produced by the proposed expert system, it's satisfactory to utilize itfor breast cancer diagnosis. The Proposed system model will be helpful for the diagnosis of breastcancer.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75777634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trypanosomes are widely distributed extra erythrocytic protozoan of animals. Wereported a Trypanosomes infection from the blood of a bulldog. An 18 months old male was presentedin the Pet Hospital of RCVetS, Lahore, Pakistan with a history of anorexia, emaciation, and pyrexia.Clinical examination of the dog indicated pale mucosa due and increase capillary refill time.Microscopic examination of blood films confirmed the Trypanosomes infection. Hematologicalanalysis of the blood of the dog indicated a decrease in Total erythrocyte count, hemoglobinconcentration, and Pack cell volume except for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Differential leukocytecount revealed all parameters were unremarkable except Neutropenia, Eosinophilia, Lymphocytosis,and Thrombocytopenia. Serum analysis showed hyperproteinemia, elevated bilirubin, Blood ureanitrogen (BUN), Hypoglycaemia, and a decreased level of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Thisdirected us to work on heamo parasites in companion animals.
{"title":"A CLINICAL NOTE ON CANINE TRYPANOSOMIASIS","authors":"A. A. Khan","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.774","url":null,"abstract":"Trypanosomes are widely distributed extra erythrocytic protozoan of animals. Wereported a Trypanosomes infection from the blood of a bulldog. An 18 months old male was presentedin the Pet Hospital of RCVetS, Lahore, Pakistan with a history of anorexia, emaciation, and pyrexia.Clinical examination of the dog indicated pale mucosa due and increase capillary refill time.Microscopic examination of blood films confirmed the Trypanosomes infection. Hematologicalanalysis of the blood of the dog indicated a decrease in Total erythrocyte count, hemoglobinconcentration, and Pack cell volume except for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Differential leukocytecount revealed all parameters were unremarkable except Neutropenia, Eosinophilia, Lymphocytosis,and Thrombocytopenia. Serum analysis showed hyperproteinemia, elevated bilirubin, Blood ureanitrogen (BUN), Hypoglycaemia, and a decreased level of Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Thisdirected us to work on heamo parasites in companion animals.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77295943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pulp and paper industrial effluent has the foremost role in environmental pollution. The key factor of the current study is to determine the conjugative effect of charcoal (60%) and alluvial soil (40%) mixture with laccase enzyme to lessen the effluent load of the pulp and paper industry. The adsorbent mixture of charcoal (60%) and alluvial soil (40%) was used for the adsorption of biological oxygen demand (BOD) chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and lignin of effluent. The impact of pH, temperature, adsorbent concentration, and adsorption time on the removal procedure were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 50 minutes with an agitation rate of 500 rpm at pH 6.0 at 25 degree. Results indicated that COD, BOD, color, and lignin were removed 86%, 80%, 60%, and 62% respectively. Moreover, the laccase enzyme also enhanced the reduction of these parameters as COD 95%, BOD 93% color 83%, and lignin 75%. The experimental batch equilibrium adsorption for COD and BOD was analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir models and kinetics was also discussed by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. The BOD and COD data fitted to the pseudo-secondorder kinetic model. Thermodynamics parameters ∆G˚, ∆H˚, and ∆S˚ results indicated thatadsorption was nonspontaneous due to high TDS and lignin, endothermic in nature, and revealed an increase in randomnessand degree of disorderliness at adsorbent mixture during the present study. Consequently, the use of laccase enzyme incombination with an adsorbent mixture presents promising results and is applicable.
{"title":"CONJUGATIVE EFFECT OF LOW COST ADSORBENT WITH LACCASE ENZYME FOR REDUCTION OF PULP AND PAPER EFFLUENT LOAD, ITS KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS","authors":"J. Rabbani, S. Ahmad, M. Iqbal","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.786","url":null,"abstract":"Pulp and paper industrial effluent has the foremost role in environmental pollution. The key factor of the current study is to determine the conjugative effect of charcoal (60%) and alluvial soil (40%) mixture with laccase enzyme to lessen the effluent load of the pulp and paper industry. The adsorbent mixture of charcoal (60%) and alluvial soil (40%) was used for the adsorption of biological oxygen demand (BOD) chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and lignin of effluent. The impact of pH, temperature, adsorbent concentration, and adsorption time on the removal procedure were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 50 minutes with an agitation rate of 500 rpm at pH 6.0 at 25 degree. Results indicated that COD, BOD, color, and lignin were removed 86%, 80%, 60%, and 62% respectively. Moreover, the laccase enzyme also enhanced the reduction of these parameters as COD 95%, BOD 93% color 83%, and lignin 75%. The experimental batch equilibrium adsorption for COD and BOD was analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir models and kinetics was also discussed by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. The BOD and COD data fitted to the pseudo-secondorder kinetic model. Thermodynamics parameters ∆G˚, ∆H˚, and ∆S˚ results indicated thatadsorption was nonspontaneous due to high TDS and lignin, endothermic in nature, and revealed an increase in randomnessand degree of disorderliness at adsorbent mixture during the present study. Consequently, the use of laccase enzyme incombination with an adsorbent mixture presents promising results and is applicable. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86976497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This trial was designed with the objectives to select best and economical feedingstrategies to accelerate growth pattern for reducing age at maturity in buffalo heifers. Twenty Sahiwalheifers (Age = 24 ± 2-month and wt. = 200 ± 30 kg) were divided into four equal groups(n-5) on thebasis completely randomized design, Control group (D) of heifers was fed on green fodder only and noration was offered while test diets were comprised on TMR based on wheat straw (A), fodder(B) andsilage(C) with crude protein 10-11 percent. Feed intake of each experimental animal were recordeddaily. Animals were weighed at the start of experiment and fortnightly thereafter. Animals of group Cgained higher body weight (averaged 580 grams daily) comparing with other groups while animals ofgroup (D)fed on fodder only yielded very poorly growth. Dry Matter Intakes of all groups were similarand there was no effect of treatment of different plans of diet fed to animals. Dry matter, Crude proteinand crude fiber digestibility values were higher in animals fed total mixed ration based on corn silageand dry ration as compared to those fed other diets. Blood urea nitrogen values were higher in group Afed on TMR wheat straw based diet while blood glucose values were higher in animals of group B andC fed corn silage or green fodder based diet as indicator for availability of nutrients for growth.
{"title":"EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PLANS OF NUTRITION ON GROWTH, FEED EFFICIENCY, BLOOD METABOLITES AND RELATIVE ECONOMICS IN SAHIWAL HEIFERS","authors":"F. Ahmad","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.776","url":null,"abstract":"This trial was designed with the objectives to select best and economical feedingstrategies to accelerate growth pattern for reducing age at maturity in buffalo heifers. Twenty Sahiwalheifers (Age = 24 ± 2-month and wt. = 200 ± 30 kg) were divided into four equal groups(n-5) on thebasis completely randomized design, Control group (D) of heifers was fed on green fodder only and noration was offered while test diets were comprised on TMR based on wheat straw (A), fodder(B) andsilage(C) with crude protein 10-11 percent. Feed intake of each experimental animal were recordeddaily. Animals were weighed at the start of experiment and fortnightly thereafter. Animals of group Cgained higher body weight (averaged 580 grams daily) comparing with other groups while animals ofgroup (D)fed on fodder only yielded very poorly growth. Dry Matter Intakes of all groups were similarand there was no effect of treatment of different plans of diet fed to animals. Dry matter, Crude proteinand crude fiber digestibility values were higher in animals fed total mixed ration based on corn silageand dry ration as compared to those fed other diets. Blood urea nitrogen values were higher in group Afed on TMR wheat straw based diet while blood glucose values were higher in animals of group B andC fed corn silage or green fodder based diet as indicator for availability of nutrients for growth.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90359906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gastrointestinal endoparasites have a great impact on livestock production. Currentresearch is conducted to realize the proper prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitical incursion in threeinstitutional buffalo herds in the Punjab Province. A total of 758 fecal samples were examined in farmand health laboratory, Buffalo Research Institute for a time duration of one year (July 2017 to June2018) from three institutional herds. The fecal samples collected from Livestock experiment stationBhunikey, Chak katora and Haroonabad were 227,208 and 323 respectively. Out of which 311 (41.02%) were found positive and different for parasites during the current duration of study. Thepervasiveness of different parasites including trematodes, nematodes, and diverse infestation inbuffaloes at Livestock Experiment Station Bhunikey was 25.50% (58/227), 14.90%(34/227), and4.80%(11/227) , while at Livestock Experiment Station Chak Katora it was 19.81%(64/323),17.64%(57/323) and 3.7%(12/323) percent respectively. Livestock Experiment Station Haroonabadshowed the prevalence of trematodes, nematodes and mixed infections as 24.51 %( 51/208), 6.70 %(14/208) and 4.80 %( 10/208). Maximum prevalence was observed from November to February(trematodes 24.01%, nematodes 13.81% and mixed infestation 3.4%) while minimum parasitism wasobserved from July to October (trematodes 20%, nematodes 3.5% and mixed infestation 1.2%). Thestudy that is conducted has varied results revealed that the occurrence of different gastrointestinalparasites in buffaloes is quite severe causing economical losses by reducing milk production. Bykeeping focus on this factor, a proper planned and strategic way of treatment and control program maybe designed to cover and control gastrointestinal parasitic contagions in buffaloes.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREVALANCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOPARASITES IN INSTITUTIONAL HERDS OF NILI RAVI BUFFALO","authors":"I. Anwar","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.772","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal endoparasites have a great impact on livestock production. Currentresearch is conducted to realize the proper prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitical incursion in threeinstitutional buffalo herds in the Punjab Province. A total of 758 fecal samples were examined in farmand health laboratory, Buffalo Research Institute for a time duration of one year (July 2017 to June2018) from three institutional herds. The fecal samples collected from Livestock experiment stationBhunikey, Chak katora and Haroonabad were 227,208 and 323 respectively. Out of which 311 (41.02%) were found positive and different for parasites during the current duration of study. Thepervasiveness of different parasites including trematodes, nematodes, and diverse infestation inbuffaloes at Livestock Experiment Station Bhunikey was 25.50% (58/227), 14.90%(34/227), and4.80%(11/227) , while at Livestock Experiment Station Chak Katora it was 19.81%(64/323),17.64%(57/323) and 3.7%(12/323) percent respectively. Livestock Experiment Station Haroonabadshowed the prevalence of trematodes, nematodes and mixed infections as 24.51 %( 51/208), 6.70 %(14/208) and 4.80 %( 10/208). Maximum prevalence was observed from November to February(trematodes 24.01%, nematodes 13.81% and mixed infestation 3.4%) while minimum parasitism wasobserved from July to October (trematodes 20%, nematodes 3.5% and mixed infestation 1.2%). Thestudy that is conducted has varied results revealed that the occurrence of different gastrointestinalparasites in buffaloes is quite severe causing economical losses by reducing milk production. Bykeeping focus on this factor, a proper planned and strategic way of treatment and control program maybe designed to cover and control gastrointestinal parasitic contagions in buffaloes.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81271118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Manan, H.Mustafa, M.Tariq, W.A.Khan, J.Ahmad, U.Fatima, Number, M. Ikram, S. G. Mohyyuddin
Solute carrier family 11-member a1 gene (SLC11a1) previously is a functionalmember of metal ion-transport protein, earlier known as natural resistance-associated macrophageprotein 1 (NRAMP1). The cellular expression of this gene is restricted to phagocytic cells. Thefunction of this gene is to transport bivalent metal cations from the cytosol. The complex reaction ofFenon and Haber-Weiss of this gene reacts toxic antimicrobial radicals against microorganisms. Thisstudy investigates the evolutionary divergence of the SLC11a1 gene in domesticated farm animals.SLC11a1 gene sequences of domesticated farm animals were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Theresults of this study revealed that there was substantial genetic variation in aligned sequences of theSLC11a1 gene within selected species. One ns-mutation (Q312K) was found in this study which isharmful. The phylogenetic trees showed some form of differentiation in the SLC11a1 gene sequence.The information on SLC11a1 polymorphism might be used to associate with disease resistance of farmanimals in Pakistan.
{"title":"PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF SLC11A1 GENE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS","authors":"A. Manan, H.Mustafa, M.Tariq, W.A.Khan, J.Ahmad, U.Fatima, Number, M. Ikram, S. G. Mohyyuddin","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.781","url":null,"abstract":"Solute carrier family 11-member a1 gene (SLC11a1) previously is a functionalmember of metal ion-transport protein, earlier known as natural resistance-associated macrophageprotein 1 (NRAMP1). The cellular expression of this gene is restricted to phagocytic cells. Thefunction of this gene is to transport bivalent metal cations from the cytosol. The complex reaction ofFenon and Haber-Weiss of this gene reacts toxic antimicrobial radicals against microorganisms. Thisstudy investigates the evolutionary divergence of the SLC11a1 gene in domesticated farm animals.SLC11a1 gene sequences of domesticated farm animals were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. Theresults of this study revealed that there was substantial genetic variation in aligned sequences of theSLC11a1 gene within selected species. One ns-mutation (Q312K) was found in this study which isharmful. The phylogenetic trees showed some form of differentiation in the SLC11a1 gene sequence.The information on SLC11a1 polymorphism might be used to associate with disease resistance of farmanimals in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"54 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90292853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ahmad, M.N.Tahir, F.Ahmad, S.S.Shah, M.Jahanzeb, M.Akhtar, R.H.Mirza, M.Ikram
The data on age at first calving for 539 records of crossbred cows of differentfilial/genetic groups were considered for the present investigation. These crossbreds belonged to eightfilial/genetic groups (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F8) maintained at Livestock Experiment StationQadirabad District Sahiwal from 1991 to 2014 (24 years). The duration of 24 year was divided into 6periods (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6) of four years each. Each year was further divided into threeseasons as winter (November-February), summer (March- June) and spring (July-October) on the basisof geo-climatic conditions prevailing in the region. The overall population mean of age at first calvingwas determined 1261.88±9.934 days. The analysis of variance revealed significant effect of period ofcalving on age at first calving. The finding of this study shows that age at first calving was subjected tonon-genetic factor. Effect of season of calving on age at first calving was non- significant whichindicate breed characteristic to adaptation with environment. Meanwhile effect of filial/genetic groupwas significant on age at first calving. Therefore, from the result of this investigation it can bedetermined that improving the feeding, health and other husbandry practices are essential to enhancethe performance trait of this herd.
{"title":"FACTORS AFFECTING ON AGE AT FIRST CALVING IN CROSSBRED CATTLE MAINTAINED AT LES QADIRABAD DISTRICT SAHIWAL","authors":"M. Ahmad, M.N.Tahir, F.Ahmad, S.S.Shah, M.Jahanzeb, M.Akhtar, R.H.Mirza, M.Ikram","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.780","url":null,"abstract":"The data on age at first calving for 539 records of crossbred cows of differentfilial/genetic groups were considered for the present investigation. These crossbreds belonged to eightfilial/genetic groups (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F8) maintained at Livestock Experiment StationQadirabad District Sahiwal from 1991 to 2014 (24 years). The duration of 24 year was divided into 6periods (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6) of four years each. Each year was further divided into threeseasons as winter (November-February), summer (March- June) and spring (July-October) on the basisof geo-climatic conditions prevailing in the region. The overall population mean of age at first calvingwas determined 1261.88±9.934 days. The analysis of variance revealed significant effect of period ofcalving on age at first calving. The finding of this study shows that age at first calving was subjected tonon-genetic factor. Effect of season of calving on age at first calving was non- significant whichindicate breed characteristic to adaptation with environment. Meanwhile effect of filial/genetic groupwas significant on age at first calving. Therefore, from the result of this investigation it can bedetermined that improving the feeding, health and other husbandry practices are essential to enhancethe performance trait of this herd.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76341449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study intaimsto evaluate the impact of landscape (Land use land cover) changeson Land surface temperature (LST) by using GIS and Remote sensing (RS) techniques in Lahoreduring 2017–2021.Supervised Maximum Likelihood classification method was used to classify theland use and land cover classes. For retrieval of Land surface temperature, the Landsat 8 (Band 10)product level 2 was used. Barren land and built- up area were identified as the most leading LULCclasses respectively in the study area at the cost of vegetation cover and water bodies. The barren landclass increased from 55.9% to 63.81% ,while the Built-up class also increases from 13.5% to 18.46%during 2017-2021.Whereas , vegetation and water bodies both are exhibiting the decline. The declinein vegetation class was reported from 29.58% to 17.6% over the time 2017 to 2021.Overall, 0.3 %decrease is observed in water bodies. In 2017 the 3◦C decline is observed in land surface temperature(LST) value than 2021.Built-up and Vegetation classes can contribute a significant role in variation ofLST in comparison to the water bodies. These results will be very helpful to understand the LULCchanges and eventually it will assist the land management authorities, policy maker and town plannersas well.
{"title":"CHANGING LANDSCAPE PATTERNS AND ITS EFFECT ON RISING LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF LAHORE-PAKISTAN","authors":"K. Shakrullah, S.A.Shirazi","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.788","url":null,"abstract":"The study intaimsto evaluate the impact of landscape (Land use land cover) changeson Land surface temperature (LST) by using GIS and Remote sensing (RS) techniques in Lahoreduring 2017–2021.Supervised Maximum Likelihood classification method was used to classify theland use and land cover classes. For retrieval of Land surface temperature, the Landsat 8 (Band 10)product level 2 was used. Barren land and built- up area were identified as the most leading LULCclasses respectively in the study area at the cost of vegetation cover and water bodies. The barren landclass increased from 55.9% to 63.81% ,while the Built-up class also increases from 13.5% to 18.46%during 2017-2021.Whereas , vegetation and water bodies both are exhibiting the decline. The declinein vegetation class was reported from 29.58% to 17.6% over the time 2017 to 2021.Overall, 0.3 %decrease is observed in water bodies. In 2017 the 3◦C decline is observed in land surface temperature(LST) value than 2021.Built-up and Vegetation classes can contribute a significant role in variation ofLST in comparison to the water bodies. These results will be very helpful to understand the LULCchanges and eventually it will assist the land management authorities, policy maker and town plannersas well.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89679898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioinformatics is a new area of research in which DNA, RNA and proteinssequences are dealt. To store, retrieve, analyze, match, align, search, and process these sequencesdifferent techniques are existed. Currently a lot of advancements in sequence analysis cause the drasticincrease in the DNA database sizes that require more efficient approaches encompass accuracy. Searchand analysis of DNA patterns can be performed by using various pattern matching algorithms in thecomputational biology. The aim of present study is to present taxonomy and performance evaluation ofthese pattern matching algorithms. The objective of this SLR is to set a research trend and to find amathematical model to estimate execution search time before scanning whole DNA sequence byfollowing a search strategy.
{"title":"PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DNA PATTERN MATCHING ALGORITHMS","authors":"I. Aziz, S.Shoaib, K.S.Khurshid, T.Ahmad, M.Awais","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i3.785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i3.785","url":null,"abstract":"Bioinformatics is a new area of research in which DNA, RNA and proteinssequences are dealt. To store, retrieve, analyze, match, align, search, and process these sequencesdifferent techniques are existed. Currently a lot of advancements in sequence analysis cause the drasticincrease in the DNA database sizes that require more efficient approaches encompass accuracy. Searchand analysis of DNA patterns can be performed by using various pattern matching algorithms in thecomputational biology. The aim of present study is to present taxonomy and performance evaluation ofthese pattern matching algorithms. The objective of this SLR is to set a research trend and to find amathematical model to estimate execution search time before scanning whole DNA sequence byfollowing a search strategy.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86864328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anaerobic digestion is the greatest substantial to treat waste and generates renewableenergy. For many decades this process plays a central role in research that alter waste into energy. Itdescribes the phase of anaerobic digestion and its operating parameters for the digesters. It also givesthe quantitative evaluation of the anaerobic digestion, which develops the method of effectiveness fortreating the substrate. Parameters play a crucial role in anaerobic digestion. On the other side, many thepeople who are concerned with its studies found the best criteria for applying the certain scales. In this,we discussed many factors that are linked with the anaerobic digester operations that ensured tomaximize its efficiency and its effectiveness. Various applications of anaerobic need to lessen the costand time of it. Factors that are linked with it speed up the process and help to enhance the yield of bioenergy production.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF ANAEROBIC TREATMENT","authors":"T. A. Iqbal, Z.A. Dasti","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i2.778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i2.778","url":null,"abstract":"Anaerobic digestion is the greatest substantial to treat waste and generates renewableenergy. For many decades this process plays a central role in research that alter waste into energy. Itdescribes the phase of anaerobic digestion and its operating parameters for the digesters. It also givesthe quantitative evaluation of the anaerobic digestion, which develops the method of effectiveness fortreating the substrate. Parameters play a crucial role in anaerobic digestion. On the other side, many thepeople who are concerned with its studies found the best criteria for applying the certain scales. In this,we discussed many factors that are linked with the anaerobic digester operations that ensured tomaximize its efficiency and its effectiveness. Various applications of anaerobic need to lessen the costand time of it. Factors that are linked with it speed up the process and help to enhance the yield of bioenergy production.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87876760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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