Current study was designed to validate the use of tail feathers as non-invasivebiomonitoring tool and to compare its barb and calamus parts for bioaccumulation of heavy metals viz.Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Hg and As in white backed vulture (Gyps africanus). A total of 8 tail feathers samplescollected from eight birds were analyzed. All the studied heavy metals except Hg and As were detectedin tail feathers of G. Africanus. We corroborated the use of tail feathers as non-invasive biomonitoringtool for all the heavy metals except Hg and As. In general, metals in feathers followed the trend asPb>Cd>Cr>Cu. Concentrations of trace metals were higher in barbs than calamus reflecting possibleexternal deposition. Comparison of heavy metals revealed non-significant (P> 0.05) differencesbetween barbs and calamus parts. We concluded that barbs of feathers are promising biomonitoringtool for metals contamination.
{"title":"DIFFERENCES IN BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND METALLOIDS BETWEEN BARBS AND CALAMUS OF TAIL FEATHERS OF WHITE BACKED VULTURES (GYPS AFRICANUS)","authors":"S. Ashraf, N. A. Abbasi, S. Ahmad","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.763","url":null,"abstract":"Current study was designed to validate the use of tail feathers as non-invasivebiomonitoring tool and to compare its barb and calamus parts for bioaccumulation of heavy metals viz.Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Hg and As in white backed vulture (Gyps africanus). A total of 8 tail feathers samplescollected from eight birds were analyzed. All the studied heavy metals except Hg and As were detectedin tail feathers of G. Africanus. We corroborated the use of tail feathers as non-invasive biomonitoringtool for all the heavy metals except Hg and As. In general, metals in feathers followed the trend asPb>Cd>Cr>Cu. Concentrations of trace metals were higher in barbs than calamus reflecting possibleexternal deposition. Comparison of heavy metals revealed non-significant (P> 0.05) differencesbetween barbs and calamus parts. We concluded that barbs of feathers are promising biomonitoringtool for metals contamination.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90803008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. is a highly destructive pathogen of chickpea. In thisstudy, leaf extract of Eucalyptus citriodora was assessed against this pathogen. Bioassays withmethanolic extract (0, 05, 1.0, 1.5, …, 4.0%) extract revealed the remarkable antifungal potential ofleaf extract where 69–94% reduction in biomass of A. rabiei was recorded. Chloroform fraction of thisextract was separated by partitioning the extract in a separating funnel. Using a solvent system ofchloroform: n-hexane (20:80), three compounds were detected on TLC plate which were separatedthrough preparative TLC and purified on HPLC. GC-MS of the purified compounds lead to theidentification of 3-cyclohexene- 1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (1), 1-cyclohexene- 1carboxaldehyde,4-(1-methylethyl)- (2) and eucalyptol (3) that might caused antifungal activity of the extract.
{"title":"IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS FROM LEAF EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA AGAINST ASCOCHYTA RABIEI","authors":"A. Javaid","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.767","url":null,"abstract":"Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. is a highly destructive pathogen of chickpea. In thisstudy, leaf extract of Eucalyptus citriodora was assessed against this pathogen. Bioassays withmethanolic extract (0, 05, 1.0, 1.5, …, 4.0%) extract revealed the remarkable antifungal potential ofleaf extract where 69–94% reduction in biomass of A. rabiei was recorded. Chloroform fraction of thisextract was separated by partitioning the extract in a separating funnel. Using a solvent system ofchloroform: n-hexane (20:80), three compounds were detected on TLC plate which were separatedthrough preparative TLC and purified on HPLC. GC-MS of the purified compounds lead to theidentification of 3-cyclohexene- 1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)- (1), 1-cyclohexene- 1carboxaldehyde,4-(1-methylethyl)- (2) and eucalyptol (3) that might caused antifungal activity of the extract. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90570741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zeeba Haseeb, Farman Ahmad, Muhammad Taqqi Abbas, Muzaffar Majid, A. Akhter, Ayisha Choudhry
The relationship between achieving an ecological future, economic growth, andhuman well-being has a long and varied philosophical history. Environmental health and safety(EHS) refers to the recognition, accurate assessment, and prevention of various health risks at workas well as the preservation of employees' productivity. On the other hand, ergonomics combines allof these issues to enhance the competency and well-being of workers. For this particular studyproject, an industrial estate was chosen, and it was further separated into three subzones formonitoring and assessment purposes. Instead of focusing on specific concerns, Industrial Estatewas created to address the difficulties associated with industrialization as a whole. The utilizationof two major data gathering techniques was employed. A specific checklist for EHS proceduresand a review of the site area from an EHS perspective. To address the general situation of theindustrial region, the appropriate measures of the various operations were also taken intoconsideration. Reviewing complaints and accident reports, conducting interviews, and othertechniques are examples of further data collecting approaches. The majority of the results were inconformity with national norms of PEQs and international standards of the World HealthOrganization (WHO), according to a comparison of monitoring reports for ambient air quality andwater quality. The PEQS-defined limit for PM10 was being exceeded. The graphs show how theair and water quality are currently in each location of the industrial site. The industrial estate's keyproblem zones have also been highlighted by the risk assessment matrix. However, a number ofconsiderations suggested that improving the way EHS procedures were implemented wasnecessary for EHS compliance with corporate SOPs.
{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY IN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE LAHORE","authors":"Zeeba Haseeb, Farman Ahmad, Muhammad Taqqi Abbas, Muzaffar Majid, A. Akhter, Ayisha Choudhry","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.768","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between achieving an ecological future, economic growth, andhuman well-being has a long and varied philosophical history. Environmental health and safety(EHS) refers to the recognition, accurate assessment, and prevention of various health risks at workas well as the preservation of employees' productivity. On the other hand, ergonomics combines allof these issues to enhance the competency and well-being of workers. For this particular studyproject, an industrial estate was chosen, and it was further separated into three subzones formonitoring and assessment purposes. Instead of focusing on specific concerns, Industrial Estatewas created to address the difficulties associated with industrialization as a whole. The utilizationof two major data gathering techniques was employed. A specific checklist for EHS proceduresand a review of the site area from an EHS perspective. To address the general situation of theindustrial region, the appropriate measures of the various operations were also taken intoconsideration. Reviewing complaints and accident reports, conducting interviews, and othertechniques are examples of further data collecting approaches. The majority of the results were inconformity with national norms of PEQs and international standards of the World HealthOrganization (WHO), according to a comparison of monitoring reports for ambient air quality andwater quality. The PEQS-defined limit for PM10 was being exceeded. The graphs show how theair and water quality are currently in each location of the industrial site. The industrial estate's keyproblem zones have also been highlighted by the risk assessment matrix. However, a number ofconsiderations suggested that improving the way EHS procedures were implemented wasnecessary for EHS compliance with corporate SOPs.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85127770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan has 2.83 percent of the world's population, making it the fifth-mostpopulated country. At 0.37 percent of the world's total, it ranks 35th in energy usage. Per capita, energyavailability is 43W, 1/7th of the world average. Pakistan's installed capacity is 34233 MW, however, itcan only generate 22000 MW against a peak load of 25000 MW, generating a 3000MW powershortfall. Not using the existing capacity, which is 8000MW larger than the peak load, is a sore issuefor technical, economical, and administrative reasons. Circular debt in the electricity sector stems fromsignificant reliance on imported petroleum and inefficient financial flow across tiers. The electricityshortage causes outages and hinders economic progress. The energy problem calls for concrete actionsto alleviate the shortfall. A way ahead is to transition the country's power industry from imported oilbasedthermalpowerplantstomorefeasibleindigenousresources,suchasrenewableenergyresources, of which Pakistan is rich and has great exploitation potential. This article surveys the availability ofrenewable energy sources, including hydro, solar, wind, and biomass, and their present and prospectivepenetration in the total power generating mix, with recommendations. Pakistan can extract 30 GWfrom hydropower and 11 GW from wind by 2030. According to estimates, a vast untapped potential ofsolar power must be brought into service with biogas as a supplement to meet future power needs. Thecomparative analysis has been done by doing a case study on different renewable energy strategies andtechniques adopted by other countries.
{"title":"RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN: PAVING A WAY FORWARD","authors":"S. M. Shahzad","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.760","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has 2.83 percent of the world's population, making it the fifth-mostpopulated country. At 0.37 percent of the world's total, it ranks 35th in energy usage. Per capita, energyavailability is 43W, 1/7th of the world average. Pakistan's installed capacity is 34233 MW, however, itcan only generate 22000 MW against a peak load of 25000 MW, generating a 3000MW powershortfall. Not using the existing capacity, which is 8000MW larger than the peak load, is a sore issuefor technical, economical, and administrative reasons. Circular debt in the electricity sector stems fromsignificant reliance on imported petroleum and inefficient financial flow across tiers. The electricityshortage causes outages and hinders economic progress. The energy problem calls for concrete actionsto alleviate the shortfall. A way ahead is to transition the country's power industry from imported oilbasedthermalpowerplantstomorefeasibleindigenousresources,suchasrenewableenergyresources, \u0000of which Pakistan is rich and has great exploitation potential. This article surveys the availability ofrenewable energy sources, including hydro, solar, wind, and biomass, and their present and prospectivepenetration in the total power generating mix, with recommendations. Pakistan can extract 30 GWfrom hydropower and 11 GW from wind by 2030. According to estimates, a vast untapped potential ofsolar power must be brought into service with biogas as a supplement to meet future power needs. Thecomparative analysis has been done by doing a case study on different renewable energy strategies andtechniques adopted by other countries.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90294360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The experiment was conducted to examine the replacement of maize fodder withmaize silage on dry matter intake, weight gain and feed efficiency in male buffalo calves. Total of 18no. of young male buffalo calves with body weight of 250 + 20 kg and having age around 24 monthswere randomly distributed into three groups containing 6 in each group.A diet of 16% Crude Proteinand 2.1 Mcal/kg energy was prepared and fed to calves at the rate of 1% of live body weight in allexperimental groups. Apart from concentrate, 16 kg of maize fodder was offered to each calves ofgroup A, 08 kg of maize fodder and 08 kg of maize silage to animals of group. Whereas 16kg of maizesilage was individually given to buffalo calves of group C. The experiment was continued for 90 daysfollowed by 10 days which were served for adjustment period. The group A, B and C had dry matterintake (DMI) of 4.82, 4.83 and 4.27 kg respectively. They posed a significant difference (P<0.0001)among three groups. Whereas the difference was non significant difference (P=0.39) in terms of dailyweight gain. The average daily growth rate was 0.90, 0.92 and 0.91 kg for groups A, B and Crespectively. The feed efficiency (feed intake per unit gain) of group C was the lowest i.e. 5.18followed by group B 5.54 and highest feed efficiency value was 6.13, observed in group A. Thedifference was significant (P<0.0001) for feed efficiency
{"title":"EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE FODDER WITH MAIZE SILAGE ON DRY MATTER INTAKE, WEIGHT GAIN & FEED EFFICIENCY IN BUFFALO MALE CALVES","authors":"M. A. Tipu","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.756","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted to examine the replacement of maize fodder withmaize silage on dry matter intake, weight gain and feed efficiency in male buffalo calves. Total of 18no. of young male buffalo calves with body weight of 250 + 20 kg and having age around 24 monthswere randomly distributed into three groups containing 6 in each group.A diet of 16% Crude Proteinand 2.1 Mcal/kg energy was prepared and fed to calves at the rate of 1% of live body weight in allexperimental groups. Apart from concentrate, 16 kg of maize fodder was offered to each calves ofgroup A, 08 kg of maize fodder and 08 kg of maize silage to animals of group. Whereas 16kg of maizesilage was individually given to buffalo calves of group C. The experiment was continued for 90 daysfollowed by 10 days which were served for adjustment period. The group A, B and C had dry matterintake (DMI) of 4.82, 4.83 and 4.27 kg respectively. They posed a significant difference (P<0.0001)among three groups. Whereas the difference was non significant difference (P=0.39) in terms of dailyweight gain. The average daily growth rate was 0.90, 0.92 and 0.91 kg for groups A, B and Crespectively. The feed efficiency (feed intake per unit gain) of group C was the lowest i.e. 5.18followed by group B 5.54 and highest feed efficiency value was 6.13, observed in group A. Thedifference was significant (P<0.0001) for feed efficiency","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87556040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was designed to evaluate the quality of traditional and commercialyoghurt brands and to acknowledge their health benefits for human consumption in districtRawalpindi. Nine types of samples collected from different resources were divided into threecategories. A, B and C were from cow, buffalo, and mixed (cow and buffalo) samples respectively. D,E, and F were from local vendors while G, H, and I were from different commercial yogurt brands.These samples were evaluated thrice on weekly basis using standard protocols for sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological attributes. It was concluded from the current study that the overall acceptability of commercial brand yoghurt was higher as compared to traditional ones. Physiochemical analysis of commercial yoghurt samples was consistent and showed a slight variation as compare to traditional yoghurt. Microbiological analysis revealed that total bacterial count of commercial yoghurtwas lower as compared to traditional ones.
{"title":"STUDY OF MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTES OF TRADITIONAL AND COMMERCIAL YOGHURTS TRADED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN DISTRICT RAWALPINDI","authors":"R.Batool","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.766","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to evaluate the quality of traditional and commercialyoghurt brands and to acknowledge their health benefits for human consumption in districtRawalpindi. Nine types of samples collected from different resources were divided into threecategories. A, B and C were from cow, buffalo, and mixed (cow and buffalo) samples respectively. D,E, and F were from local vendors while G, H, and I were from different commercial yogurt brands.These samples were evaluated thrice on weekly basis using standard protocols for sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological attributes. It was concluded from the current study that the overall acceptability of commercial brand yoghurt was higher as compared to traditional ones. Physiochemical analysis of commercial yoghurt samples was consistent and showed a slight variation as compare to traditional yoghurt. Microbiological analysis revealed that total bacterial count of commercial yoghurtwas lower as compared to traditional ones.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85426278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Notwithstanding credible advances in cardiovascular health progress contributed byscientific studies during the preceding few decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) relics a largenumber of deaths in developing as well as developed countries. Out of total of 161 articles screened.87 articles were excluded based on the preliminary scrutiny of abstract and titles and the study wasrestricted to remaining 74 articles to capture the most relevant literature. The risk factors of cardiovascular diseases have been recognized as modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiablecardio- vascular risk factors involve tobacco usage, hypertension, elevated blood glucose,dyslipidemia, overweight, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), unhealthy diet, alcohol intake, lack ofphysical activity. The non modifiable cardio vascular risks are age, sex, family history and raciallocale. A public awareness of risk factors contributing cardio vascular disorders is imperative forhealth of individuals and suggested to investigate time and again during life. Risk factors identified inthis research are sufficient markers of changes in heart health during aging process. In future, riskfactors of cardio vascular diseases should be included in secondary classes’ syllabi for the earlyawareness and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in new generation. Public awareness should beenhanced through print and electronic media. Annual, work place surveys are required to be conductedfor early identification of cardio vascular disorders in workers of government and privateinstitutions/sectors, an effort that should be done on the part of employers to retain healthy and highquality employees.
{"title":"RISK DETERMINANTS THAT ESCALATE CARDIO VASCULAR DISORDERS","authors":"A. N. Sajed","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.770","url":null,"abstract":"Notwithstanding credible advances in cardiovascular health progress contributed byscientific studies during the preceding few decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) relics a largenumber of deaths in developing as well as developed countries. Out of total of 161 articles screened.87 articles were excluded based on the preliminary scrutiny of abstract and titles and the study wasrestricted to remaining 74 articles to capture the most relevant literature. The risk factors of cardiovascular diseases have been recognized as modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiablecardio- vascular risk factors involve tobacco usage, hypertension, elevated blood glucose,dyslipidemia, overweight, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), unhealthy diet, alcohol intake, lack ofphysical activity. The non modifiable cardio vascular risks are age, sex, family history and raciallocale. A public awareness of risk factors contributing cardio vascular disorders is imperative forhealth of individuals and suggested to investigate time and again during life. Risk factors identified inthis research are sufficient markers of changes in heart health during aging process. In future, riskfactors of cardio vascular diseases should be included in secondary classes’ syllabi for the earlyawareness and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in new generation. Public awareness should beenhanced through print and electronic media. Annual, work place surveys are required to be conductedfor early identification of cardio vascular disorders in workers of government and privateinstitutions/sectors, an effort that should be done on the part of employers to retain healthy and highquality employees.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75266588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research article outlines Pakistan's fisheries industry output from 1950 to therecent past and fishery product trading from 1980 to 2011. Based on economic research, the findingsshow that fish output and export continuously rose year after year. Despite this, the pace ofdevelopment in fish output over the previous two decades has been quite modest compared to otheremerging nations. The research also shows that inland aquaculture output in Pakistan is quicklyoutpacing marine aquaculture. On the contrary, no marine aquaculture methods exist or are supportedto improve fish output. The article discusses and measures for fisheries sector security and futuredevelopment potential for coastal and non-coastal regions. In Pakistan, aquaculture has emerged as themost promising option to address fish demand, food security, livelihood, employment, and nationalGDP. Furthermore, it is critical to focus on marine aquaculture to restore marine fishing resources,which may generate livelihoods in coastal communities. Finally, the main idea of this article is toprovide developmental techniques for authorities to grow and expand the aquaculture industry, whichmight provide numerous options for livelihood support in Pakistan. The research uses methodologicaltriangulation for evaluating the on ground reality on a broader perspective and also an online surveywill be presented in it to evaluate the output of fish industry of Pakistan.
{"title":"DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF FISH INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN","authors":"SM Shahzad, Hamdarad Chowk","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.761","url":null,"abstract":"The research article outlines Pakistan's fisheries industry output from 1950 to therecent past and fishery product trading from 1980 to 2011. Based on economic research, the findingsshow that fish output and export continuously rose year after year. Despite this, the pace ofdevelopment in fish output over the previous two decades has been quite modest compared to otheremerging nations. The research also shows that inland aquaculture output in Pakistan is quicklyoutpacing marine aquaculture. On the contrary, no marine aquaculture methods exist or are supportedto improve fish output. The article discusses and measures for fisheries sector security and futuredevelopment potential for coastal and non-coastal regions. In Pakistan, aquaculture has emerged as themost promising option to address fish demand, food security, livelihood, employment, and nationalGDP. Furthermore, it is critical to focus on marine aquaculture to restore marine fishing resources,which may generate livelihoods in coastal communities. Finally, the main idea of this article is toprovide developmental techniques for authorities to grow and expand the aquaculture industry, whichmight provide numerous options for livelihood support in Pakistan. The research uses methodologicaltriangulation for evaluating the on ground reality on a broader perspective and also an online surveywill be presented in it to evaluate the output of fish industry of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72910153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Aflatoxin contamination of cereals and poultry feed causes significant financial loss and poses a risk withserious health implications for both humans and animals. Present research was conducted to check the occurrence ofaflatoxins B1 in cereals including pulses and poultry feed and to evaluate the potential of different techniques inremoving aflatoxin contamination from cereals. Methodology: 112 cereal samples which comprised of varieties of pulses and cereals used as poultry feed (yellow splitchickpeas, Barley, sorghum, wheat bran, corn seeds and oat) were collected from various locations of Lahore.Quantitative analyses were performed through Thin Layer Chromatography and High-Performance LiquidChromatography techniques. Detoxification of mycotoxin (Aflatoxin) contaminated samples was carried out throughboth chemical and physical methods. Results and Conclusion: Aflatoxins were found in 36% (n=40) of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.073to 23.03µg/kg-1. Selective 7 samples belonging to seven food types i.e., sorghum, yellow split chickpea, barley, wheatbran, corn and poultry feed mixture rendering negative aflatoxin results, were subjected to HPLC to confirm and validatethe results of TLC. HPLC having declared as more sensitive technique gave positive results for three out of sevensamples that previously were found negative for AFB1 in samples subjected to TLC analysis. The concentration detectedranges between 0.02-0.42µg/kg-1. Detoxification studies conducted through implementation of both physical andchemical methods proved the efficacy of both methods under variable conditions. Study hence suggested that acomprehensive and regular national level intensive monitoring and surveillance plan is required to improve the qualityand storage of pulses and poultry feed in Pakistan.
{"title":"DETERMINATION AND DETOXIFICATION OF AFLATOXIN IN CEREAL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF LAHORE","authors":"Mahnoor Rafique, F. Qamar, M. Abbas, N. Zahra","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.764","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Aflatoxin contamination of cereals and poultry feed causes significant financial loss and poses a risk withserious health implications for both humans and animals. Present research was conducted to check the occurrence ofaflatoxins B1 in cereals including pulses and poultry feed and to evaluate the potential of different techniques inremoving aflatoxin contamination from cereals. Methodology: 112 cereal samples which comprised of varieties of pulses and cereals used as poultry feed (yellow splitchickpeas, Barley, sorghum, wheat bran, corn seeds and oat) were collected from various locations of Lahore.Quantitative analyses were performed through Thin Layer Chromatography and High-Performance LiquidChromatography techniques. Detoxification of mycotoxin (Aflatoxin) contaminated samples was carried out throughboth chemical and physical methods. Results and Conclusion: Aflatoxins were found in 36% (n=40) of the samples, with concentrations ranging from 2.073to 23.03µg/kg-1. Selective 7 samples belonging to seven food types i.e., sorghum, yellow split chickpea, barley, wheatbran, corn and poultry feed mixture rendering negative aflatoxin results, were subjected to HPLC to confirm and validatethe results of TLC. HPLC having declared as more sensitive technique gave positive results for three out of sevensamples that previously were found negative for AFB1 in samples subjected to TLC analysis. The concentration detectedranges between 0.02-0.42µg/kg-1. Detoxification studies conducted through implementation of both physical andchemical methods proved the efficacy of both methods under variable conditions. Study hence suggested that acomprehensive and regular national level intensive monitoring and surveillance plan is required to improve the qualityand storage of pulses and poultry feed in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80965743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research aimed to evaluate the surface water quality of Gilgit city by comparingthe actual values of physio-chemical and microbiological parameters with that of the national standardsfor drinking water quality of Pakistan. A total of Sixteen surface water samples were gathered from thestudy area to analyze their quality. Multiple parameters including fluoride, hardness, pH, nitrite,nitrate, chloride, and TDS were mapped spatially using inverse distance weighting. To compute waterquality index, ArcGIS Model Builder and ArcPy were employed. The key informants interviews andfocus group discussions were also conducted to list the water-related problems. The findings of thewater quality index ensured the good quality of collected surface water samples using physicochemicalparameters but the occurrence of microbiological contamination in both rivers declared water unfit fordrinking. It showed that the water of the city is being contaminated due to anthropogenic activities.The mixing of wastewater into drinking water sources was also reported by the respective authoritiesand community. The residents also suggested to repair filtration plants as well as cover the waterstorage structures on an urgent basis. The study will be helpful to concerned departments of the studyarea to plan their resources and provide their services to the residents efficiently.
{"title":"WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING WATER QUALITY INDEX: A CASE STUDY OF HIGH ALTITUDE AREA, GILGIT CITY, GILGIT BALTISTAN, PAKISTAN","authors":"M. Asif","doi":"10.57041/pjs.v74i4.769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v74i4.769","url":null,"abstract":"The research aimed to evaluate the surface water quality of Gilgit city by comparingthe actual values of physio-chemical and microbiological parameters with that of the national standardsfor drinking water quality of Pakistan. A total of Sixteen surface water samples were gathered from thestudy area to analyze their quality. Multiple parameters including fluoride, hardness, pH, nitrite,nitrate, chloride, and TDS were mapped spatially using inverse distance weighting. To compute waterquality index, ArcGIS Model Builder and ArcPy were employed. The key informants interviews andfocus group discussions were also conducted to list the water-related problems. The findings of thewater quality index ensured the good quality of collected surface water samples using physicochemicalparameters but the occurrence of microbiological contamination in both rivers declared water unfit fordrinking. It showed that the water of the city is being contaminated due to anthropogenic activities.The mixing of wastewater into drinking water sources was also reported by the respective authoritiesand community. The residents also suggested to repair filtration plants as well as cover the waterstorage structures on an urgent basis. The study will be helpful to concerned departments of the studyarea to plan their resources and provide their services to the residents efficiently.","PeriodicalId":19787,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan journal of science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85892398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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