Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献_第2页

LdAMPKα2 knockdown accelerated the growth but depressed the chitin biosynthesis in Lymantria dispar larvae LdAMPKα2 基因敲除加速了斑蛉幼虫的生长，但抑制了几丁质的生物合成

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106198

Zizhuo Wang, Ze Wang, Chuanshan Zou

AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a crucial cellular energy sensor across all eukaryotic species. Its multiple roles in maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating cellular metabolic processes have been widely investigated in mammals. In contrast, the function of AMPK in insects has been less reported. Here, we successfully identified three AMPK subunits from Lymantria dispar (L. dispar), a Lepidoptera pest in forestry. Based on that, in particular, the role of AMPK signaling in regulating larval development, as well as chitin biosynthesis was investigated by the application of RNAi-mediated LdAMPKα2 knockdown. The results indicated that knockdown of LdAMPKα2 significantly increased the body weight of L. dispar larvae, and dramatically upregulated the expression of LdmTOR, LdS6K and LdSREBP1, the key genes in mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway. While, it significantly reduced the expression of Ld4EBP, a critical repressor of mTOR pathway. Besides, the glucose level was increased and trehalose level was decreased in L. dispar after LdAMPKα2 silencing. Furthermore, we found that the chitin content in the epidermis, as well as the expressions of four key genes in the chitin biosynthesis pathway, LdGFAT, LdPAGM, LdUAP and LdCHSA, were significantly decreased after LdAMPKα2 knockdown. Taken together, these results revealed that AMPK signaling played a pivotal role in regulating the growth and development, as well as carbohydrate metabolism and chitin biosynthesis in L. dispar larvae. The findings expand our understanding of the comprehensive regulatory role of AMPK signaling in insects.

AMPK（AMP-活化蛋白激酶）是所有真核生物物种中至关重要的细胞能量传感器。在哺乳动物中，AMPK 在维持能量平衡、调节细胞新陈代谢过程中的多重作用已被广泛研究。相比之下，AMPK 在昆虫中的功能却鲜有报道。在这里，我们成功地从一种林业鳞翅目害虫莱曼特里亚（L. dispar）身上鉴定出了三个 AMPK 亚基。在此基础上，我们特别应用 RNAi- 介导的 LdAMPKα2 基因敲除技术研究了 AMPK 信号在调节幼虫发育和几丁质生物合成中的作用。结果表明，敲除 LdAMPKα2 能显著增加悬钩子幼虫的体重，并显著上调 mTOR（哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶标）信号通路的关键基因 LdmTOR、LdS6K 和 LdSREBP1 的表达。同时，它还大大降低了 mTOR 通路的关键抑制因子 Ld4EBP 的表达。此外，沉默 LdAMPKα2 后，L. dispar 的葡萄糖水平升高，三卤糖水平降低。此外，我们还发现敲除 LdAMPKα2 后，表皮中几丁质的含量以及几丁质生物合成途径中的四个关键基因 LdGFAT、LdPAGM、LdUAP 和 LdCHSA 的表达量均显著下降。综上所述，这些结果表明，AMPK 信号在调控悬钩子幼虫的生长发育、碳水化合物代谢和几丁质生物合成中起着关键作用。这些发现拓展了我们对 AMPK 信号在昆虫体内综合调控作用的认识。

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引用次数: 0

A cationic AIE luminutesogen TBPD2+-6C as a potential bacterial detection agent and bactericide for plants bacterium 阳离子 AIE 发光体原 TBPD2+-6C 作为潜在的细菌检测剂和植物细菌杀菌剂

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106201

Renjiang Guo , Ya Wang , Xiaoqiu Guo , Hong Tu , Qilong Zhang , Jian Wu

The rise of plant bacterial pathogens poses a significant threat to the yield and quality of essential food crops and cash crops globally. Our research introduced a versatile cationic AIE fluorescent probe for detecting and eliminating plant bacteria. With its unique aggregation-induced emission property, TBPD²⁺-6C can effectively detect plant bacteria by causing a fluorescence quenching effect and enables bacterial imaging under green fluorescence channels. Additionally, TBPD²⁺-6C demonstrates outstanding antibacterial effectiveness, with EC₅₀ values of 0.27, 3.86, 0.47, and 11.5 μg/mL against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), and X. axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), respectively. In vivo testing against Xoc revealed that TBPD²⁺-6C showed better activity than commercial thiodiazole copper (TC) and bismerthiazol (BT). Furthermore, the investigation into the antibacterial mechanism revealed that the cationic compound can effectively integrate into the bacterial membrane, disrupt the membrane structure, trigger ROS accumulation, and inhibit biofilm formation. In conclusion, the development of multifunctional, broad-spectrum antimicrobial system molecular designs for rapid real-time detection, imaging, and elimination of resistant microbes could play a vital role in combating pathogens.

植物细菌病原体的增加对全球主要粮食作物和经济作物的产量和质量构成了重大威胁。我们的研究引入了一种用于检测和消灭植物细菌的多功能阳离子 AIE 荧光探针。TBPD2+-6C 具有独特的聚集诱导发射特性，可通过荧光淬灭效应有效检测植物细菌，并可在绿色荧光通道下进行细菌成像。此外，TBPD2+-6C 还具有出色的抗菌效果，对黄单胞菌 oryzae pv. oryzicola（Xoc）、X. oryzae pv. oryzae（Xoo）、Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae（Psa）和 X. axonopodis pv. citri（Xac）的 EC50 值分别为 0.27、3.86、0.47 和 11.5 μg/mL。针对 Xoc 的体内测试表明，TBPD2+-6C 比商用硫唑铜（TC）和双噻唑（BT）具有更好的活性。此外，对抗菌机制的研究还发现，阳离子化合物能有效地融入细菌膜，破坏膜结构，引发 ROS 积累，抑制生物膜的形成。总之，开发多功能、广谱抗菌系统分子设计，用于快速实时检测、成像和消除耐药微生物，可在抗击病原体方面发挥重要作用。

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引用次数: 0

Two critical detoxification enzyme genes, NlCYP301B1 and NlGSTm2 confer pymetrozine resistance in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål 两个关键的解毒酶基因 NlCYP301B1 和 NlGSTm2 赋予褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens Stål 抗百草枯性

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106199

Dan Sun , Jiahui Zeng , Qiuchen Xu, Mingyun Wang, Xuping Shentu

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a notorious pest that infests rice across Asia. The rapid evolution of chemical pesticide resistance in BPH poses an ongoing threat to agriculture and human health. Currently, pymetrozine has emerged as a viable alternative to imidacloprid for managing N. lugens. The detoxification of insecticides in insects includes three major metabolic gene families: cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and carboxylesterases (CarEs). In this study, highly resistant strains of BPH to pymetrozine (BPH-R₄₀: 705-fold) were created from the susceptible BPH strain through continuous multi-selection. The activities of detoxifying enzymes, including P450s, GSTs, and CarEs were measured. Notably, P450s and GSTs exhibited significantly higher activity in the pymetrozine-resistance strain than that of the susceptible BPH strain. Hence, we characterized P450s and GSTs genes in N. lugens and revealed their phylogeny, structure, motif analysis, and chromosome location. Subsequently, the expression profiles of 53 P450s and 11 GSTs genes were quantified, and two crucial detoxifying enzyme genes, NlCYP301B1 and NlGSTm2, were identified as being involved in pymetrozine resistance. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of NlCYP301B1 and NlGSTm2 gene expression significantly increased larval mortality of BPH in response to pymetrozine. To our knowledge, enhancing the activity of key detoxification enzymes to resist insecticides represents a widespread and vital defense mechanism in insects.

褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens Stål 是一种臭名昭著的害虫，为害亚洲各地的水稻。褐飞虱对化学杀虫剂抗药性的快速演变对农业和人类健康构成了持续威胁。目前，吡虫啉已成为治理 N. lugens 的一种可行的吡虫啉替代品。昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒包括三大代谢基因家族：细胞色素 P450 单氧化酶（P450s）、谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶（GSTs）和羧基酯酶（CarEs）。在这项研究中，通过连续多重选择，从易感良性前列腺增生菌株中培育出了对吡美曲嗪高度耐药的菌株（BPH-R40：705倍）。测定了解毒酶（包括 P450s、GSTs 和 CarEs）的活性。值得注意的是，抗吡咯嗪菌株的 P450s 和 GSTs 活性明显高于易感 BPH 菌株。因此，我们对 N. lugens 的 P450s 和 GSTs 基因进行了鉴定，并揭示了它们的系统发育、结构、基序分析和染色体位置。随后，我们对 53 个 P450s 基因和 11 个 GSTs 基因的表达谱进行了定量分析，并确定了 NlCYP301B1 和 NlGSTm2 这两个关键的解毒酶基因参与了百菌清抗性的形成。此外，以 RNA 干扰（RNAi）为介导的 NlCYP301B1 和 NlGSTm2 基因表达沉默能显著提高 BPH 幼虫对吡蚜酮的死亡率。据我们所知，提高关键解毒酶的活性以抵御杀虫剂是昆虫中一种广泛而重要的防御机制。

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引用次数: 0

Resistance risk and mechanism of Ustilaginoidea virens to pydiflumetofen Ustilaginoidea virens 对吡虫啉产生抗药性的风险和机制

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106200

Xiaoru Yin, Xinlong Gao, Xin Shen, Fuhao Ren, Yige Li, Mingguo Zhou, Jie Zhang, Yabing Duan

Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a devastating fungal disease in rice that not only leads to yield reduction but also poses a serious threat to food safety and human health due to the production of numerous mycotoxins. Pydiflumetofen, one of the most promising SDHI fungicides widely used for controlling various plant diseases, lacks available information regarding its antifungal activity against U. virens and the potential risk of resistance development in this pathogen. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of 33 field-isolated strains of U. virens to pydiflumetofen using mycelial growth inhibition method and assessed the potential for resistance development. The EC₅₀ values for pydiflumetofen against the tested strains ranged from 0.0032 to 0.0123 μg/mL, with an average EC₅₀ value of 0.0056 ± 0.0025 μg/mL. In addition, four strains of U. virens were randomly selected for chemical taming to evaluate their resistance risk to pydiflumetofen, resulting in the successful generation of eight stable and inheritable resistant mutants at a frequency of 1 %. These mutants exhibited significant differences in biological fitness compared to their respective parental strains. Cross-resistance tests revealed a correlation between pydiflumetofen and fluxapyroxad as well as fluopyram, but no evidence of cross-resistance was observed between pydiflumetofen and boscalid or tebuconazole. Therefore, we can conclude that the risk of resistance development in U. virens to pydiflumetofen is moderate. Finally, the target genes SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD in U. virens were initially identified, cloned, and sequenced to elucidate the mechanism underlying U. virens resistance to pydiflumetofen. Three mutation genotypes were found in the mutants: SDHB-H239Y, SDHB-H239L, and SDHC-A77V. The mutants carrying SDHB-H239Y exhibited low resistance, while SDHC-A77V showed moderate resistance, but the mutants with SDHB-H239L demonstrated high resistance. These findings contribute significantly to our comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance of U. virens to pydiflumetofen, and provide an important reference for chemical control strategies against rice false smut in the field.

水稻假穗状病毒病是由水稻假穗状病毒（Ustilaginoidea virens）引起的一种毁灭性真菌病害，不仅会导致减产，而且会产生多种真菌毒素，对食品安全和人类健康构成严重威胁。吡氟螨酯是最有前景的 SDHI 杀菌剂之一，被广泛用于控制各种植物病害，但目前尚缺乏有关其对 U. virens 的抗真菌活性以及该病原体产生抗药性的潜在风险的信息。在这项研究中，我们采用菌丝生长抑制法评估了 33 株从田间分离出来的葡萄孢菌对吡氟螨酯的敏感性，并评估了其产生抗性的可能性。吡虫啉对受试菌株的 EC50 值介于 0.0032 至 0.0123 μg/mL 之间，平均 EC50 值为 0.0056 ± 0.0025 μg/mL。此外，还随机选取了四株紫云英进行化学驯化，以评估其对吡氟螨酯的抗性风险，结果成功产生了八个稳定且可遗传的抗性突变体，频率为 1%。与各自的亲本菌株相比，这些突变体在生物适应性方面表现出显著差异。交叉抗性测试表明，吡虫啉与氟虫酰胺和氟吡菌酰胺之间存在相关性，但没有发现吡虫啉与啶虫脒或戊唑醇之间存在交叉抗性。因此，我们可以得出这样的结论，即蝽对吡虫啉产生抗药性的风险是中等的。最后，我们初步鉴定、克隆并测序了病毒脲的靶基因 SDHB、SDHC 和 SDHD，以阐明病毒脲对吡虫啉产生抗性的机制。在突变体中发现了三种突变基因型：SDHB-H239Y、SDHB-H239L和SDHC-A77V。携带 SDHB-H239Y 的突变体表现出低抗性，SDHC-A77V 表现出中等抗性，但携带 SDHB-H239L 的突变体表现出高抗性。这些发现极大地促进了我们对稻纵卷叶螟抗性分子机理的全面了解，为田间水稻假穗病的化学防治策略提供了重要参考。

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引用次数: 0

HcCYP6AE178 plays a crucial role in facilitating Hyphantria cunea's adaptation to a diverse range of host plants HcCYP6AE178 在促进楔叶象甲适应多种寄主植物方面发挥着关键作用

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106194

Tao Li , Lisha Yuan , Dun Jiang , Shanchun Yan

Strong multi-host adaptability significantly contributes to the rapid dissemination of Hyphantria cunea. The present study explores the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) in the multi-host adaptation of H. cunea and aims to develop RNA pesticides targeting essential P450 genes to disrupt this adaptability. The results showed that inhibiting P450 activity notably reduced larval weight and food-intake across seven plants groups. The P450 gene HcCYP6AE178 was highly upregulated in H. cunea larvae from medium- and low-preference host plant groups. Silencing HcCYP6AE178 significantly decreased H. cunea larval body weight, increased larval mortality, inhibited energy metabolism genes expression and interfered with growth regulatory genes expression. Overexpression of HcCYP6AE178 enhanced the tolerance of Drosophila and Sf9 cells to the plant defensive substances cytisine and coumarin. The RNA pesticide CS-dsHcCYP6AE178 constructed using chitosan (CS) exhibited remarkable stability. Treatment with CS-dsHcCYP6AE178 effectively reduced H. cunea larval body weight, heightened larval mortality, and disrupted growth regulatory genes expression in low-preference host plant groups. Combined treatment of CS-dsHcCYP6AE178 and coumarin significantly elevated H. cunea larval mortality compared to coumarin alone, accompanied by the inhibition of growth regulatory genes expression and an abnormal increase in energy metabolism genes expression. Taken together, HcCYP6AE178 is essential for the adaptation of H. cunea to multiple host plants, and RNA pesticides targeting HcCYP6AE178 can effectively impair the performance of H. cunea in different host plants.

强烈的多宿主适应性是楔尾象甲迅速传播的重要原因。本研究探讨了细胞色素 P450 单加氧酶（P450）在楔尾蝇多寄主适应性中的参与作用，并旨在开发针对重要 P450 基因的 RNA 杀虫剂来破坏这种适应性。结果表明，抑制 P450 活性可显著降低七个植物组的幼虫体重和摄食量。P450基因HcCYP6AE178在中偏好和低偏好寄主植物组的楔尾蝇幼虫体内高度上调。沉默 HcCYP6AE178 能显著降低楔尾蝇幼虫体重，增加幼虫死亡率，抑制能量代谢基因的表达，干扰生长调节基因的表达。过表达 HcCYP6AE178 能增强果蝇和 Sf9 细胞对植物防御物质胞嘧啶和香豆素的耐受性。利用壳聚糖（CS）构建的 RNA 杀虫剂 CS-dsHcCYP6AE178 具有显著的稳定性。CS-dsHcCYP6AE178能有效降低胭脂虫幼虫体重，增加幼虫死亡率，并干扰低偏好寄主植物群中生长调节基因的表达。与单独使用香豆素相比，CS-dsHcCYP6AE178 和香豆素联合处理可显著提高胭脂虫幼虫的死亡率，同时抑制生长调节基因的表达，并使能量代谢基因的表达异常增加。综上所述，HcCYP6AE178对于楔尾蝇蛆适应多种寄主植物至关重要，以HcCYP6AE178为靶标的RNA杀虫剂可以有效地损害楔尾蝇蛆在不同寄主植物中的表现。

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引用次数: 0

Functional analysis of dopa decarboxylase in the larval pupation and immunity of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella 多巴脱羧酶在金刚夜蛾幼虫化蛹和免疫中的功能分析

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106195

Qiu-Li Hou , Han-Qiao Zhang , Jia-Ni Zhu , Er-Hu Chen

The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.), a notorious pest infesting cruciferous vegetables worldwide, has developed a high level of resistance to various commonly used chemical pesticides. In this paper, we explore whether dopa decarboxylase (DDC), which is essential for survival and development in insects, could be used as a potential target for the control of P. xylostella. Here, the full-length cDNA (PxDDC) of P. xylostella was identified, with a complete open reading frame of 1434 bp in length, encoding a protein of 477 amino acids. The temporal and spatial expression analysis showed a periodical expression pattern of PxDDC during molting, reaching a peak during the process of pupation, and it was found to be highly expressed in the epidermis of prepupal stage, indicating a crucial role of PxDDC in larval-pupal metamorphosis of P. xylostella. Subsequently, there was a significant decreasing in pupation and eclosion rates, and less production of melanin in P. xylostella after the disruption of PxDDC function by the injection of dsPxDDC (RNAi, RNA interference) or feeding a larval diet supplemented with L-α-methyl-DOPA (L-α-M-D) as DDC inhibitor. In addition, we found four antimicrobial peptide genes were significantly inhibited after feeding P. xylostella with L-α-M-D, and the injection of Escherichia coli could significantly increase insect mortality of enzyme inhibitor treated P. xylostella, suggesting PxDDC was involved in immune responses as well. In summary, these results confirm that PxDDC is required for larval-pupal metamorphosis and immunity of P. xylostella, suggesting a critical potential future novel insecticide target for RNAi based pest control.

菱纹夜蛾（Plutella xylostella L.）是危害全球十字花科蔬菜的一种臭名昭著的害虫，对各种常用化学农药产生了高度抗性。多巴脱羧酶（DDC）对昆虫的生存和发育至关重要，本文探讨了多巴脱羧酶是否可作为防治小菜蛾的潜在靶标。本文鉴定了木虱的全长 cDNA（PxDDC），其完整的开放阅读框长度为 1434 bp，编码 477 个氨基酸的蛋白质。时空表达分析表明，PxDDC在蜕皮过程中呈周期性表达模式，在化蛹过程中达到峰值，并在蛹前期的表皮中高表达，表明PxDDC在木虱幼虫-蛹的变态过程中起着关键作用。随后，通过注射dsPxDDC（RNAi，RNA干扰）或喂食添加了L-α-甲基-DOPA（L-α-M-D）作为DDC抑制剂的幼虫饲料来破坏PxDDC的功能后，木虱的化蛹率和羽化率明显下降，黑色素的产生也减少了。此外，我们还发现用L-α-M-D喂养木虱后，4个抗菌肽基因被显著抑制，而且注射大肠杆菌可显著增加酶抑制剂处理后木虱的死亡率，这表明PxDDC也参与了免疫反应。总之，这些结果证实了 PxDDC 是木虱幼虫-蛹蜕变和免疫所必需的，这表明 PxDDC 是未来基于 RNAi 的害虫控制的一个重要的潜在新型杀虫靶标。

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引用次数: 0

The synergistic potential of polyethylene glycol 400 for the control of Hyphantria cunea larvae by Beauveria bassiana 聚乙二醇 400 对巴氏杆菌控制胭脂虫幼虫的增效潜力

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106182

Heyang Sun , Fusen Yue , Mingtao Tan , Yanzi Wang , Shanchun Yan , Dun Jiang

The efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi as pest control agents is constrained by both their physiological state and external environmental factors. This study identified synergists capable of enhancing the insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and investigated the underlying synergistic mechanisms. Our results found that among 6 potential synergists, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) and trehalose significantly improved Bb's lethality against Hyphantria cunea larvae, with PEG demonstrating the most pronounced effect. PEG treatment markedly increased Bb spore adhesion and germination rates, while spore hydrophobicity and growth rates remained unaffected. Moreover, PEG-treated spores exhibited higher thermal tolerance compared to untreated ones. In the Bb + PEG treatment group, the hemocyte count, encapsulation and melanization activities, and the expression of related regulatory genes were significantly lower than those in the Bb treatment group. Additionally, pathogen recognition, signal transduction, and humoral immunity effector genes expression were markedly suppressed in the Bb + PEG group. A significant reduction in the content of total amino acids, free fatty acids, glucose, and trehalose, alongside decreased expression of key regulatory genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis pathways, was observed in the Bb + PEG treatment group. Furthermore, PEG enhanced Bb-induced apoptosis in H. cunea larvae, as evidenced by the upregulation of apoptosis-related genes. Notably, PEG alone did not significantly impact the innate immunity, energy metabolism, or apoptosis in H. cunea larvae. Overall, PEG exhibits considerable potential in amplifying Bb's insecticidal activity by directly optimizing spore performance and indirectly modulating the larvae's innate immunity, energy metabolism, and apoptosis.

昆虫病原真菌作为害虫控制剂的功效受到其生理状态和外部环境因素的制约。本研究发现了能够增强 Beauveria bassiana（Bb）杀虫活性的增效剂，并研究了其潜在的增效机制。我们的研究结果发现，在 6 种潜在的增效剂中，聚乙二醇 400（PEG）和曲哈糖能显著提高 Bb 对 Hyphantria cunea 幼虫的致死率，其中 PEG 的效果最为明显。PEG 处理明显提高了 Bb 孢子的附着力和发芽率，而孢子的疏水性和生长率则不受影响。此外，与未经处理的孢子相比，经 PEG 处理的孢子具有更高的耐热性。在 Bb + PEG 处理组中，血球数、封装和黑色化活性以及相关调控基因的表达量明显低于 Bb 处理组。此外，病原体识别、信号转导和体液免疫效应基因的表达在 Bb + PEG 组受到明显抑制。在 Bb + PEG 处理组中观察到总氨基酸、游离脂肪酸、葡萄糖和三卤糖的含量明显降低，同时三羧酸循环和糖酵解途径中的关键调控基因的表达也有所下降。此外，PEG 还增强了 Bb 诱导的楔尾蛙幼虫凋亡，凋亡相关基因的上调证明了这一点。值得注意的是，单独使用 PEG 并不会对楔尾蛙幼虫的先天免疫、能量代谢或细胞凋亡产生显著影响。总之，PEG 通过直接优化孢子性能和间接调节幼虫的先天免疫、能量代谢和细胞凋亡，在增强 Bb 的杀虫活性方面具有相当大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Unraveling the mechanisms of multiple resistance across glyphosate and glufosinate in Eleusine indica 揭示榄香属植物对草甘膦和草铵膦的多重抗性机制

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106181

Jingchao Chen , Bin Shan , Zhiling Li , Qian Chen , Haiyan Yu , Hailan Cui , Xiangju Li

The herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate are commonly used in citrus and sugarcane orchards in Guangxi Province, China, wherein the C₄ plant Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. is known to be a dominant weed species. However, high selection pressure has resulted in failure of control. In the present study, experiments were conducted to clarify resistance levels for the suspected populations and elucidate the mechanisms for multiple resistance. The resistance index to glyphosate was calculated for eight populations and ranged from 5.4 to 21.3, with a low-level shikimate content of 0.24–0.50 μg g⁻¹. In addition, three populations showed low-level resistance to glufosinate, with a resistance index ranging from 2.6 to 3.9. The amplification of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene with a double-mutation T102I + P106S (TIPS) or a single-mutation (P106S and P106A) was observed in most populations. The target genes of glufosinate (GS1–1, GS1–2, and GS1–3) showed high-level expression, namely 145.5-fold that of susceptible plants. The content of EPSPS and glutamine synthetase (GS) protein in resistant plants can reach to 3.6 and 2.1 times higher than those in susceptible plants, respectively. The overexpression of the EPSPS gene with double (T102I + P106S) or single (P106S and P106A) mutations, plus the overexpression of GS1–1, GS1–2, and GS1–3, responded to multiple resistance mechanisms. Altogether, these results demonstrate that overexpression of GS1 is a novel form of resistant mechanism to glufosinate in weeds.

除草剂草甘膦和草铵膦常用于中国广西省的柑橘园和甘蔗园，其中 C4 植物 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.是已知的优势杂草物种。然而，由于选择压力大，导致无法控制。本研究通过实验明确了疑似种群的抗性水平，并阐明了多重抗性的机制。计算了 8 个种群对草甘膦的抗性指数，范围在 5.4 至 21.3 之间，低水平莽草酸含量为 0.24-0.50 μg g-1。此外，三个种群对草铵膦表现出低水平抗性，抗性指数在 2.6 至 3.9 之间。在大多数种群中，5-烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶（EPSPS）基因的扩增出现了 T102I + P106S 双突变（TIPS）或单突变（P106S 和 P106A）。草铵膦的靶基因（GS1-1、GS1-2 和 GS1-3）表现出高水平的表达，是易感植物的 145.5 倍。抗性植株的 EPSPS 和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）蛋白含量分别是易感植株的 3.6 倍和 2.1 倍。过表达双突变（T102I + P106S）或单突变（P106S 和 P106A）的 EPSPS 基因，再加上过表达 GS1-1、GS1-2 和 GS1-3，可应对多种抗性机制。总之，这些结果表明 GS1 的过表达是杂草对草铵膦产生抗性的一种新型机制。

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引用次数: 0

Deltamethrin exposure caused renal inflammation and renal fibrosis via upregulating endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated TXNDC5 level in mice 接触溴氰菊酯可通过上调内质网应激介导的 TXNDC5 水平引起小鼠肾脏炎症和肾脏纤维化

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106180

Zhou Jiang , Fan Yang , Huabin Cao, Chenghong Xing, Huating Wang, Jing Chen, Guoliang Hu, Xiaona Gao, Guyue Li, Xiaoquan Guo, Xueyan Dai

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a type II pyrethroid insecticide that is extensively applied to agriculture, veterinary medicine and livestock pest control. Excessive accumulation of DLM in the body can lead to nephrotoxicity, but the precise toxic mechanism remains obscure. Therefore, we established in vivo models of DLM-exposed mice for 30 days and in vitro models of DLM-exposed renal tubular epithelial cells of mice. The results revealed adverse effects on renal function in mice exposed to excessive DLM, manifested as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) swelling, local inflammatory infiltration in renal tissue and increased collagen fibers, suggesting renal inflammation and fibrosis, etc. Subsequently, in vivo experiments, we found that DLM exposure increased expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related factors, significantly upregulated the expression of TXNDC5, and enhanced the colocalization of GRP78 with TXNDC5. Notably, DLM exposure also strengthened the co-localization of TXNDC5 with NF-κB p65 and TGF-β1, upregulated the expression levels of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB and TGF-β/SMAD2/3 pathways, alongside inflammation and fibrosis-related factors, these changes exhibited a dose-dependent effect. Meanwhile, in vitro experiments, the results of ERS, inflammation, and fibrosis-related factor expression levels were consistent with those observed in vivo. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that TXNDC5 might played a certain role in DLM-induced nephrotoxicity. Specifically, DLM exposure could trigger ERS, increase TXNDC5 expression, and promote TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathways, leading to renal inflammation and fibrosis in mice. These discoveries not only deepen our understanding of DLM toxicity but also provide valuable avenues for exploring mitigation strategies and therapeutic interventions.

溴氰菊酯（DLM）是一种 II 型拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂，被广泛应用于农业、兽医和牲畜害虫控制领域。DLM在体内的过度积累会导致肾毒性，但其确切的毒性机制仍不清楚。因此，我们建立了暴露于 DLM 30 天的小鼠体内模型和暴露于 DLM 的小鼠肾小管上皮细胞体外模型。结果显示，暴露于过量 DLM 的小鼠肾功能受到不良影响，表现为内质网（ER）肿胀、肾组织局部炎症浸润和胶原纤维增加，提示肾脏炎症和纤维化等。随后，我们在体内实验中发现，DLM 暴露增加了内质网应激（ERS）相关因子的表达水平，显著上调了 TXNDC5 的表达，并增强了 GRP78 与 TXNDC5 的共定位。值得注意的是，暴露于DLM还加强了TXNDC5与NF-κB p65和TGF-β1的共定位，上调了TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB和TGF-β/SMAD2/3通路以及炎症和纤维化相关因子的表达水平，这些变化表现出剂量依赖性效应。同时，在体外实验中，ERS、炎症和纤维化相关因子表达水平的结果与在体内观察到的结果一致。总之，我们的研究结果表明，TXNDC5可能在DLM诱导的肾毒性中发挥了一定的作用。具体而言，DLM暴露可引发ERS，增加TXNDC5的表达，促进TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB和TGF-β/Smad2/3通路，从而导致小鼠肾脏炎症和纤维化。这些发现不仅加深了我们对 DLM 毒性的了解，还为探索缓解策略和治疗干预措施提供了宝贵的途径。

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引用次数: 0

AKH/AKHR signalling system induced antioxidant response mediated by entomopathogenic fungi in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) 昆虫病原真菌介导的 AKH/AKHR 信号系统诱导的抗氧化反应

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106179

Ruoheng Jin , Beibei Wang , Guijian Zhang , Chunxia Cao

The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens is one of the most economically important rice crop pests in Asia. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been developed as a biological control of N. lugens. Insect adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are pleiotropic hormones that play a protective role in response to oxidative stress. However, the role of AKH in the anti-oxidative response of N. lugens to EPFs (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana) infection remains largely unexplored. In this study, the results of relative enzyme activities and expression levels of antioxidant enzymes demonstrated the response of the antioxidant system of N. lugens to EPF infection. Additionally, the expression of AKH/adipokinetic hormone receptor (AKHR) also induced responding to the infection of EPF in N. lugens. Silencing NlAKH or NlAKHR significantly increased mortality in nymphs treated with fungi compared with controls, whereas the injection of AKH peptide decreased mortality. Further research indicated that the AKH/AKHR system positively influenced antioxidant enzymes, potentially involving the transcription factors forkhead-box O and Cap’ n’ collar C. These findings provide an important theoretical basis for developing new pest control agents targeting the neuropeptide AKH and offer new insights for mitigating brown planthopper resistance and promoting green control strategies.

褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens 是亚洲经济上最重要的水稻害虫之一。昆虫病原真菌（EPF）已被开发为一种生物防治 N. lugens 的方法。昆虫脂肪动力激素（AKHs）是一种多效激素，在应对氧化应激时发挥保护作用。然而，AKH 在 N. lugens 对 EPFs（Metarhizium anisopliae 和 Beauveria bassiana）感染的抗氧化反应中的作用在很大程度上仍未得到探讨。在本研究中，抗氧化酶的相对酶活性和表达水平结果表明了 N. lugens 的抗氧化系统对 EPF 感染的反应。此外，AKH/诱导激素受体（AKHR）的表达也对N. lugens感染EPF产生了诱导反应。与对照组相比，沉默NlAKH或NlAKHR会显著增加用真菌处理的若虫的死亡率，而注射AKH肽则会降低死亡率。进一步的研究表明，AKH/AKHR 系统对抗氧化酶有积极影响，可能涉及转录因子叉头盒 O 和 Cap' n' collar C。

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引用次数: 0