Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献

Melatonin protects spermatogenic cells against DNA damage and necroptosis induced by atrazine 褪黑素可保护生精细胞免受阿特拉津诱导的 DNA 损伤和坏死作用的影响

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106209

Tian-Ning Yang , Ning-Ning Huang , Yu-Xiang Wang , Ping-An Jian , Xiang-Yu Ma , Xue-Nan Li , Jin-Long Li

Atrazine (ATZ), a widely used triazine herbicide, has been shown to disrupt reproductive development in organisms. Melatonin (MLT) is a natural hormone and has been shown to have strong antioxidant properties. Due to its lipophilicity, it can cross biological barriers freely and act on germ cells directly. However, the mechanism through which melatonin affects atrazine-induced damage to male sperm cells remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ATZ on spermatocyte development and to elucidate MLT's role in preventing ATZ-induced spermatogenesis failure. Pubertal mice were randomly divided into four groups: blank control group (Con), 5 mg/kg melatonin group (MLT), 170 mg/kg atrazine group (ATZ), and ATZ + MLT group. GC-1 cell culture was employed to access the in vitro effects of MLT and ATZ on spermatogonia. The results indicate that atrazine affected protein and metabolite composition, and reduced sperm viability, sperm motility (VAP, VSL and VCL) and levels of proteins related to spermatogenesis function in the mice testis. Melatonin alleviated the development of cellular DNA damage and necroptosis caused by atrazine both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we proposed that it was GC-1 cells developing necroptosis, but not other cell types in the testis. In conclusion, this study suggests that atrazine disrupts the development process, causing DNA damage in spermatozoa during spermatogenesis. Additionally, ATZ-induced necroptosis specifically targets spermatogenic cells. Notably, melatonin alleviates atrazine-induced necroptosis and DNA damage in spermatogenic cells. This study provides new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for atrazine-induced male infertility.

阿特拉津（ATZ）是一种广泛使用的三嗪类除草剂，已被证明会破坏生物的生殖发育。褪黑素（MLT）是一种天然激素，已被证明具有很强的抗氧化性。由于其亲脂性，它可以自由穿越生物屏障，直接作用于生殖细胞。然而，褪黑素影响阿特拉津诱导的男性精子细胞损伤的机制仍不清楚。本研究旨在探讨阿特拉津对精母细胞发育的影响，并阐明褪黑激素在预防阿特拉津诱导的精子发生失败中的作用。将青春期小鼠随机分为四组：空白对照组（Con）、5 毫克/千克褪黑素组（MLT）、170 毫克/千克阿特拉津组（ATZ）和 ATZ + MLT 组。采用 GC-1 细胞培养法检测 MLT 和 ATZ 对精原细胞的体外影响。结果表明，阿特拉津影响了小鼠睾丸的蛋白质和代谢物组成，降低了精子活力、精子运动能力（VAP、VSL 和 VCL）以及与精子发生功能相关的蛋白质水平。褪黑素减轻了阿特拉津在体内和体外造成的细胞 DNA 损伤和坏死。此外，我们认为是 GC-1 细胞发生了坏死，而不是睾丸中的其他细胞类型。总之，这项研究表明，阿特拉津干扰了精子的发育过程，导致精子发生过程中的 DNA 损伤。此外，阿特拉津诱导的坏死专门针对生精细胞。值得注意的是，褪黑素可减轻阿特拉津诱导的精原细胞坏死和DNA损伤。这项研究为阿特拉津诱导的男性不育症的潜在治疗策略提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus regulates apoptosis by targeting AIF1 and ASPP1 through tca-miR-3885-5p and tca-miR-3897-3p to promote infection 麦地那龙线虫颗粒病毒通过 tca-miR-3885-5p 和 tca-miR-3897-3p 靶向 AIF1 和 ASPP1 来调节细胞凋亡，从而促进感染

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106196

Nan Zhang , Guangjie Han , Chuanming Li , Lixin Huang , Qin Liu , Manman Lin , Bin Xu , Jian Xu

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus (CnmeGV) is a potential biocontrol agent for C. medinalis which is a major rice pest. However, its insecticidal efficacy is slow due to cell apoptosis. This study investigated the role of miRNAs in CnmeGV-mediated apoptosis. Small RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR identified miRNAs tca-miR-3885-5p and tca-miR-3897-3p, which initially increased and then decreased post-infection, but remained higher than controls. This trend was opposite to the changes in midgut apoptosis levels detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and DNA ladder assays. Compared to the group treated with CnmeGV alone, agomirs increased the CnmeGV-induced larval mortality, reduced midgut apoptosis, whereas antagomirs had the opposite effects. We found that the upregulation of CnmeGV replication induced by agomirs initially increased and then decreased, while the apoptosis inducer PAC-1 compensated for the weakening trend of CnmeGV replication upregulation induced by agomirs in the later stages of infection. Results indicated the virus hijacks these miRNAs to inhibit early apoptosis, later requiring apoptosis for systemic infection from the midgut. Agomirs treatment and dual-luciferase assays showed these miRNAs functioned via apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) and apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53 1 (ASPP1) mRNA expression. This study highlights the role of these miRNAs in infection and provides insights for developing viral insecticide enhancers.

中肋麦角菌颗粒病毒（CnmeGV）是一种潜在的生物防治剂，可防治水稻主要害虫中肋麦角菌。然而，由于细胞凋亡，其杀虫效果缓慢。本研究调查了 miRNA 在 CnmeGV 介导的细胞凋亡中的作用。通过小 RNA 测序和 qRT-PCR 鉴定出了 miRNA tca-miR-3885-5p 和 tca-miR-3897-3p，这两个 miRNA 在感染后先增后减，但仍高于对照组。这一趋势与用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶 dUTP 缺口标记（TUNEL）和 DNA 梯形检测法检测到的中肠凋亡水平的变化相反。与单用 CnmeGV 的组相比，agomirs 增加了 CnmeGV 诱导的幼虫死亡率，减少了中肠凋亡，而 antagomirs 的作用则相反。我们发现，在感染后期，agomirs 诱导的 CnmeGV 复制上调先增强后减弱，而凋亡诱导剂 PAC-1 则弥补了 agomirs 诱导的 CnmeGV 复制上调减弱的趋势。结果表明，病毒劫持这些 miRNAs 来抑制早期的细胞凋亡，随后需要细胞凋亡才能从中肠进行系统感染。Agomirs处理和双荧光素酶检测表明，这些miRNA通过凋亡诱导因子1（AIF1）和p53凋亡刺激蛋白1（ASPP1）mRNA的表达发挥作用。这项研究强调了这些 miRNA 在感染中的作用，并为开发病毒杀虫剂增强剂提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Omeprazole and its analogs exhibit insecticidal potencies as inhibitors of insect choline acetyltransferase 奥美拉唑及其类似物作为昆虫胆碱乙酰转移酶抑制剂具有杀虫效力

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106207

Jingting Wang, Tianye Hu, Xu He, Zhen Zhang, Na Yu, Zewen Liu

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is crucial for acetylcholine synthesis and regulates diverse functions in numerous biological processes. Omeprazole, an inhibitor on human ChAT, was evaluated here on insect ChAT as a potential inhibitor, as well as its insecticidal potency on Nilaparvata lugens, a major insect pest on rice. The evaluation also included omeprazole analogs and α-NETA, in order to explore a superior leading compound targeting on insect ChAT. In toxicity test, α-NETA and omeprazole exhibited insecticidal activity, among which omeprazole exhibited activity with a mortality of around 50 % on N. lugens nymphs at 0.4 mg/mL. In vitro crude enzyme assays showed that omeprazole acted as an inhibitor on insect ChAT with a high selectivity and exciting potency compared with α-NETA and control. Three residues (Tyr84, Val95, Tyr589) was critical in N. lugens ChAT for interacting with its substrate choline through molecular docking, and it also revealed that omeprazole exhibited a higher binding affinity toward ChAT catalytic tunnel compared with α-NETA. Based on this, we screened omeprazole analogs for their affinity to N. lugens ChAT, and two compounds stood out. The 5-hydroxy omeprazole had the highest binding affinity by prediction, and 5-O-desmethyl omeprazole was with the lowest binding affinity. The toxicity bioassay and enzyme activity test were then performed on these two compounds. Aligned with the docking results, 5-hydroxy omeprazole showed a strong inhibitory effect and insecticidal activity. In summary, omeprazole and 5-hydroxy omeprazole could serve as lead compounds for insecticides targeting on insect ChAT, a novel target.

胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）对乙酰胆碱的合成至关重要，并在许多生物过程中调节多种功能。奥美拉唑是人类 ChAT 的一种抑制剂，本研究将其作为一种潜在的抑制剂，对昆虫 ChAT 及其对水稻上的一种主要害虫 Nilaparvata lugens 的杀虫效力进行了评估。评估还包括奥美拉唑类似物和 α-NETA，以探索一种针对昆虫 ChAT 的更优先导化合物。在毒性试验中，α-NETA 和奥美拉唑具有杀虫活性，其中奥美拉唑在 0.4 毫克/毫升的浓度下对 N. lugens 若虫的死亡率约为 50%。体外粗酶试验表明，奥美拉唑是昆虫 ChAT 的抑制剂，与 α-NETA 和对照组相比，具有高选择性和令人兴奋的效力。通过分子对接，发现奥美拉唑与底物胆碱的结合亲和力高于α-NETA。在此基础上，我们筛选了奥美拉唑类似物对 N. lugens ChAT 的亲和力，其中两个化合物脱颖而出。根据预测，5-羟基奥美拉唑的结合亲和力最高，5-O-去甲基奥美拉唑的结合亲和力最低。然后对这两种化合物进行了毒性生物测定和酶活性测试。与对接结果一致，5-羟基奥美拉唑具有很强的抑制作用和杀虫活性。综上所述，奥美拉唑和 5- 羟基奥美拉唑可作为针对昆虫 ChAT 这一新型靶标的杀虫剂先导化合物。

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引用次数: 0

Field-evolved resistance to neonicotinoids in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, is associated with mutations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits combined with cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification 冈比亚按蚊对新烟碱类药物的田间进化抗性与烟碱乙酰胆碱受体亚基的突变以及细胞色素 P450 介导的解毒作用有关

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106205

Caroline Fouet , Matthew J. Pinch , Fred A. Ashu , Marilene M. Ambadiang , Calmes Bouaka , Anthoni J. Batronie , Cesar A. Hernandez , Desiree E. Rios , Véronique Penlap-Beng , Colince Kamdem

New insecticides prequalified for malaria control interventions include modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that act selectively on different subunits leading to variable sensitivity among arthropods. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying contrasting susceptibility to neonicotinoids observed in wild populations of two mosquito sibling species. Bioassays and a synergist test with piperonyl butoxide revealed that the sister taxa, Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii, from Yaounde, Cameroon, both have the potential to develop resistance to acetamiprid through cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification. However, contrary to An. coluzzii, An. gambiae populations are evolving cross-resistance to several active ingredients facilitated by mutations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We sequenced coding regions on the β1 and α6 nAChR subunits where variants associated with resistance to neonicotinoids or to spinosyns have been found in agricultural pests and detected no mutation in An. coluzzii. By contrast, six nucleotide substitutions including an amino acid change in one of the loops that modulate ligand binding and affect sensitivity were present in the resistant species, An. gambiae. Allele frequency distributions were consistent with the spread of beneficial mutations that likely reduce the affinity of An. gambiae nAChRs for synthetic modulators. Our findings provide critical information for the application and resistance management of nAChR modulators in malaria prevention.

用于疟疾控制干预的新型杀虫剂包括烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的调节剂，这些调节剂选择性地作用于不同的亚基，导致节肢动物的敏感性不同。本研究旨在调查两种蚊子同胞野生种群对新烟碱类药物不同敏感性的分子机制。生物测定以及与胡椒基丁醚的增效剂测试表明，喀麦隆雅温得的冈比亚按蚊和科鲁兹按蚊这两个姊妹类群都有可能通过细胞色素 P450 介导的解毒作用对啶虫脒产生抗药性。然而，与 Coluzzii 不同的是，冈比亚蚁种群正在通过烟碱乙酰胆碱受体（nAChRs）的突变，进化出对多种活性成分的交叉抗性。我们对β1和α6 nAChR亚基的编码区进行了测序，在这些区域发现了与农业害虫对新烟碱类药物或刺五加产生抗性有关的变体，但在科鲁兹蚁中没有发现变异。与此相反，在冈比亚蚁中出现了六个核苷酸替换，其中一个环上的氨基酸发生了变化，这种变化会调节配体的结合并影响敏感性。等位基因频率分布与有益突变的扩散一致，有益突变可能会降低冈比亚鳗 nAChRs 对合成调节剂的亲和力。我们的研究结果为 nAChR 调节剂在疟疾预防中的应用和抗药性管理提供了重要信息。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of selectivity for azadirachtin in honeybees (Apis cerana): A new strategy for avoiding thiamethoxam ingestion 蜜蜂对唑虫酰胺的选择机制：避免摄入噻虫嗪的新策略

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106208

Hao Wu , Sheng-nan Li , Rui-quan Hou , Peng-rui Du , Kun-yu Zhao , Muhammad Zeeshan , Han-hong Xu , Zhi-xiang Zhang , Pei-wen Zhang

The high toxicity of thiamethoxam (Thi) to foragers has threatened the development of bee populations and the use of neonicotinoid pesticides. In this study, we explored the mechanism of selective feeding on azadirachtin (Aza) by foragers to reduce the feeding of Aza-Thi and improve foragers' safety. The results showed that foragers under selective feeding significantly reduced the Aza sucrose solution intake. The Thi content in foragers was significantly lower, and the mortality rate was significantly reduced. In order to further analyze the selective feeding of foragers on Aza, the classic proboscis extension response (PER) experiment showed that Aza did not affect the learning ability of foragers, and the expression of related genes was not significantly different from the regular PER foragers. Further analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics showed that compared with the regular PER foragers, treated with Aza were significantly affected in metabolic pathways and peroxisome and 67 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated and 136 were down-regulated. Differential metabolite analysis showed that metabolites primarily enriched in caffeine metabolism and microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and only dibucaine was up-regulated in response to Aza treatment. It is worth noting that dibucaine was significantly positively correlated with differentially expressed genes. Thus, our findings revealed that Aza does not affect the expression of memory genes in foragers. Aza affected the regular metabolic levels of foragers, leading to selective feeding of foragers on Aza, reduced intake of Aza-Thi, and increased safety for foragers. This study provides a reference for applying Aza to selective mechanisms in foragers.

噻虫嗪（Thi）对觅食者的高毒性已威胁到蜜蜂种群的发展和新烟碱类杀虫剂的使用。在本研究中，我们探索了觅蜂选择性采食氮杂蒽醌（Aza）的机制，以减少氮杂蒽醌（Aza-Thi）的采食量，提高觅蜂的安全性。结果表明，觅食者在选择性摄食的情况下明显减少了偶氮蔗糖溶液的摄入量。觅食者体内的 Thi 含量明显降低，死亡率显著降低。为了进一步分析觅食者对Aza的选择性摄食，经典的探喙伸展反应（PER）实验表明，Aza并不影响觅食者的学习能力，相关基因的表达与常规PER觅食者无明显差异。进一步的转录组学和代谢组学分析表明，与普通PER饲养者相比，Aza处理的饲养者在代谢通路和过氧化物酶体方面受到显著影响，67个差异表达基因（DEGs）被上调，136个被下调。差异代谢物分析表明，在不同环境中，代谢物主要富集在咖啡因代谢和微生物代谢中，只有地布卡因在 Aza 处理后上调。值得注意的是，地布卡因与差异表达基因呈显著正相关。因此，我们的研究结果表明，毒莠定不会影响觅食动物记忆基因的表达。阿扎影响了觅食者的常规代谢水平，导致觅食者对阿扎的选择性摄食，减少了阿扎-噻的摄入量，增加了觅食者的安全性。这项研究为将 Aza 应用于觅食者的选择性机制提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

High resistance levels to pyrimethanil and fludioxonil among fourteen Penicillium spp. from pome fruits in the U.S. Pacific Northwest 美国西北太平洋地区 14 个青霉属对嘧菌酯和氟虫腈的高抗药性

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106206

Madan Pandey , Achour Amiri

In this study, 162 Penicillium isolates, i.e., 31 P. expansum isolates and 131 isolates from 13 other Penicillium spp. referred to as “non-expansum” were collected from apples and pears from multiple packinghouses in Washington State and Oregon. The sensitivity of the isolates to the postharvest fungicides pyrimethanil (PYR) and fludioxonil (FDL) was assessed in vitro. The mean EC₅₀ value for PYR was 0.75 μg/mL in P. expansum compared to 1.63, 3.47, 6.95, 7.06 and 32.21 μg/mL in P. solitum, P. palitans, P. commune, P. roqueforti and P. carneum, respectively. For FDL, the mean EC₅₀ value was 0.04 μg/mL in P. expansum compared to >0.80, 1.00, 10.40, 13.99, and 158.10 μg/mL in P. commune, P. palitans, P. roqueforti, P. solitum, and P. paneum, respectively. Overall, > 40 % of isolates from five “non-expansum” species showed dual resistance to PYR and FDL versus 9.6 % in P. expansum. The recommended rates of PYR and FDL failed to control isolates of six Penicillium spp. on detached apples after five months at 1.5 °C. Sequencing of the Mdl1, NikA, and Os1 genes from different isolates of eight species revealed a high polymorphism in the Mdl1 and NikA of several “non-expansum” species. Three and two concurrent mutations, in addition to a G409R and S959, were detected in the Mdl1 and NikA, respectively, that potentially confer resistance to PYR and FDL. The high level of resistance and the control failure observed on fruits highlight the potential risk posed by several “non-expansum” Penicillium species to pome fruit packers.

在这项研究中，从华盛顿州和俄勒冈州多个包装厂的苹果和梨中收集了 162 株青霉分离物，即 31 株扩张青霉分离物和 131 株其他青霉属分离物（称为 "非扩张青霉"）。对这些分离物对采后杀菌剂嘧菌酯（PYR）和氟虫腈（FDL）的敏感性进行了体外评估。Expansum 对PYR 的平均 EC50 值为 0.75 μg/mL，而对 Solitum、P. palitans、P. commune、P. roqueforti 和 P. carneum 的 EC50 值分别为 1.63、3.47、6.95、7.06 和 32.21 μg/mL。对于 FDL，扩张叶绿体的平均 EC50 值为 0.04 μg/mL，而共生叶绿体、palitans 叶绿体、roqueforti 叶绿体、solitum 叶绿体和 paneum 叶绿体的平均 EC50 值分别为 0.80、1.00、10.40、13.99 和 158.10 μg/mL。总体而言，来自五个 "非扩张型 "物种的分离物中有 40% 对PYR 和 FDL 具有双重抗性，而在扩张型牛肝菌中只有 9.6%。在 1.5 °C 温度条件下生长 5 个月后，PYR 和 FDL 的推荐用量未能控制脱落苹果上的 6 个青霉属的分离物。对 8 个物种不同分离株的 Mdl1、NikA 和 Os1 基因进行测序后发现，几个 "非扩张青霉 "物种的 Mdl1 和 NikA 基因存在高度多态性。除了 G409R 和 S959 外，在 Mdl1 和 NikA 中还分别检测到三个和两个并发突变，这两个突变有可能赋予PYR 和 FDL 抗性。在水果上观察到的高水平抗性和控制失败突出表明了几种 "非扩张 "青霉对梨果包装商造成的潜在风险。

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引用次数: 0

Factors influencing pesticide-biocontrol agent compatibility: A metadata-based review 影响农药-生物控制剂兼容性的因素：基于元数据的审查

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106204

Ewumi Azeez Folorunso , Andrea Bohata , Jan Mraz

The complexities of non-target effects of registered pesticides on biocontrol agents (BCAs) hinder the optimization of integrated pest management programs in agriculture. The wealth of literature on BCA-pesticide compatibility allows for the investigation of factors influencing BCA susceptibility and the generalized impacts of different pesticides. We conducted a meta-analysis using 2088 observations from 122 published articles to assess non-target effects on two phytoseiid species (Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis), a parasitoid (Encarsia formosa), and two microbial BCAs (Trichoderma harzianum and Metarhizium anisopliae). We explored the contributions of bioassay factors (exposure duration, temperature, test methods, mode of actions (MOA), and type of pesticide), and simulated effects of compatibility on target pests. MOA groups 21 and 6 were the most harmful to predatory mites and E. formosa, increasing mortality during pesticide-BCA compatibility. Exposure duration, temperature, and test methods were identified as the most influential factors increasing mortality in phytoseiids during pesticide exposure. Insecticides and fungicides were the most represented and harmful groups to BCAs. Although most bioassays were conducted at room temperature, temperatures between 21 and 22 °C were the most harmful to phytoseiids and E. formosa during toxicity assays. Exposure durations of 1–3 days (54–85 %) for predators/parasitoids and 1–5 days (>50 %) for microbial BCAs highlight the lack of data on long-term impacts. In assessing pesticide impacts on target pests, pesticides with compatible concentrations above mean LC50 values were more effective. This study not only identified compatibility trends but also highlighted factors responsible for discrepancies in results and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed.

已登记农药对生物控制剂（BCA）的非目标影响非常复杂，这阻碍了农业害虫综合治理计划的优化。有关 BCA 与农药兼容性的大量文献有助于研究影响 BCA 易感性的因素以及不同农药的普遍影响。我们利用 122 篇已发表文章中的 2088 项观察结果进行了一项荟萃分析，以评估对两种植物鞘翅目昆虫（加利福尼亚鞘翅目 Neoseiulus californicus 和持久性鞘翅目 Phytoseiulus persimilis）、一种寄生虫（Encarsia formosa）和两种微生物 BCA（毛霉菌 Trichoderma harzianum 和变形菌 Metarhizium anisopliae）的非目标影响。我们探讨了生物测定因素（暴露时间、温度、测试方法、作用模式（MOA）和农药类型）的贡献，并模拟了相容性对目标害虫的影响。MOA 第 21 组和第 6 组对捕食螨和甲形虫的危害最大，在农药-BCA 相容性过程中会增加死亡率。暴露时间、温度和测试方法被认为是在农药暴露期间增加植物螨类死亡率的最有影响的因素。杀虫剂和杀真菌剂是对 BCA 最有代表性和最有害的组别。虽然大多数生物测定都是在室温下进行的，但在毒性测定过程中，21 至 22 °C 的温度对植物鞘翅目昆虫和甲形虫危害最大。捕食者/寄生虫的接触时间为 1-3 天 (54-85 %)，微生物 BCAs 的接触时间为 1-5 天 (50 %)，这突出表明缺乏有关长期影响的数据。在评估农药对目标害虫的影响时，相容性浓度高于平均半致死浓度值的农药更有效。这项研究不仅确定了相容性趋势，还强调了造成结果差异的因素以及需要解决的知识差距。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced mite control and agricultural safety with etoxazole-loaded chitin nanocrystals: Synthesis, characterization, and ecological impacts 利用乙螨唑负载甲壳素纳米晶体增强螨虫控制和农业安全性：合成、表征和生态影响

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106197

Xu Zhifeng , Feng Guo , Zhang Chenghao , Xia Wei , Li Maoyan , Qian Kun , Zhang Yongqiang

Chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), known for their high aspect ratio, surface charge, and mobility, are promising bio-based nanomaterials for drug delivery. However, their potential as pesticide carriers in agriculture remains underexplored. Etoxazole, a diphenyl oxalate acaricide, effectively inhibits egg hatching and the normal molting process in mites but suffers from rapid degradation and short persistence in field applications. This study introduces a novel formulation, Eto@ChNC, prepared by complexing TEMPO-oxidized ChNCs with etoxazole via a one-pot method. Eto@ChNC was evaluated for controlling Tetranychus urticae, demonstrating significantly enhanced rapid action and prolonged efficacy compared to traditional formulations. The formulation increased the synergistic effects on mite eggs and deutonymphs by 41.74 % and 67.85 %, respectively, extending effectiveness by two days. The improved performance was attributed to the enhanced wetting ability of Eto@ChNC on leaf surfaces and its superior inhibition of the epidermal chitin content in T. urticae, facilitating greater etoxazole penetration. Transcriptome sequencing revealed numerous differentially expressed genes related to chitin metabolism, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased efficacy. Safety assessments confirmed that Eto@ChNC did not elevate toxicity to earthworms or predatory mites and promoted the growth of wheat and cowpea, underscoring its environmental safety. These findings highlight Eto@ChNC as a significant advancement in bio-based acaricide formulations, offering promising applications in mite management.

甲壳素纳米晶体（ChNCs）以其高纵横比、表面电荷和流动性而闻名，是一种很有前景的生物基纳米材料，可用于药物输送。然而，它们作为农业杀虫剂载体的潜力仍未得到充分开发。乙螨唑是一种草酸二苯酯杀螨剂，能有效抑制螨虫的卵孵化和正常蜕皮过程，但在田间应用中降解快、持效期短。本研究介绍了一种新型制剂 Eto@ChNC，它是通过一锅法将 TEMPO 氧化 ChNC 与乙螨唑复配制备而成。与传统制剂相比，Eto@ChNC 在防治荨麻蠹蛾方面的速效性和长效性显著增强。该制剂对螨卵和螨虫的增效作用分别提高了 41.74% 和 67.85%，药效延长了两天。性能提高的原因是 Eto@ChNC 在叶片表面的润湿能力增强，对 T. urticae 表皮几丁质含量的抑制作用更强，从而促进了乙螨唑的渗透。转录组测序发现了许多与几丁质代谢有关的差异表达基因，从而阐明了提高药效的分子机制。安全评估证实，Eto@ChNC 不会增加对蚯蚓或捕食性螨虫的毒性，并能促进小麦和豇豆的生长，从而强调了其环境安全性。这些研究结果表明，Eto@ChNC 是生物基杀螨剂配方的一大进步，在螨虫管理方面具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Uptake, translocation and metabolism of N-phenyl-phthalamic acid in pepper and wheat 辣椒和小麦对 N-苯基酞胺酸的吸收、转运和代谢

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106203

Zheng Sun , Chao Li , Tianhua Chai , Zhipeng Yao , Jing Zhang , Qifeng Wu , Zhiqing Ma

N-phenyl-phthalamic acid (PPA) is a new type of plant growth regulator that is widely utilized on fruit trees and crops in China. Understanding the physical and chemical behavior of PPA in plants is crucial for formulating application strategies and predicting potential environmental risks. This study investigated the uptake, translocation, and metabolism processes of PPA in pepper and wheat after different treatments. The roots of pepper and wheat can rapidly absorb and translocate PPA to the stems and leaves. In the 100 μg/mL treatment group, the PPA concentrations in the roots, stems, and leaves of pepper reached their maximum within 10 h after treatment, with 19.8, 2.4, and 2.9 mg/kg, respectively. Similar results can be detected in wheat. PPA can also be translocated from treated leaves to the entire plant in both pepper and wheat, and it tends to accumulate more in the upper leaves, with PPA mass percentages of 36.4 % and 36.9 % in the upper leaves of wheat and pepper, respectively, at 96 h. PPA is easily degradable in the plant body and seeds (the t_1/2 was 1.3–3.3 d). The above results indicate that PPA is easily absorbed by the roots, leaves, and seeds of crops and, undergoes bidirectional translocation, and is easily degradable, which means that PPA can be applied in various ways and poses a relatively low risk to food safety.

N-苯基邻苯二甲酰胺（PPA）是一种新型植物生长调节剂，在中国的果树和农作物上得到广泛应用。了解 PPA 在植物体内的物理和化学行为对于制定应用策略和预测潜在的环境风险至关重要。本研究考察了辣椒和小麦在不同处理后对 PPA 的吸收、转运和代谢过程。辣椒和小麦的根部能迅速吸收并转运 PPA 到茎和叶。在 100 μg/mL 处理组中，辣椒根、茎和叶中的 PPA 浓度在处理后 10 小时内达到最大值，分别为 19.8、2.4 和 2.9 mg/kg。在小麦中也能检测到类似的结果。在辣椒和小麦中，PPA 也可以从处理过的叶片转移到整个植株，并且更倾向于在上部叶片中积累，96 小时后，小麦和辣椒上部叶片中的 PPA 质量百分比分别为 36.4 % 和 36.9 %。PPA 很容易在植物体和种子中降解（t1/2 为 1.3-3.3 d）。上述结果表明，PPA 很容易被作物的根、叶和种子吸收，并进行双向转移，而且很容易降解，这意味着 PPA 可以以多种方式施用，对食品安全的风险相对较低。

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引用次数: 0

Emamectin benzoate and nanoplastics induce PANoptosis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) gill through MAPK pathway 苯甲酸阿维菌素和纳米塑料通过 MAPK 通路诱导鲤鱼鳃泛凋亡

IF 4.2 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.106202

Zhangyi Ju , Yanju Bi , Meichen Gao , Yilin Yin , Tong Xu , Shiwen Xu

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a pesticide that is frequently used. Nanoplastics (NPs) are a recently identified class of pollutants that are ubiquitous in the environment. In the aquatic environment, NPs can appear together with EMB, which may exacerbates the damage to water and aquatic organisms. However, the damage and mechanism of EMB and NPs to the gill tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) remain unclear. Therefore, an EMB or/NPs exposure model was constructed to explore the mechanism of EMB or/NPs exposure on carp gill damage. This study was done by immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, Western blot and other methods. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicated that EMB or NPs exposure could lead to gill tissue destruction, oxidative stress with the increased of ROS fluorescence intensity, MDA and H₂O₂ content, and the decreased CAT and GSH-PX activity, and the activation of MAPK pathway. Subsequently, PANoptosomes were activated with the up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of RIPK-1, Caspase-1,NLRP3, ACS, RIPK-3, Caspase-8, resulting in PANoptosis including the increased GSDMD, Caspase-3, MLKL expression. Notably, the results following combined exposure were more pronounced than those observed following exposure alone. The addition of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 3-methylindole (3-MI) further evidenced that EMB or/and NPs exposure can induce gill damage via the ROS/MAPK/PANoptosis pathway. Therefore, the present study reveals that EMB or/NPs exposure induces PANoptosis in carp gill by activating ROS/p38/MAPK signaling.

苯甲酸阿维菌素（EMB）是一种经常使用的杀虫剂。纳米塑料（NPs）是最近发现的一类污染物，在环境中无处不在。在水生环境中，NPs 可与 EMB 同时出现，这可能会加剧对水和水生生物的损害。然而，EMB 和 NPs 对鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）鳃组织的损害和机理仍不清楚。因此，我们构建了一个 EMB 或/NPs 暴露模型，以探讨 EMB 或/NPs 暴露对鲤鱼鳃损伤的机制。研究采用了免疫荧光、RT-qPCR、Western blot 等方法。体外和体内数据均表明，EMB或NPs暴露可导致鳃组织破坏、氧化应激（ROS荧光强度、MDA和H2O2含量增加，CAT和GSH-PX活性降低）和MAPK通路激活。随后，PANoptosomes 被激活，RIPK-1、Caspase-1、NLRP3、ACS、RIPK-3、Caspase-8 的 mRNA 和蛋白表达上调，导致 PAN 细胞凋亡，包括 GSDMD、Caspase-3、MLKL 表达增加。值得注意的是，联合暴露后的结果比单独暴露后观察到的结果更明显。添加 N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）和 3-甲基吲哚（3-MI）进一步证明，暴露于 EMB 或/和 NPs 可通过 ROS/MAPK/PANoptosis 途径诱导鳃损伤。因此，本研究揭示了暴露于 EMB 或/和 NPs 会通过激活 ROS/p38/MAPK 信号诱导鲤鱼鳃的 PAN 细胞凋亡。

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引用次数: 0