Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献_第7页

Hyperlipidemia of Spodoptera exigua larvae caused by the infection of Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h contributes to the viral DNA replication and virions' storage 斑点夜蛾子囊病毒感染3h后引起的高脂血症有助于病毒DNA的复制和病毒粒子的储存

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106908

Zheng Zhai , Shi-Hao Hu , Bei-Long Chen , Xin-Yu Xiao , Xi-Hui Cao , Zi-Yao Liu , Huan Yu

Pathogen infection alters the behavior and physiology of the host to maximize progeny production. Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h (HvAV-3h) is an insect virus that infects the larvae of various pests belonging to the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with typical syndromes of almost ceased feeding behavior. Here, we showed that after infection with HvAV-3h, the content of glucose and trehalose in the hemolymph and fat bodies of Spodoptera exigua decreased. Meanwhile, the content of triglycerides (TAG) in both the hemolymph and fat bodies increased. The increased TAG in fat bodies, which are the preferred tissue for ascovirus infection, may provide an energy source for viral infection or as a storage site for the produced ascoviral virions. Three myristoylation site-containing proteins, namely, 3H-11, 3H-48, and 3H-62, were predicted from the 185 open reading frames of HvAV-3h. After applying IMP-1088, which was used as a myristoylation inhibitor in this study, the deformed virions of HvAV-3h were found to be surrounded by lipid inclusions of fat bodies. These were quite different from those stored in the lipid inclusions of the inhibitor-free S. exigua larval fat bodies. The application of perhexiline, that is, an inhibitor of fatty acid metabolism, shortened the survival time of HvAV-3h infected S. exigua larvae. Meanwhile, the application of IMP-1088 prolonged the survival time of HvAV-3h infected S. exigua larvae. However, both inhibited the viral DNA replication of HvAV-3h. Further, qPCR detection showed that the infection of HvAV-3h minimizes the impact on key genes involved in host lipid metabolism. This could supply sufficient acyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, and fatty acids for the generation of any lipid modifications. We showed that the ascovirus depends on lipid metabolism and myristoylation of host larvae, broadening our understanding of the interaction between viral replication and assembly and host physiological changes.

病原体感染改变宿主的行为和生理，以最大限度地提高后代的产量。HvAV-3h （Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h）是一种感染夜蛾科（鳞翅目）多种害虫幼虫的昆虫病毒，其典型症状是几乎停止摄食行为。我们发现，感染HvAV-3h后，夜蛾血淋巴和脂肪体中葡萄糖和海藻糖的含量降低。同时，血淋巴和脂肪体中甘油三酯（TAG）含量均升高。脂肪体是ascov感染的首选组织，脂肪体中TAG的增加可能为病毒感染提供能量来源或作为产生的ascov病毒粒子的储存位点。从HvAV-3h的185个开放阅读框中预测了3个肉豆肉酰化位点的蛋白，即3H-11、3H-48和3H-62。应用本研究中用作肉豆肉酰化抑制剂的IMP-1088后，发现HvAV-3h的变形病毒粒子被脂肪体的脂质包涵体包围。这些与储存在无抑制剂的鱼幼虫脂肪体的脂质包裹体中有很大的不同。过己胺是一种脂肪酸代谢抑制剂，应用过己胺可缩短感染HvAV-3h的甜菜夜蛾幼虫的存活时间。同时，应用IMP-1088可延长感染HvAV-3h的雌蚊幼虫的存活时间。然而，两者都抑制了HvAV-3h的病毒DNA复制。此外，qPCR检测显示，感染HvAV-3h对宿主脂质代谢关键基因的影响最小。这可以为任何脂质修饰的产生提供足够的酰基辅酶a，乙酰基辅酶a和脂肪酸。我们发现子囊病毒依赖于宿主幼虫的脂质代谢和肉豆蔻酰化，这拓宽了我们对病毒复制和组装与宿主生理变化之间相互作用的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Both target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms confer mesosulfuron-methyl resistance in Silene conoidea L. 靶位和非靶位抗性机制决定了Silene conoidea L的中硫隆-甲基抗性。

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106905

Xinhui Xue , Hailan Cui , Shen'ao Hu , Hong Ma , Shouhui Wei , Hongjuan Huang , Xiangju Li , Zhaofeng Huang

Silene conoidea L., a common weed in wheat fields, is mainly controlled by acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides such as mesosulfuron-methyl. In this study, we investigated a mesosulfuron-methyl resistant population to elucidate the resistance mechanisms. The resistant (R) population displayed a high level of resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl, with the resistance index (RI) of 18.87. It also exhibited cross-resistance to halosulfuron-methyl, florasulam, flumetsulam, and flucarbazone‑sodium. In vitro ALS enzyme activity in the R population was 22.85-fold higher than in the susceptible (S) population. A W574L mutation (leucine replaced tryptophan) was identified in the ALS gene of the R population. Through molecular docking, this substitution of amino acid weakened the π-π stacking interaction between mesosulfuron-methyl molecule and the non-mutated ALS enzyme. The R population also showed significantly higher ALS expression than the S population, while the ALS gene copy number did not differ between the two populations. Pretreatment with malathion (cytochrome P450 inhibitor) and NBD-Cl (glutathione S-transferases inhibitor) reduced mesosulfuron-methyl resistance by 43.92 % and 29.20 %, respectively. Indicating that CYP450s and GSTs are involved in resistance. Transcriptome and qPCR analyses identified significant upregulation of three ABC transporter genes, three CYP450 genes, and one GST gene in the R population. Meanwhile, KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the photosynthetic pathways were significantly affected after mesosulfuron-methyl treatment. This is the first report of mesosulfuron-methyl resistance in S. conoidea, involves both target site resistance and non-target site resistance mechanisms.

稻谷草是小麦中常见的杂草，主要受甲磺隆-甲基等抗乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）除草剂的控制。在这项研究中，我们调查了一个中磺隆-甲基抗性种群，以阐明抗性机制。抗性(R)种群对甲磺隆具有较高的抗性，抗性指数（RI）为18.87。它还表现出对氟磺隆-甲基、氟罗舒仑、氟美舒仑和氟卡巴酮钠的交叉抗性。体外ALS酶活性R群体比易感群体高22.85倍。在R群体的ALS基因中发现了一个W574L突变（亮氨酸取代色氨酸）。通过分子对接，这种氨基酸的取代削弱了中硫隆-甲基分子与非突变ALS酶之间的π-π堆叠相互作用。R群体的ALS表达量也明显高于S群体，而ALS基因拷贝数在两个群体之间没有差异。马拉硫磷（细胞色素P450抑制剂）和NBD-Cl（谷胱甘肽s -转移酶抑制剂）预处理分别降低了43.92%和29.20%的甲磺隆耐药性。表明cyp450和gst参与了耐药性。转录组和qPCR分析发现，R群体中3个ABC转运蛋白基因、3个CYP450基因和1个GST基因显著上调。同时，KEGG途径分析表明，中硫隆-甲基处理对光合途径有显著影响。本文首次报道了沙锥虫对中硫隆-甲基的抗性，涉及到靶点抗性和非靶点抗性机制。

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引用次数: 0

Aminopyrifen, a novel 2-aminonicotinate fungicide, inhibits growth and deoxynivalenol biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum 氨基吡啶是一种新型的2-氨基烟酸类杀菌剂，可抑制禾谷镰刀菌的生长和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇的生物合成

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106907

Chengqi Zhang , Qianqian Xing , Linya Xiao , Yunhao Li , Ying Wang , Li Chen

Fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals, threatens global wheat production and food safety through yield losses and contamination with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Here, we evaluated aminopyrifen, a novel 2-aminonicotinate fungicide, for its efficacy and mechanism of action against F. graminearum. Sensitivity assays of 103 field isolates revealed potent inhibition of mycelial growth (mean EC₅₀ = 0.0547 μg/mL) with no resistant strains detected. Aminopyrifen disrupted hyphal and conidial morphology, suppressed toxisome formation, and markedly reduced DON biosynthesis by downregulating TRI gene expression. Functional analyses showed that the acyltransferase FgGWT1 is essential for fungal growth, conidiation, virulence, and toxisome formation, and its inhibition by aminopyrifen phenocopied gene deletion. These findings establish aminopyrifen as a promising candidate fungicide with a novel target, offering potential for effective FHB management and reduced DON contamination in wheat.

稻谷镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum）是谷物赤霉病（Fusarium head blight， FHB）的主要致病因子，通过产量损失和真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌醇）污染威胁着全球小麦生产和食品安全。本文研究了新型2-氨基烟酸类杀菌剂氨吡啶（aminopyrifen）对禾谷镰刀菌（F. graminearum）的药效和作用机制。103个野外分离株的敏感性分析显示，该药物能有效抑制菌丝生长（平均EC₅0 = 0.0547 μg/mL），未检测到耐药菌株。氨吡啶破坏菌丝和分生孢子形态，抑制毒体形成，并通过下调TRI基因表达显著减少DON生物合成。功能分析表明，酰基转移酶FgGWT1对真菌生长、分生、毒力和毒体形成至关重要，并被氨基吡啶表型基因缺失抑制。这些发现表明氨嘧菌酯是一种有前景的候选杀菌剂，具有新的靶标，为有效管理小麦中的FHB和减少DON污染提供了潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Rice husk ash-derived nano-silica: A sustainable carrier for Kasugamycin to combat rice blast disease 稻壳灰衍生纳米二氧化硅：卡苏加霉素抗稻瘟病的可持续载体

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106902

Ziqi Cui , Zhihao Li , Yufeng Wu , Huiyan Li , Xueping Guo , Aisha Khalfan Nassor , Zhi Chen , Xiong Guan , Xiaohong Pan , Yujiao Jia

Nano-sized silicon dioxide (SiO₂ NPs) is widely employed as a pesticide carrier in agricultural systems. However, its high production cost significantly limits large-scale adoption. In this study, we developed an economical and environmentally benign nano-pesticide (KSM@SiO₂) by loading kasugamycin (KSM) onto SiO₂ NPs synthesized from rice husk ash (RHA). The optimized synthesis parameters were determined as follows: 6 h calcination, 1.5 mol/L NaOH, and a SiO₂:KSM mass ratio of 1:2—yielding 25.3 % SiO₂ and a KSM loading efficiency of 16.1 %. KSM@SiO₂ exhibited robust antifungal efficacy against Magnaporthe oryzae, with an EC₅₀ value of 0.19 mg/mL, nearly double the potency of pure KSM (0.35 mg/mL). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis verified the formation of •OH, •O₂⁻, and ¹O₂. These reactive oxygen species (ROS) subsequently induced oxidative stress, hyphal disruption, DNA fragmentation, and enhanced membrane permeability. The nanoformulation demonstrated superior leaf adherence, as evidenced by a contact angle of 94.22° and a 20 % improvement in retention compared with free KSM. FITC tracing further confirmed its systemic translocation from roots to leaves within 24 h. Biosafety assessments revealed no adverse effects on rice seed germination or root development. Instead, KSM@SiO₂ promoted antioxidant enzyme activities and exhibited no significant toxicity to earthworms. Economic analysis showed that its production cost was reduced by 72.5 % relative to commercial SiO₂.Overall, this work provides a sustainable and cost-efficient nanocarrier strategy for rice blast management. It also demonstrates a viable route for converting agricultural waste into high-value nano-fungicidal materials, thereby supporting the advancement of circular bioeconomy practices.

纳米二氧化硅（sio2nps）在农业系统中被广泛用作农药载体。然而，它的高生产成本极大地限制了大规模采用。本研究通过在稻壳灰（RHA）合成的SiO₂NPs上负载kasugamycin (KSM)，开发了一种经济环保的纳米农药（KSM@SiO₂）。优化后的合成参数为：焙烧6 h， NaOH浓度为1.5 mol/L， sio2与KSM的质量比为1:2，产率为25.3%，KSM负载率为16.1%。KSM@SiO₂对稻瘟病菌具有强大的抗真菌功效，EC₅0值为0.19 mg/mL，几乎是纯KSM （0.35 mg/mL）效力的两倍。电子顺磁共振（EPR）分析证实了•OH、•O₂−和O₂的形成。这些活性氧（ROS）随后诱导氧化应激、菌丝断裂、DNA断裂和膜通透性增强。纳米配方表现出优异的叶片粘附性，其接触角为94.22°，与游离KSM相比，保留率提高了20%。FITC追踪进一步证实了其在24 h内从根到叶的系统转运。生物安全性评估显示，对水稻种子萌发和根系发育没有不利影响。相反，KSM@SiO₂促进了抗氧化酶的活性，对蚯蚓没有明显的毒性。经经济分析，其生产成本比商品化sio2降低了72.5%。总的来说，这项工作为稻瘟病管理提供了一种可持续和经济的纳米载体策略。它还展示了将农业废弃物转化为高价值纳米杀真菌材料的可行途径，从而支持循环生物经济实践的进步。

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引用次数: 0

Discovery of simple β-carboline alkaloids as promising ROS inducer for combating crop bacterial diseases 发现简单β-碳碱生物碱作为抗作物细菌性病害的活性氧诱导剂

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106904

Hongwu Liu , Zhibo Zhao , Guoqing Wang , Xiang Zhou , Song Yang

Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria pose a severe threat to global agriculture and food security, urgently requiring innovative bactericides. Although β-carboline alkaloids (βCs) have recently emerged as promising antimicrobial candidates, their structure-activity relationship (SAR) and mechanism of action remain poorly understood. To address these issues, 28 commercially available βCs and their analogues were evaluated for antibacterial activity. In vitro bioassays revealed that fully aromatic β-carboline (FAβC) derivatives exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with optimal EC₅₀ values of 3.17 (compound 15), 2.91 (compound 15), and 7.61 (compound 13) μg mL⁻¹ against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), respectively, demonstrating over 13-fold greater potency than bismerthiazol and thiodiazole‑copper. SAR analysis indicated that C-ring aromatization significantly increased the antibacterial effect of βCs, with the activity order of FAβC > 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline (DHβC) > 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (THβC). Pot experiments showed that selected FAβCs (13 and 15) provided notable in vivo control efficiency toward rice bacterial leaf blight and kiwifruit bacterial canker, while maintaining favorable safety profiles. Fluorescence tracking and histopathological analysis demonstrated that compound 15 significantly suppressed bacterial migration, motility, and colonization in infected plants. Notably, mechanistic studies revealed that FAβCs exerted antibacterial effects through disruption of bacterial membrane integrity and induction of ROS-mediated cell apoptosis. Overall, these findings not only identify natural harmine (15) as a novel bactericide candidate but also advance SAR understanding and application potential of βCs for managing crop bacterial diseases.

革兰氏阴性植物致病菌对全球农业和粮食安全构成严重威胁，迫切需要创新的杀菌剂。虽然β-碳碱生物碱（β c）最近被认为是有前途的抗菌候选者，但它们的构效关系（SAR）和作用机制尚不清楚。为了解决这些问题，我们对28种市售β c及其类似物的抗菌活性进行了评估。体外生物实验表明，全芳香族β-碳碱（FAβC）衍生物具有广谱抗菌活性，对米黄单胞菌的最佳EC50值分别为3.17（化合物15）、2.91（化合物15）和7.61（化合物13）μ mL−1。稻瘟病菌（Xoo），轴尾黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas axonopodis pv）。丁香假单胞菌；actinidiae （Psa）的效力比双巯噻唑和硫代二唑铜高13倍以上。SAR分析表明，c环芳构化显著提高了β c的抗菌作用，其活性顺序为FAβC >； 3,4-二氢-β-碳碱（DHβC） > 1,2,3,4-四氢-β-碳碱（THβC）。盆栽试验表明，FAβCs（13和15）对水稻细菌性叶枯病和猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病具有显著的体内防治效果，同时保持良好的安全性。荧光跟踪和组织病理学分析表明，化合物15显著抑制细菌在感染植物中的迁移、运动和定植。值得注意的是，机制研究表明，FAβCs通过破坏细菌膜完整性和诱导ros介导的细胞凋亡来发挥抗菌作用。总的来说，这些发现不仅确定了天然有害生物碱（15）作为一种新的候选杀菌剂，而且提高了对βCs在作物细菌性病害管理方面的SAR理解和应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Seasonal harvest dictates insecticidal efficacy of Hedychium longipetalum essential oil against stored product pests 季节性收获决定了长叶草精油对储存产品害虫的杀虫效果

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106898

Yuan Zhang , Cheng-Fang Wang , Jia-Zhu Wang , Han-Yu He , Yu-Chen Zhang , Wang-Yu Zheng , Xiao-Yi Shi , Shu-Shan Du

Storage pests cause significant economic losses and threaten global food security. While chemical control remains widely used, it raises environmental and health concerns. As an eco-friendly alternative, plant-derived essential oils (EOs), particularly from Zingiberaceae species, shown promise as bio-insecticides. Monthly collection EOs of Hedychium longipetalum rhizomes over one year were obtained by hydrodistillation. Their composition was analyzed via GC–MS, and they were evaluated for contact toxicity and repellency against Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius (Coleoptera: Ptinidae) and Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Results revealed that EOs were dominated by monoterpenes, oxygenated derivatives, and sesquiterpenes, with ψ-limonene and d-limonene as common constituents. G2311 (LD₅₀ = 2.17 μg/adult) and G2312 (LC₅₀ = 9.14 μg/cm²) exhibited the strongest contact toxicity against L. serricorne and L. bostrychophila, respectively, while G2402 and G2312 exhibited the highest repellent activities against each species. Spearman correlation analysis revealed air humidity (r = −0.578* to −0.626*) as the most critical factor, which negatively affected EO yield and d-limonene accumulation but promoted 1,8-cineole. In contrast, ψ-limonene was negatively correlated with both temperature and humidity. Repellent activity showed a significant positive correlation with all temperature-related factors (r = 0.27–0.42). Furthermore, Mantel test analysis indicated that ester compounds (specifically, methyl 8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoate) were positively correlated with contact toxicity. Comprehensive evaluation indicated winter-harvested EOs possessed the greatest potential. Findings provide a scientific basis for guiding harvest timing of H. longipetalum to enhance EO insecticidal efficacy.

仓储害虫造成重大经济损失，威胁全球粮食安全。虽然化学控制仍然广泛使用，但它引起了环境和健康问题。作为一种生态友好的替代品，植物源性精油（EOs），特别是从姜科植物中提取的精油，作为生物杀虫剂显示出很大的前景。采用加氢蒸馏法，逐月采集长瓣何首乌根状茎，历时一年。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其成分进行分析，并评价了其对黑纹小叶蛾（鞘翅目：小叶蛾科）和褐纹小叶蛾（鞘翅目：褐叶蛾科）的接触毒性和驱避性。结果表明，其主要成分为单萜、氧合衍生物和倍半萜，常见成分为ψ-柠檬烯和d-柠檬烯。G2311 （LD50 = 2.17 μg/成虫）和G2312 （LC50 = 9.14 μg/cm2）对丝光乳蝇和bostrychophila的接触毒性最强，G2402和G2312对丝光乳蝇和bostrychophila的接触毒性最强。Spearman相关分析显示，空气湿度（r = - 0.578* ~ - 0.626*）是最关键的影响因子，对EO产量和d-柠檬烯积累有负向影响，但对1,8-桉叶油素有促进作用。而ψ-柠檬烯与温度、湿度均呈负相关。驱避活性与各温度相关因子呈显著正相关（r = 0.27 ~ 0.42）。此外，Mantel试验分析表明，酯类化合物（特别是甲基8,11,14,17-二十碳四烯酸酯）与接触毒性呈正相关。综合评价结果表明，冬收品种潜力最大。研究结果为指导长柄花的采收时机，提高其杀虫效果提供了科学依据。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Antifungal activity and mechanisms of atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents against pathogenic fungi in peanuts and corn” [Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 216 (2025) 106760] “抗花生和玉米致病性真菌的抗氧黄曲霉活性和机制”[农药生物化学与生理216(2025)106760]的勘误表

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106901

Jia Xu , Yanyan Zhang , Junhe Ren , Zhiqing Guo , Mingwei Liu , Yantong Huo , Qing Kong

引用次数: 0

Disrupting cytomembrane function mediates the antifungal activity of carvacrol against Sclerotium rolfsii 破坏细胞膜功能介导香芹酚对罗氏菌核菌的抗真菌活性

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106903

Liting Chen , Xingchen Zhao , Tangbo Cao , Qinqin Wang , Meizi Wang , Jingjing Zhang , Xuewei Mao , Yun Duan , Lin Zhou

Peanut stem rot (PSR), caused by the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii, is a devastating plant disease that causes severe yield losses and substantial economic impacts in agriculture worldwide. Carvacrol, a natural compound with broad-spectrum antifungal properties, shows significant inhibitory effects on various pathogens. In this study, carvacrol and nano-carvacrol demonstrated strong antifungal activity against S. rolfsii, with 50 % effective concentration (EC₅₀) values of 39.46 mg/L and 19.20 mg/L, respectively. Carvacrol and nano-carvacrol can reduce mycelial growth and suppress the formation and germination of sclerotia. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed carvacrol-induced mycelial deformation and ultrastructural damage. Carvacrol also increases membrane permeability, leading to cell death. Transcriptome analysis with GO/KEGG enrichment revealed that carvacrol disrupted cell membrane biosynthesis, inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis, and interfered with the endoplasmic reticulum pathway. The results of propidium iodide staining of fungal mycelium treated with carvacrol exhibited pronounced PI fluorescence, indicating a general loss of membrane integrity, complete loss of viability, and irreversible membrane damage. qPCR results revealed downregulation of key genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis and those of cytochrome P450. Both greenhouse and field trials have confirmed that carvacrol and nano-carvacrol have a high control efficacy against PSR, with protective effects superior to those of curative treatments. These findings highlight carvacrol's potential as an eco-friendly fungicide with a novel mode of action.

花生茎腐病（PSR）是由真菌菌核菌（Sclerotium rolfsii）引起的一种毁灭性植物病害，在世界范围内造成严重的产量损失和重大的经济影响。香芹酚是一种具有广谱抗真菌特性的天然化合物，对多种病原菌具有明显的抑制作用。在本研究中，香芹酚和纳米香芹酚对罗氏葡萄球菌具有较强的抗真菌活性，50%有效浓度（EC50）分别为39.46 mg/L和19.20 mg/L。香芹酚和纳米香芹酚能抑制菌丝体生长，抑制菌核的形成和萌发。扫描电镜和透射电镜显示carvacrol诱导的菌丝变形和超微结构损伤。香芹酚还能增加细胞膜的通透性，导致细胞死亡。GO/KEGG富集转录组分析显示，carvacrol破坏细胞膜生物合成，抑制麦角甾醇生物合成，干扰内质网通路。经carvacrol处理的真菌菌丝体碘化丙啶染色结果显示明显的PI荧光，表明膜完整性普遍丧失，活力完全丧失，膜损伤不可逆。qPCR结果显示参与麦角甾醇生物合成的关键基因和细胞色素P450基因下调。温室和田间试验均证实，香芹酚和纳米香芹酚对PSR具有较高的防治效果，其保护效果优于治疗性处理。这些发现突出了香芹酚作为一种具有新型作用模式的生态友好型杀菌剂的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Cockroach cold preference: A behavioral strategy to defend fungal infection 蟑螂的冷偏好：一种防御真菌感染的行为策略

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106897

Xiaoyuan Pan , Wenxiao Ma , Zixuan Han , Yingnan Han , Xingyu Chen , Peng He , Xuejun Wang , Fan Zhang

Entomopathogenic fungi have emerged as promising alternatives to insecticides for overcoming insecticide resistance, particularly in controlling prevalent public indoor pests. However, insects have developed powerful defense strategies against infection, including host behavior preferences. In this study, using the German cockroach-Metarhizium anisopliae model, we found that infected cockroaches prefer colder living environments (20 °C versus 28 °C). Toxicity and conidial adhesion experiments showed that colder environments could significantly prolong the LT₅₀ of infected cockroaches and reduce conidial adhesion to the host cuticle. Histopathology and fungal conidia culture revealed that the active cold-seeking behavior of cockroaches significantly reduced the infection efficiency of fungi in the host. Further studies showed that cold preference could promote the enhancement of phenol oxidase-induced cell nodulation and high expression of immune effector defensin invertebrate_1 (DEFI_1), (NT_vs_LT = 10.210 versus 669.705, P = 0.000), in cockroaches. RNAi confirmed that DEFI_1 may be one of the important factors in reducing mortality rates in low-temperature environments. In summary, this study contributes to the understanding of the behavioral value of insect pests infected with pathogens and is beneficial for the development of biological control strategies using insect pathogens as active ingredients.

昆虫病原真菌已成为克服杀虫剂抗性的有希望的杀虫剂替代品，特别是在控制流行的公共室内害虫方面。然而，昆虫已经发展出强大的防御策略来抵御感染，包括宿主的行为偏好。在本研究中，我们使用德国蟑螂-绿僵菌模型，发现感染的蟑螂更喜欢较冷的生活环境（20°C比28°C）。毒力和孢子粘附实验表明，低温环境可显著延长感染蟑螂的LT50，降低孢子对寄主角质层的粘附。组织病理学和真菌分生孢子培养结果表明，蟑螂的主动寻冷行为显著降低了真菌在宿主体内的感染效率。进一步研究表明，低温偏好可促进苯酚氧化酶诱导的无脊椎动物免疫效应因子def_1 （NT_vs_LT = 10.210 vs . 669.705, P = 0.000）的细胞结瘤增强和免疫效应因子def_1的高表达。RNAi证实，def_1可能是低温环境下降低死亡率的重要因素之一。综上所述，本研究有助于了解病原菌感染后害虫的行为价值，有助于开发以病原菌为有效成分的生物防治策略。

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引用次数: 0

Multidimensional toxicity profiling of organophosphorus pesticides in agricultural soils: Target and non-target responses 有机磷农药在农业土壤中的多维毒性分析：目标和非目标响应

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2025.106889

Qikun Pu , Zhonghe Wang , Yisu Fang , Wenwen Wang , Yu Li

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are essential agrochemicals for global food security but have complex toxic effects on agricultural soil systems. This study presents a multidimensional framework to assess the ecotoxicity of OPs in soil ecosystems, incorporating microbial toxicity, enzyme inhibition, animal responses, physicochemical changes, and crop damage. The system aims to evaluate the toxicity levels of agricultural soils exposed to OPs and create a risk classification and control list for OPs-related ecological risks. Using computational toxicology techniques, including entropy, CRITIC weighting, coefficient of variation, and natural breaks methods, a priority control list for 225 OPs was developed. Among these, 67 OPs pose unacceptable ecological risks, 45 have low risks, and 113 present potential risks. OPs with phosphorothioate (P=S) structures show more significant non-target effects (28.619 % higher) and lower target effects (13.275 % lower) compared to phosphoryl (P=O) structures. Mechanistic analysis indicates that van der Waals forces primarily drive the stronger effects of P=S OPs on target organisms (e.g., brown planthoppers). The sulfur atoms in P=S have a stronger electron-withdrawing ability than oxygen atoms in P=O, which explains the notable differences in toxicity to non-target organisms (e.g., plants, soil physicochemical properties, and earthworms) between OPs with P=S and P=O structures. This system offers a comprehensive approach to assess the ecological toxicity risks of OPs in agricultural soils, enabling the prioritization of chemicals that pose the most significant environmental threats. Additionally, it provides valuable insights for designing more effective management strategies and guiding future research on pesticide risk assessment, ecological sustainability, and pollution prevention.

有机磷农药是全球粮食安全必不可少的农药，但对农业土壤系统具有复杂的毒性作用。本研究提出了一个多维框架来评估有机磷在土壤生态系统中的生态毒性，包括微生物毒性、酶抑制、动物反应、物理化学变化和作物损害。该系统旨在评估暴露于有机磷农药的农业土壤的毒性水平，并建立与有机磷农药相关的生态风险分类和控制清单。利用计算毒理学技术，包括熵、CRITIC加权、变异系数和自然断裂方法，开发了225个OPs的优先控制列表。其中67个项目具有不可接受的生态风险，45个项目具有低风险，113个项目具有潜在风险。与磷酰（P=O）结构的OPs相比，磷酰（P=S）结构的OPs具有更显著的非目标效应（高28.619%）和更低的目标效应（低13.275%）。机理分析表明，范德华力主要驱动P=S OPs对目标生物（如褐飞虱）的更强影响。P=S中的硫原子比P=O中的氧原子具有更强的吸电子能力，这就解释了P=S和P=O结构的OPs对非目标生物（如植物、土壤理化性质和蚯蚓）的毒性有显著差异。该系统提供了一种全面的方法来评估有机磷农药在农业土壤中的生态毒性风险，从而能够对构成最严重环境威胁的化学品进行优先排序。为制定更有效的管理策略和指导未来农药风险评估、生态可持续性和污染防治研究提供了有价值的见解。

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