Plant pathogenic fungi cause plant diseases that affect global food security, and the use of chemical fungicides remains the primary strategy for controlling fungal diseases. A series of amide derivatives containing 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl pyridine and piperidine structures was designed and synthesized, and their antifungal activity was systematically evaluated. Among them, compound M3 exhibited excellent fungicidal efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani (R. s) (EC50 = 3.24 mg/L), with a curative effect of 69.98% at 200 mg/L in rice plants. Compound M3 inhibited the mycelial dry weight and sclerotial formation of R. s, as well as disrupted the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure, increasing cell membrane permeability, leakage of cell contents, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to fungal death, thus suppressing its growth and reproduction. Compound M3 significantly inhibited succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (IC50 = 28.40 μM), and molecular docking results also indicated a stable binding mode between compound M3 and SDH.
{"title":"Amide derivatives as potential SDH inhibitors: Design, synthesis, antifungal activity, and preliminary mechanism","authors":"Mei Zhu , Feng Tian , Zengxue Wu , ShuJing Yu , Jixiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant pathogenic fungi cause plant diseases that affect global food security, and the use of chemical fungicides remains the primary strategy for controlling fungal diseases. A series of amide derivatives containing 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl pyridine and piperidine structures was designed and synthesized, and their antifungal activity was systematically evaluated. Among them, compound <strong>M3</strong> exhibited excellent fungicidal efficacy against <em>Rhizoctonia solani</em> (<em>R. s</em>) (EC<sub>50</sub> = 3.24 mg/L), with a curative effect of 69.98% at 200 mg/L in rice plants. Compound <strong>M3</strong> inhibited the mycelial dry weight and sclerotial formation of <em>R. s</em>, as well as disrupted the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure, increasing cell membrane permeability, leakage of cell contents, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to fungal death, thus suppressing its growth and reproduction. Compound <strong>M3</strong> significantly inhibited succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 28.40 μM), and molecular docking results also indicated a stable binding mode between compound <strong>M3</strong> and SDH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106960"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106959
Quan Gao , Yifan Wu , Jianuo Huang , Shuwen Xu , Runhang Chen , Hubiao Jiang , Yong Huang , Qibao He , Yaohui Wang , Jinjing Xiao , Haiqun Cao
Honeybee queens (Apis mellifera L.) are essential for colony sustainability, most study mainly focused on the acute toxicity of chemical insecticides. This study investigated the chronic effects of three prevalent neonicotinoids on honeybee queen larvae development, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota. It was determined that exposure to elevated concentrations (10–40 mg/L) significantly increased larval mortality (up to 41.70%), which reduced both capping and emergence rates, with imidacloprid causing a 43.80% decline in emergence at 40 mg/L. Chronic exposure (1–25 mg/L) to clothianidin notably decreased birth weight by 11.40% and altered thoracic and abdominal morphometrics. Moreover, imidacloprid and clothianidin suppressed amylase activity by up to 94%, while acetamiprid enhanced it by nearly 60%. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed significant shifts in gut microbiota composition, characterized by increased abundance of Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidota, despite minor changes in overall diversity. Functional predictions indicated alterations in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport pathways. These findings demonstrate that chronic neonicotinoid exposure disrupts metabolic and microbial homeostasis in honeybee queen larvae, posing a serious threat to honeybee colony fitness, which is important and provides essential evidence for ecological risk assessment and the development of safer pesticide application strategies in apiculture and crop protection.
{"title":"Chronic neonicotinoid exposure disrupts survival, development, digestive enzymes, and gut microbiome in honeybee queen larvae (Apis mellifera L.)","authors":"Quan Gao , Yifan Wu , Jianuo Huang , Shuwen Xu , Runhang Chen , Hubiao Jiang , Yong Huang , Qibao He , Yaohui Wang , Jinjing Xiao , Haiqun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Honeybee queens (<em>Apis mellifera</em> L.) are essential for colony sustainability, most study mainly focused on the acute toxicity of chemical insecticides. This study investigated the chronic effects of three prevalent neonicotinoids on honeybee queen larvae development, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota. It was determined that exposure to elevated concentrations (10–40 mg/L) significantly increased larval mortality (up to 41.70%), which reduced both capping and emergence rates, with imidacloprid causing a 43.80% decline in emergence at 40 mg/L. Chronic exposure (1–25 mg/L) to clothianidin notably decreased birth weight by 11.40% and altered thoracic and abdominal morphometrics. Moreover, imidacloprid and clothianidin suppressed amylase activity by up to 94%, while acetamiprid enhanced it by nearly 60%. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed significant shifts in gut microbiota composition, characterized by increased abundance of <em>Firmicutes</em> and decreased <em>Bacteroidota</em>, despite minor changes in overall diversity. Functional predictions indicated alterations in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport pathways. These findings demonstrate that chronic neonicotinoid exposure disrupts metabolic and microbial homeostasis in honeybee queen larvae, posing a serious threat to honeybee colony fitness, which is important and provides essential evidence for ecological risk assessment and the development of safer pesticide application strategies in apiculture and crop protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106959"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106955
Shan Ye , Chenxi Xiang , Beibei Luo , Ruoyu Zhang , Yao Wang , Jinglei Chen , Zhuhong Yang , Zhong Ding
The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola causes severe yield losses in rice production, requiring eco-friendly control measures. Here, we isolated Enterobacter asburiae SA-9 from rice rhizosphere soil and evaluated the biocontrol potential of its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against M. graminicola. In vitro, SA-9 VOCs exhibited potent fumigant activity, causing high mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) and significant inhibition of egg hatching. Chemotaxis assays showed that SA-9 disrupted nematode chemotaxis through repellent activity. Further investigations revealed that exposure to SA-9 VOCs significantly downregulated key chemosensory genes (Mg-odr-1, Mg-odr-3, Mg-osm-9, Mg-tax-4) in J2s, impairing their host-seeking and infection abilities. In double-layered pot, SA-9 VOCs effectively reduced root gall index and nematode populations, while concurrently promoting rice growth, accompanied by upregulation of auxin (OsAUX1, OsYUCCA1) and gibberellin (OsGID1) biosynthesis-related genes. Furthermore, SA-9 VOCs induced genes related to systemic resistance in rice, as evidenced by the increased expression of defense-related genes in the salicylic acid (OsPR1a, OsWRKY45) and jasmonic acid (OsAOS2, OsMYC2) signaling pathways. SPME-GC–MS profiling identified 11 VOCs produced by SA-9, with 2-phenylethanol, 2-methylbutyric acid, isobutyric acid and propanoic acid exhibiting significant contact and fumigation nematicidal activities against J2s. These findings demonstrate that SA-9 VOCs suppress M. graminicola through multiple mechanisms, highlighting their potential as sustainable biocontrol agents for managing root-knot nematodes in rice agroecosystems.
{"title":"Volatile organic compounds of Enterobacter asburiae SA-9 suppress Meloidogyne graminicola in Rice via multiple mechanisms","authors":"Shan Ye , Chenxi Xiang , Beibei Luo , Ruoyu Zhang , Yao Wang , Jinglei Chen , Zhuhong Yang , Zhong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106955","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rice root-knot nematode <em>Meloidogyne graminicola</em> causes severe yield losses in rice production, requiring eco-friendly control measures. Here, we isolated <em>Enterobacter asburiae</em> SA-9 from rice rhizosphere soil and evaluated the biocontrol potential of its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against <em>M. graminicola</em>. In vitro, SA-9 VOCs exhibited potent fumigant activity, causing high mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) and significant inhibition of egg hatching. Chemotaxis assays showed that SA-9 disrupted nematode chemotaxis through repellent activity. Further investigations revealed that exposure to SA-9 VOCs significantly downregulated key chemosensory genes (<em>Mg-odr-1</em>, <em>Mg-odr-3</em>, <em>Mg-osm-9</em>, <em>Mg-tax-4</em>) in J2s, impairing their host-seeking and infection abilities. In double-layered pot, SA-9 VOCs effectively reduced root gall index and nematode populations, while concurrently promoting rice growth, accompanied by upregulation of auxin (<em>OsAUX1</em>, <em>OsYUCCA1</em>) and gibberellin (<em>OsGID1</em>) biosynthesis-related genes. Furthermore, SA-9 VOCs induced genes related to systemic resistance in rice, as evidenced by the increased expression of defense-related genes in the salicylic acid (<em>OsPR1a</em>, <em>OsWRKY45</em>) and jasmonic acid (<em>OsAOS2</em>, <em>OsMYC2</em>) signaling pathways. SPME-GC–MS profiling identified 11 VOCs produced by SA-9, with 2-phenylethanol, 2-methylbutyric acid, isobutyric acid and propanoic acid exhibiting significant contact and fumigation nematicidal activities against J2s. These findings demonstrate that SA-9 VOCs suppress <em>M. graminicola</em> through multiple mechanisms, highlighting their potential as sustainable biocontrol agents for managing root-knot nematodes in rice agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106957
Junming Xia , Yifan Yang , Shigang Fei , Yigui Huang , Jiasheng Lin , Luc Swevers , Min Feng , Jingchen Sun
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a typical baculovirus, is a major pathogen infecting lepidopteran insects and serves as an eco-friendly biopesticide with high biological safety. Studying the interactions between Bombyx mori and baculovirus infection in lepidopteran models will provide valuable insights for improving pest control efficacy while mitigating economic losses in sericulture caused by pesticide overuse. Lysozyme, a widely distributed antibacterial enzyme in both vertebrates and invertebrates, functions as a classic immune effector. Although multiple lysozymes have been identified in B. mori, their specific roles in combating Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) remain uncharacterized. In this study, we characterized the seven known lysozymes in B. mori and confirmed that all members exhibit conserved structural features typical of the lysozyme family. Interestingly, BmC-LZM-like4 is atypical among lysozyme genes, as it is intronless and contains an extended C-terminal sequence. Following BmNPV infection, the expression levels of BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 were significantly upregulated. Functional validation through RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression assays demonstrated that both BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 suppress BmNPV proliferation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their critical roles in the antiviral response. Furthermore, we investigated the potential regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of these lysozymes. Our findings indicate that the Dorsal-mediated signaling pathway may be involved in modulating the expression of BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4. These data indicate that B. mori lysozyme family members BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 may be transcriptionally activated via the Dorsal-mediated signaling pathway, thereby exerting antiviral effects against baculovirus proliferation.
{"title":"BmC-LZM-like2/4 mediates antiviral defense against BmNPV via dorsal pathway","authors":"Junming Xia , Yifan Yang , Shigang Fei , Yigui Huang , Jiasheng Lin , Luc Swevers , Min Feng , Jingchen Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a typical baculovirus, is a major pathogen infecting lepidopteran insects and serves as an eco-friendly biopesticide with high biological safety. Studying the interactions between <em>Bombyx mori</em> and baculovirus infection in lepidopteran models will provide valuable insights for improving pest control efficacy while mitigating economic losses in sericulture caused by pesticide overuse. Lysozyme, a widely distributed antibacterial enzyme in both vertebrates and invertebrates, functions as a classic immune effector. Although multiple lysozymes have been identified in <em>B. mori</em>, their specific roles in combating <em>Bombyx mori</em> nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) remain uncharacterized. In this study, we characterized the seven known lysozymes in <em>B. mori</em> and confirmed that all members exhibit conserved structural features typical of the lysozyme family. Interestingly, BmC-LZM-like4 is atypical among lysozyme genes, as it is intronless and contains an extended C-terminal sequence. Following BmNPV infection, the expression levels of BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 were significantly upregulated. Functional validation through RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression assays demonstrated that both BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 suppress BmNPV proliferation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their critical roles in the antiviral response. Furthermore, we investigated the potential regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of these lysozymes. Our findings indicate that the Dorsal-mediated signaling pathway may be involved in modulating the expression of BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4. These data indicate that <em>B. mori</em> lysozyme family members BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 may be transcriptionally activated via the Dorsal-mediated signaling pathway, thereby exerting antiviral effects against baculovirus proliferation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106957"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106958
Zhuoyue Lu , Zhi Yang , Ke Li , Menglin Wu , Hang Zhang , Zhibing Luo , Juan Deng , Huifang Wang , Yongjun Zhang
The insect biocontrol fungi (IBF) ‘hidden’ within the dead insect bodies come out of the insect cadavers for dissemination until the suitable environment conditions arising. However, details of the IBF balancing fungal cells ‘hidden’ within the cadavers and penetration of the cuticle outwards for growth remain limited. Here, a HsbA domain-containing protein, BbHsbA, was found to express during the later stages of insect colonization in an IBF, Beauveria bassiana, which distributed in cytoplasm and cell wall. BbHsbA disruption did not significantly affect fungal virulence, while the mutant penetrated the cuticle from the inside-out for growth on the cadaver surface rapidly as compared to the wild type strain, accompanying with elevated lipid droplet (LD) levels. Conversely, BbHsbA overexpression significantly decreased LD content while increased cell wall chitin and glycoprotein levels, resulting in reduced virulence and delayed cuticle penetration outwards from the cadavers. Furthermore, BbHsbA was found to interact with the LD membrane protein perilipin and the peroxisome protein peroxin 14, balancing lipid synthesis and storage while also contributing to cell wall homeostasis as a cell wall component within the insect cadavers. The distinct traits between the gene disruption and overexpression strains were in line with the altered expression patterns of lipid metabolism, chitin hydrolysis and other cell wall biosynthesis-associated genes. These results demonstrate that B. bassiana expresses BbHsbA during the later stages of insect colonization to postpone the rapid cuticle penetration outwards from the dead insect bodies via orchestrating lipid metabolism and cell wall-synthesis homeostasis within the cadavers.
{"title":"The fungal biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana expresses a HsbA domain-containing protein to postpone the rapid cuticle penetration outwards from the insect cadavers","authors":"Zhuoyue Lu , Zhi Yang , Ke Li , Menglin Wu , Hang Zhang , Zhibing Luo , Juan Deng , Huifang Wang , Yongjun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The insect biocontrol fungi (IBF) ‘hidden’ within the dead insect bodies come out of the insect cadavers for dissemination until the suitable environment conditions arising. However, details of the IBF balancing fungal cells ‘hidden’ within the cadavers and penetration of the cuticle outwards for growth remain limited. Here, a HsbA domain-containing protein, BbHsbA, was found to express during the later stages of insect colonization in an IBF, <em>Beauveria bassiana</em>, which distributed in cytoplasm and cell wall. <em>BbHsbA</em> disruption did not significantly affect fungal virulence, while the mutant penetrated the cuticle from the inside-out for growth on the cadaver surface rapidly as compared to the wild type strain, accompanying with elevated lipid droplet (LD) levels. Conversely, <em>BbHsbA</em> overexpression significantly decreased LD content while increased cell wall chitin and glycoprotein levels, resulting in reduced virulence and delayed cuticle penetration outwards from the cadavers. Furthermore, BbHsbA was found to interact with the LD membrane protein perilipin and the peroxisome protein peroxin 14, balancing lipid synthesis and storage while also contributing to cell wall homeostasis as a cell wall component within the insect cadavers. The distinct traits between the gene disruption and overexpression strains were in line with the altered expression patterns of lipid metabolism, chitin hydrolysis and other cell wall biosynthesis-associated genes. These results demonstrate that <em>B. bassiana</em> expresses BbHsbA during the later stages of insect colonization to postpone the rapid cuticle penetration outwards from the dead insect bodies via orchestrating lipid metabolism and cell wall-synthesis homeostasis within the cadavers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106958"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106956
Wenhua Hou , Xiaoxiao Yuan , Linhai Xia , Ni Wang , Hongcheng Tang , Jaime C. Piñero , Xiong Peng , Maohua Chen
Plant-derived compounds, which act through diverse biochemical pathways, can be used for pest insect control to help reduce the risk of insecticide resistance. Here, we evaluated the insecticidal activity of (+)-catechin, isolated from Prunus padus, against the bird cherry–oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), a major cereal pest worldwide. (+)-catechin significantly reduced aphid survival, with an LC50 of 2.99 mg/L at 48 h, and suppressed reproduction, lowering total fecundity by 34% at sublethal doses. Sublethal exposure also shortened adult longevity and the reproductive period. Transcriptomic analyses revealed strong induction of detoxification-related genes, particularly UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and cytochrome P450s. Enzyme assays confirmed elevated P450 and UGT activity but reduced activities of glutathione S-transferase and ATP-binding cassette transporter, suggesting a dual mode of action that overwhelms detoxification capacity. RNA interference validated the key roles of RpUGT344D5 and RpCYP15A1, whose knockdown lowered LC50 values by 76% and 39%, respectively, whereas RpCYP4CH8 knockdown had no effect. Field trials showed that foliar applications of (+)-catechin reduced aphid populations by up to 84%, with efficacy comparable to imidacloprid. Non-target assays indicated ≤5% mortality of the predator Harmonia axyridis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that (+)-catechin disrupts detoxification pathways and suppresses aphid population growth under both laboratory and field conditions, indicating it as a botanical insecticide candidate for integration into sustainable management of R. padi.
植物源化合物通过多种生物化学途径起作用，可用于害虫防治，有助于降低杀虫剂抗性的风险。本文研究了从扁桃李中分离得到的(+)-儿茶素对世界主要谷物害虫樱桃燕麦蚜的杀虫活性。（+）-儿茶素显著降低蚜虫存活率，48 h LC50为2.99 mg/L，并抑制繁殖，亚致死剂量下总繁殖力降低34%。亚致死暴露也缩短了成人寿命和生殖周期。转录组学分析显示，解毒相关基因，特别是udp -糖基转移酶（UGTs）和细胞色素p450有很强的诱导作用。酶分析证实P450和UGT活性升高，但谷胱甘肽s转移酶和atp结合盒转运蛋白活性降低，表明双重作用模式超过解毒能力。RNA干扰验证了RpUGT344D5和RpCYP15A1的关键作用，它们的敲低分别使LC50值降低了76%和39%，而RpCYP4CH8的敲低则没有影响。田间试验表明，叶面施用(+)-儿茶素可减少高达84%的蚜虫种群，其效果与吡虫啉相当。非靶测定表明，捕食者黑毛鼠的死亡率≤5%。综上所述，这些结果表明(+)-儿茶素在实验室和田间条件下破坏了蚜虫的解毒途径并抑制了蚜虫种群的生长，表明它是一种植物性杀虫剂候选物，可以整合到白豆蚜的可持续管理中。
{"title":"(+)-Catechin from Prunus padus disrupts detoxification pathways and provides field-level control of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi","authors":"Wenhua Hou , Xiaoxiao Yuan , Linhai Xia , Ni Wang , Hongcheng Tang , Jaime C. Piñero , Xiong Peng , Maohua Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant-derived compounds, which act through diverse biochemical pathways, can be used for pest insect control to help reduce the risk of insecticide resistance. Here, we evaluated the insecticidal activity of (+)-catechin, isolated from <em>Prunus padus</em>, against the bird cherry–oat aphid (<em>Rhopalosiphum padi</em>), a major cereal pest worldwide. (+)-catechin significantly reduced aphid survival, with an LC<sub>50</sub> of 2.99 mg/L at 48 h, and suppressed reproduction, lowering total fecundity by 34% at sublethal doses. Sublethal exposure also shortened adult longevity and the reproductive period. Transcriptomic analyses revealed strong induction of detoxification-related genes, particularly UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and cytochrome P450s. Enzyme assays confirmed elevated P450 and UGT activity but reduced activities of glutathione S-transferase and ATP-binding cassette transporter, suggesting a dual mode of action that overwhelms detoxification capacity. RNA interference validated the key roles of <em>RpUGT344D5</em> and <em>RpCYP15A1</em>, whose knockdown lowered LC<sub>50</sub> values by 76% and 39%, respectively, whereas <em>RpCYP4CH8</em> knockdown had no effect. Field trials showed that foliar applications of (+)-catechin reduced aphid populations by up to 84%, with efficacy comparable to imidacloprid. Non-target assays indicated ≤5% mortality of the predator <em>Harmonia axyridis</em>. Taken together, these results demonstrate that (+)-catechin disrupts detoxification pathways and suppresses aphid population growth under both laboratory and field conditions, indicating it as a botanical insecticide candidate for integration into sustainable management of <em>R. padi</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106953
Lu Lv , Liping Chen , Yanli Suo , Dou Wang , Liangang Mao , Tao Cang , Yanhua Wang , Xinju Liu
Sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor (SUL) and imidazole fungicide prochloraz (PRO) are frequently applied together or in succession in crops pollinated by honey bees. However, the mechanisms underlying their joint toxic risk remain poorly characterized. To address this gap, our study investigated the biochemical and molecular responses of Apis mellifera following co-exposure to SUL and PRO. The results revealed that the pesticide mixture elicited pronounced synergistic acute toxicity in honey bees. This toxic effect was accompanied by marked disturbances in the activities of catalase (CAT), caspase-3 (CASP-3), α-amylase (α-AMS), and trypsin, as well as significant alterations in the expressions of crucial genes, including nAChRα2, vtg, and CRBXase. These genes are associated with oxidative stress regulation, apoptotic signaling, neural and digestive functions, detoxification, and longevity pathways. Our findings provided compelling evidence that the interactive effects of SUL and PRO amplified physiological stress in honey bees, leading to heightened biochemical and transcriptional disruptions. The interaction-based hazard index (HIint) was employed to robustly characterize potential synergistic effects arising from pesticide mixtures, thereby enabling a more precise and realistic environmental risk assessment of combined exposure to SUL and PRO. This study offered important mechanistic insights into the risks posed by pesticide combinations and highlighted the urgent need to reassess current regulatory practices. By elucidating the sub-lethal and synergistic impacts of commonly co-applied pesticides, our research supported the formulation of more comprehensive policies aimed at protecting pollinator health and preserving ecological balance.
{"title":"Joint exposure to sulfoxaflor and prochloraz alters enzymatic and genetic profiles in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)","authors":"Lu Lv , Liping Chen , Yanli Suo , Dou Wang , Liangang Mao , Tao Cang , Yanhua Wang , Xinju Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor (SUL) and imidazole fungicide prochloraz (PRO) are frequently applied together or in succession in crops pollinated by honey bees. However, the mechanisms underlying their joint toxic risk remain poorly characterized. To address this gap, our study investigated the biochemical and molecular responses of <em>Apis mellifera</em> following co-exposure to SUL and PRO. The results revealed that the pesticide mixture elicited pronounced synergistic acute toxicity in honey bees. This toxic effect was accompanied by marked disturbances in the activities of catalase (CAT), caspase-3 (CASP-3), α-amylase (α-AMS), and trypsin, as well as significant alterations in the expressions of crucial genes, including <em>nAChRα2</em>, <em>vtg</em>, and <em>CRBXase</em>. These genes are associated with oxidative stress regulation, apoptotic signaling, neural and digestive functions, detoxification, and longevity pathways. Our findings provided compelling evidence that the interactive effects of SUL and PRO amplified physiological stress in honey bees, leading to heightened biochemical and transcriptional disruptions. The interaction-based hazard index (HI<sub>int</sub>) was employed to robustly characterize potential synergistic effects arising from pesticide mixtures, thereby enabling a more precise and realistic environmental risk assessment of combined exposure to SUL and PRO. This study offered important mechanistic insights into the risks posed by pesticide combinations and highlighted the urgent need to reassess current regulatory practices. By elucidating the sub-lethal and synergistic impacts of commonly co-applied pesticides, our research supported the formulation of more comprehensive policies aimed at protecting pollinator health and preserving ecological balance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106953"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106951
Lun Li , Zunzun Jia , Kaiyun Fu , Xinhua Ding , Jiahe Wu , Xiaowu Wang , Tursun. Ahmat , Weihua Jiang , Yangyang Yan , Xinyue Dong , Xiaoqin Ye , Yawen Li , Wenchao Guo , Hongying Hu
The tomato leafminer, Phthorimaea absoluta, is a destructive pest of tomato crops worldwide and has developed resistance to chlorantraniliprole. However, the mechanism of its metabolic resistance has rarely been studied. In this study, a chlorantraniliprole-resistant strain (AKS-R) was established through 21 generations of continuous selection (364.18-fold), with heritability estimated at h2 = 0.24. AKS-R (G21) also exhibited fitness costs, including prolonged larval development, decreased fecundity, and reduced adult longevity. Enzyme activity measurements and synergist assays indicated that enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity likely played a major role in the development of resistance in AKS-R (G21). Seventeen P450 genes were significantly overexpressed in the AKS-R strain, with CYP321C40, CYP6JV3, and CYP6AB271 showing relatively strong upregulation (16.91–44.88-fold). These three P450 genes were highly expressed in AKS-R during the late larval (third–fourth instars) and pupal stages, particularly in the key detoxification tissues such as fat body, midgut, and hemolymph. Moreover, their expressions were much more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole induction in AKS-R than those in susceptible strain (AKS-S). RNAi-mediated silencing at 48 h reduced the expression of the three target genes by 56.52%, 59.21%, and 67.60%, respectively, leading to significantly increased larval mortality (76.67%, 80.00%, and 85.00%) after chlorantraniliprole treatment. Molecular docking analysis suggested favorable binding affinities between these P450 proteins and chlorantraniliprole (−7.1 to −7.7 kcal·mol−1). These findings suggest that the three overexpressed P450 genes are likely associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance, contributing to our understanding of P450-mediated metabolic resistance.
{"title":"Three cytochrome P450 genes contribute to chlorantraniliprole resistance in Phthorimaea absoluta with fitness costs","authors":"Lun Li , Zunzun Jia , Kaiyun Fu , Xinhua Ding , Jiahe Wu , Xiaowu Wang , Tursun. Ahmat , Weihua Jiang , Yangyang Yan , Xinyue Dong , Xiaoqin Ye , Yawen Li , Wenchao Guo , Hongying Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tomato leafminer, <em>Phthorimaea absoluta</em>, is a destructive pest of tomato crops worldwide and has developed resistance to chlorantraniliprole. However, the mechanism of its metabolic resistance has rarely been studied. In this study, a chlorantraniliprole-resistant strain (AKS-R) was established through 21 generations of continuous selection (364.18-fold), with heritability estimated at <em>h</em><sup><em>2</em></sup> = 0.24. AKS-R (G21) also exhibited fitness costs, including prolonged larval development, decreased fecundity, and reduced adult longevity. Enzyme activity measurements and synergist assays indicated that enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity likely played a major role in the development of resistance in AKS-R (G21). Seventeen P450 genes were significantly overexpressed in the AKS-R strain, with <em>CYP321C40</em>, <em>CYP6JV3</em>, and <em>CYP6AB271</em> showing relatively strong upregulation (16.91–44.88-fold). These three P450 genes were highly expressed in AKS-R during the late larval (third–fourth instars) and pupal stages, particularly in the key detoxification tissues such as fat body, midgut, and hemolymph. Moreover, their expressions were much more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole induction in AKS-R than those in susceptible strain (AKS-S). RNAi-mediated silencing at 48 h reduced the expression of the three target genes by 56.52%, 59.21%, and 67.60%, respectively, leading to significantly increased larval mortality (76.67%, 80.00%, and 85.00%) after chlorantraniliprole treatment. Molecular docking analysis suggested favorable binding affinities between these P450 proteins and chlorantraniliprole (−7.1 to −7.7 kcal·mol<sup>−1</sup>). These findings suggest that the three overexpressed P450 genes are likely associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance, contributing to our understanding of P450-mediated metabolic resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106951"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106954
Kai Cui , Liping Fang , Ruiyan Ding , Wanru Su , Shuai Guan , Jingyun Liang , Teng Li , Junhua Liu , Jian Wang , Zhan Dong , Xiaohu Wu , Yongquan Zheng
The use of pesticides has led to their widespread presence in food, making it unavoidable for the public to be exposed to pesticides through diet. However, few studies have focused on the in vivo distribution of pesticides after exposure. This study comprehensively investigated the residual behavior of nine pesticides and their five metabolites in rats after oral exposure and elucidated the relationship between their physicochemical properties and tissue-specific distribution. During the initial exposure, all tested pesticides and metabolites were detected in the serum and different tissues, with the highest concentration of 3294.03 μg/kg observed in the liver. However, after 48 h of exposure, a majority of the pesticides were undetectable. Correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between pesticide residues detected in the serum, brain, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and urine as well as physicochemical properties such as molecular weight (Mw) and octanol–water partition coefficient (log Kow). Conversely, a positive correlation was observed between the residues and aqueous solubility (As). Pesticides with lower Mw and log Kow and higher As, such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, showed higher solubility in serum and higher residual deposition across different tissues. Water-soluble pesticides, such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, were predominantly excreted through urine, thereby achieving relatively rapid systemic clearance. However, fat-soluble pesticides, such as azoxystrobin, chlorantraniliprole, and pyraclostrobin, were primarily eliminated through the fecal route, which is a comparatively slow process. This study helps in understanding the residual behavior of pesticides in mammals, thereby providing valuable insights for pesticide safety evaluation.
{"title":"Translocation, metabolism and distribution of multi-pesticides in rats","authors":"Kai Cui , Liping Fang , Ruiyan Ding , Wanru Su , Shuai Guan , Jingyun Liang , Teng Li , Junhua Liu , Jian Wang , Zhan Dong , Xiaohu Wu , Yongquan Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of pesticides has led to their widespread presence in food, making it unavoidable for the public to be exposed to pesticides through diet. However, few studies have focused on the in vivo distribution of pesticides after exposure. This study comprehensively investigated the residual behavior of nine pesticides and their five metabolites in rats after oral exposure and elucidated the relationship between their physicochemical properties and tissue-specific distribution. During the initial exposure, all tested pesticides and metabolites were detected in the serum and different tissues, with the highest concentration of 3294.03 μg/kg observed in the liver. However, after 48 h of exposure, a majority of the pesticides were undetectable. Correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between pesticide residues detected in the serum, brain, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and urine as well as physicochemical properties such as molecular weight (Mw) and octanol–water partition coefficient (log Kow). Conversely, a positive correlation was observed between the residues and aqueous solubility (As). Pesticides with lower Mw and log Kow and higher As, such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, showed higher solubility in serum and higher residual deposition across different tissues. Water-soluble pesticides, such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, were predominantly excreted through urine, thereby achieving relatively rapid systemic clearance. However, fat-soluble pesticides, such as azoxystrobin, chlorantraniliprole, and pyraclostrobin, were primarily eliminated through the fecal route, which is a comparatively slow process. This study helps in understanding the residual behavior of pesticides in mammals, thereby providing valuable insights for pesticide safety evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106950
Shazma Gulzar , Yaxin Xu , Fan Fiona Fei , Zan Yi , Chunxia Huang , Rahat Sharif , Zhihui Long , Yisha Lu , Huiling Zhan , Chunxiang Xu
Fusarium wilt, instigated via Fusarium oxysporum, remains a major constraint to banana cultivation worldwide. Biological control is considered one of the most eco-friendly disease control methods. It is well known that plant cell wall (CW) plays a key role in plant disease resistance. However, the mechanism of host CW-mediated disease resistance induced by advantageous bacteria is still largely unexplored. The present study evaluated the potential mechanism of banana CW-mediated conferred by a natively isolated Burkholderia seminalis (strain 2–56) to suppress Foc race 4 (Foc 4) infection. Inoculation of 2–56 enhanced plant biomass and achieved 56.4% disease control efficacy by decreasing ROS production and stimulating the activities of PAL, SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes in banana upon Foc 4 infection. KEGG pathway analysis revealed the enrichment of MAPK signaling pathways-plant, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction, underpinning the strain's biocontrol efficiency. The notable accumulated GO items were mostly associated with CW and photosynthesis, including oligosaccharide biosynthetic process and aminoglycan biosynthetic process. Interestingly, the inoculation of strain 2–56 increased the expression of lectins, and pectin biosynthetic genes while inhibiting the extensins and glycine-rich protein genes in Foc 4-infected bananas. Additionally, the epitopes for homogalacturonan (CCRC-M34/M38/JIM5) and RGII (CCRC-M82) increased, while those for AGPs (JIM8/LM2) decreased. Our results offer novel insights into biocontrol mechanisms linked to host CW remodeling and laid the groundwork for forthcoming usage of strain 2–56 in the biological management of banana Fusarium wilt.
{"title":"Burkholderia seminalis suppresses Fusarium wilt infection in banana by modulating cell wall integrity","authors":"Shazma Gulzar , Yaxin Xu , Fan Fiona Fei , Zan Yi , Chunxia Huang , Rahat Sharif , Zhihui Long , Yisha Lu , Huiling Zhan , Chunxiang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fusarium wilt, instigated <em>via Fusarium oxysporum</em>, remains a major constraint to banana cultivation worldwide. Biological control is considered one of the most eco-friendly disease control methods. It is well known that plant cell wall (CW) plays a key role in plant disease resistance. However, the mechanism of host CW-mediated disease resistance induced by advantageous bacteria is still largely unexplored. The present study evaluated the potential mechanism of banana CW-mediated conferred by a natively isolated <em>Burkholderia seminalis</em> (strain 2–56) to suppress <em>Foc</em> race 4 (<em>Foc</em> 4) infection. Inoculation of 2–56 enhanced plant biomass and achieved 56.4% disease control efficacy by decreasing ROS production and stimulating the activities of PAL, SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes in banana upon <em>Foc</em> 4 infection. KEGG pathway analysis revealed the enrichment of MAPK signaling pathways-plant, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction, underpinning the strain's biocontrol efficiency. The notable accumulated GO items were mostly associated with CW and photosynthesis, including oligosaccharide biosynthetic process and aminoglycan biosynthetic process. Interestingly, the inoculation of strain 2–56 increased the expression of lectins, and pectin biosynthetic genes while inhibiting the extensins and glycine-rich protein genes in <em>Foc</em> 4-infected bananas. Additionally, the epitopes for homogalacturonan (CCRC-M34/M38/JIM5) and RGII (CCRC-M82) increased, while those for AGPs (JIM8/LM2) decreased. Our results offer novel insights into biocontrol mechanisms linked to host CW remodeling and laid the groundwork for forthcoming usage of strain 2–56 in the biological management of banana Fusarium wilt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19828,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 106950"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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