Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology最新文献_第3页

Resistance risk and molecular mechanism of strawberry wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae to Fludioxonil 草莓枯萎病病原菌枯萎镰刀菌对灭菌灵的抗性风险及分子机制

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106962

Yinkai Liu , Xiaolei Yang , Yige Li , Shengxue Li , Siyu Sun , Huiqing Xu , Ziyang Zhang , Xiaoru Yin , Yiqiang Cai , Guilin Sheng , Yingchun Shen , Jidong Xu , Yabing Duan

Strawberry wilt disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof) results in a considerable decline in both strawberry yield and quality. Fludioxonil, a phenylpyrrole-class fungicide, is widely recognized for its effective control against various fungal pathogens. However, its specific activity against Fof has been insufficiently investigated. In this study, we assessed the antifungal activity of fludioxonil against Fof by determining the EC₅₀ values for 100 Fof strains. The average EC₅₀ value was 0.0239 ± 0.0032 μg/mL, indicating strong antifungal activity, which was further supported by a unimodal distribution of the EC₅₀ values. Furthermore, eight highly resistant mutants were generated through in vitro fungicide taming. These mutants exhibited reduced biological fitness, as evidenced by diminished sporulation capacity and attenuated virulence. Under fludioxonil treatment, sensitive strains showed a significant increase in intracellular glycerol accumulation, whereas no significant change was observed in the resistant mutants. Moreover, the resistant mutants showed heightened sensitivity to hyperosmotic stresses. No cross-resistance was observed between fludioxonil and other fungicides with distinct modes of action, including phenamacril, carbendazim, pydiflumetofen, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and fluazinam. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of FoHog1 was significantly lower in the resistant mutants compared to the sensitive strains. Mutations in key components FoOs1, FoOs5, and FoOs2 in the MAPK cascade pathway were identified in the resistant mutants. Based on these findings, we conclude that the risk of resistance development in Fof toward fludioxonil can be classified as low to moderate.

草莓枯萎病是由枯萎镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Fof）引起的草莓枯萎病，造成草莓产量和品质的严重下降。氟菌腈是一种苯基吡咯类杀菌剂，因其对多种真菌病原体的有效控制而得到广泛认可。然而，其对Fof的特异性活性尚未得到充分的研究。在本研究中，我们通过测定100株Fof菌株的EC50值来评估氟菌腈对Fof的抗真菌活性。EC50平均值为0.0239±0.0032 μg/mL，具有较强的抗真菌活性，且EC50值呈单峰分布。此外，通过体外杀菌剂驯化获得了8个高抗性突变体。这些突变体表现出较低的生物适应性，如产孢能力下降和毒性减弱所证明的那样。在fludioxonil处理下，敏感菌株的细胞内甘油积累显著增加，而抗性突变体的细胞内甘油积累没有显著变化。此外，抗性突变体对高渗胁迫表现出更高的敏感性。氟恶菌腈与其他具有不同作用模式的杀菌剂（包括非那马克利、多菌灵、吡氟甲醚、吡氯菌酯、替布康唑和氟西南）之间未观察到交叉耐药性。此外，抗性突变体中FoHog1的磷酸化水平明显低于敏感菌株。在这些耐药突变体中发现了MAPK级联通路中关键组分FoOs1、FoOs5和FoOs2的突变。基于这些发现，我们得出结论，Fof对氟恶菌腈产生耐药性的风险可分为低至中等。

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引用次数: 0

Amide derivatives as potential SDH inhibitors: Design, synthesis, antifungal activity, and preliminary mechanism 酰胺衍生物作为潜在的SDH抑制剂：设计、合成、抗真菌活性和初步机制

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106960

Mei Zhu , Feng Tian , Zengxue Wu , ShuJing Yu , Jixiang Chen

Plant pathogenic fungi cause plant diseases that affect global food security, and the use of chemical fungicides remains the primary strategy for controlling fungal diseases. A series of amide derivatives containing 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl pyridine and piperidine structures was designed and synthesized, and their antifungal activity was systematically evaluated. Among them, compound M3 exhibited excellent fungicidal efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani (R. s) (EC₅₀ = 3.24 mg/L), with a curative effect of 69.98% at 200 mg/L in rice plants. Compound M3 inhibited the mycelial dry weight and sclerotial formation of R. s, as well as disrupted the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure, increasing cell membrane permeability, leakage of cell contents, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to fungal death, thus suppressing its growth and reproduction. Compound M3 significantly inhibited succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (IC₅₀ = 28.40 μM), and molecular docking results also indicated a stable binding mode between compound M3 and SDH.

植物病原真菌引起的植物疾病影响全球粮食安全，使用化学杀菌剂仍然是控制真菌疾病的主要策略。设计合成了一系列含有3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和胡椒啶结构的酰胺衍生物，并对其抗真菌活性进行了系统评价。其中，化合物M3对茄枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani， R. s）具有较好的杀灭效果（EC50 = 3.24 mg/L）， 200 mg/L时在水稻植株上的疗效为69.98%。化合物M3抑制了真菌丝的干重和菌核形成，破坏了菌丝的形态和超微结构，增加了细胞膜的通透性、细胞内容物的渗漏和活性氧（ROS）的积累，最终导致真菌丝死亡，从而抑制了真菌丝的生长和繁殖。化合物M3显著抑制琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性（IC50 = 28.40 μM），分子对接结果也表明化合物M3与SDH具有稳定的结合模式。

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引用次数: 0

Chronic neonicotinoid exposure disrupts survival, development, digestive enzymes, and gut microbiome in honeybee queen larvae (Apis mellifera L.) 慢性新烟碱暴露会破坏蜜蜂后幼虫的生存、发育、消化酶和肠道微生物群。

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106959

Quan Gao , Yifan Wu , Jianuo Huang , Shuwen Xu , Runhang Chen , Hubiao Jiang , Yong Huang , Qibao He , Yaohui Wang , Jinjing Xiao , Haiqun Cao

Honeybee queens (Apis mellifera L.) are essential for colony sustainability, most study mainly focused on the acute toxicity of chemical insecticides. This study investigated the chronic effects of three prevalent neonicotinoids on honeybee queen larvae development, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota. It was determined that exposure to elevated concentrations (10–40 mg/L) significantly increased larval mortality (up to 41.70%), which reduced both capping and emergence rates, with imidacloprid causing a 43.80% decline in emergence at 40 mg/L. Chronic exposure (1–25 mg/L) to clothianidin notably decreased birth weight by 11.40% and altered thoracic and abdominal morphometrics. Moreover, imidacloprid and clothianidin suppressed amylase activity by up to 94%, while acetamiprid enhanced it by nearly 60%. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed significant shifts in gut microbiota composition, characterized by increased abundance of Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidota, despite minor changes in overall diversity. Functional predictions indicated alterations in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport pathways. These findings demonstrate that chronic neonicotinoid exposure disrupts metabolic and microbial homeostasis in honeybee queen larvae, posing a serious threat to honeybee colony fitness, which is important and provides essential evidence for ecological risk assessment and the development of safer pesticide application strategies in apiculture and crop protection.

蜂王（Apis mellifera L.）是蜂群可持续发展的重要组成部分，目前对蜂王的研究主要集中在化学杀虫剂的急性毒性研究上。本研究研究了三种流行的新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜂王幼虫发育、消化生理和肠道微生物群的慢性影响。结果表明，浓度升高（10 ~ 40 mg/L）可显著提高幼虫死亡率（最高达41.70%），降低虫顶率和羽化率，其中40 mg/L吡虫啉可使羽化率下降43.80%。长期暴露（1-25 mg/L）噻虫胺显著降低出生体重11.40%，并改变胸腹形态。此外，吡虫啉和噻虫胺对淀粉酶活性的抑制作用高达94%，而啶虫啉对淀粉酶活性的抑制作用接近60%。此外，16S rRNA基因测序揭示了肠道微生物群组成的显著变化，其特征是厚壁菌门丰度增加，拟杆菌门减少，尽管总体多样性变化不大。功能预测表明碳水化合物代谢，氨基酸代谢和膜运输途径的改变。研究结果表明，长期暴露于新烟碱类杀虫剂会破坏蜂王幼虫体内的代谢和微生物稳态，对蜂群健康造成严重威胁，为蜂业生态风险评估和制定更安全的农药施用策略提供重要依据。

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引用次数: 0

Volatile organic compounds of Enterobacter asburiae SA-9 suppress Meloidogyne graminicola in Rice via multiple mechanisms asburiae SA-9挥发性有机化合物通过多种机制抑制稻瘟病

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106955

Shan Ye , Chenxi Xiang , Beibei Luo , Ruoyu Zhang , Yao Wang , Jinglei Chen , Zhuhong Yang , Zhong Ding

The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola causes severe yield losses in rice production, requiring eco-friendly control measures. Here, we isolated Enterobacter asburiae SA-9 from rice rhizosphere soil and evaluated the biocontrol potential of its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) against M. graminicola. In vitro, SA-9 VOCs exhibited potent fumigant activity, causing high mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) and significant inhibition of egg hatching. Chemotaxis assays showed that SA-9 disrupted nematode chemotaxis through repellent activity. Further investigations revealed that exposure to SA-9 VOCs significantly downregulated key chemosensory genes (Mg-odr-1, Mg-odr-3, Mg-osm-9, Mg-tax-4) in J2s, impairing their host-seeking and infection abilities. In double-layered pot, SA-9 VOCs effectively reduced root gall index and nematode populations, while concurrently promoting rice growth, accompanied by upregulation of auxin (OsAUX1, OsYUCCA1) and gibberellin (OsGID1) biosynthesis-related genes. Furthermore, SA-9 VOCs induced genes related to systemic resistance in rice, as evidenced by the increased expression of defense-related genes in the salicylic acid (OsPR1a, OsWRKY45) and jasmonic acid (OsAOS2, OsMYC2) signaling pathways. SPME-GC–MS profiling identified 11 VOCs produced by SA-9, with 2-phenylethanol, 2-methylbutyric acid, isobutyric acid and propanoic acid exhibiting significant contact and fumigation nematicidal activities against J2s. These findings demonstrate that SA-9 VOCs suppress M. graminicola through multiple mechanisms, highlighting their potential as sustainable biocontrol agents for managing root-knot nematodes in rice agroecosystems.

水稻根结线虫（Meloidogyne graminicola）在水稻生产中造成严重的产量损失，需要采取生态友好的防治措施。本研究从水稻根际土壤中分离出asburiae SA-9，并对其挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）对稻瘟病菌的生物防治潜力进行了评价。在体外，SA-9挥发性有机化合物表现出较强的熏蒸活性，可导致第二阶段幼鱼（J2s）的高死亡率，并显著抑制卵的孵化。趋化性实验表明，SA-9通过驱避作用破坏线虫的趋化性。进一步的研究发现，暴露于SA-9挥发性有机化合物显著下调了J2s的关键化学感觉基因（Mg-odr-1、Mg-odr-3、Mg-osm-9、mg -1 -4），损害了它们寻找宿主和感染的能力。在双层盆栽中，SA-9 VOCs有效降低根瘿指数和线虫数量，同时促进水稻生长，并伴有生长素（OsAUX1、OsYUCCA1）和赤霉素（OsGID1）生物合成相关基因的上调。此外，在水杨酸（OsPR1a, OsWRKY45）和茉莉酸（OsAOS2, OsMYC2）信号通路中，防御相关基因的表达增加证明了SA-9 VOCs诱导了与水稻系统抗性相关的基因。SPME-GC-MS分析鉴定出了11种由SA-9产生的挥发性有机化合物，其中2-苯乙醇、2-甲基丁酸、异丁酸和丙酸对J2s具有显著的接触和熏蒸杀线虫活性。这些发现表明，SA-9挥发性有机化合物通过多种机制抑制稻瘟病菌，突出了其作为可持续生物防治剂在水稻农业生态系统中管理根结线虫的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

BmC-LZM-like2/4 mediates antiviral defense against BmNPV via dorsal pathway BmC-LZM-like2/4通过背侧途径介导对BmNPV的抗病毒防御

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106957

Junming Xia , Yifan Yang , Shigang Fei , Yigui Huang , Jiasheng Lin , Luc Swevers , Min Feng , Jingchen Sun

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a typical baculovirus, is a major pathogen infecting lepidopteran insects and serves as an eco-friendly biopesticide with high biological safety. Studying the interactions between Bombyx mori and baculovirus infection in lepidopteran models will provide valuable insights for improving pest control efficacy while mitigating economic losses in sericulture caused by pesticide overuse. Lysozyme, a widely distributed antibacterial enzyme in both vertebrates and invertebrates, functions as a classic immune effector. Although multiple lysozymes have been identified in B. mori, their specific roles in combating Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) remain uncharacterized. In this study, we characterized the seven known lysozymes in B. mori and confirmed that all members exhibit conserved structural features typical of the lysozyme family. Interestingly, BmC-LZM-like4 is atypical among lysozyme genes, as it is intronless and contains an extended C-terminal sequence. Following BmNPV infection, the expression levels of BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 were significantly upregulated. Functional validation through RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression assays demonstrated that both BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 suppress BmNPV proliferation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their critical roles in the antiviral response. Furthermore, we investigated the potential regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of these lysozymes. Our findings indicate that the Dorsal-mediated signaling pathway may be involved in modulating the expression of BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4. These data indicate that B. mori lysozyme family members BmC-LZM-like2 and BmC-LZM-like4 may be transcriptionally activated via the Dorsal-mediated signaling pathway, thereby exerting antiviral effects against baculovirus proliferation.

核多角体病毒（Nuclear polyhedrosis virus， NPV）是鳞翅目昆虫的主要病原体，是一种生物安全性高的生态友好型生物农药，是一种典型的杆状病毒。在鳞翅目模型中研究家蚕与杆状病毒感染的相互作用，将为提高害虫防治效果和减轻农药过度使用造成的养蚕业经济损失提供有价值的见解。溶菌酶是一种广泛存在于脊椎动物和无脊椎动物体内的抗菌酶，是一种典型的免疫效应器。虽然在家蚕中发现了多种溶菌酶，但它们在对抗家蚕核多角体病毒（BmNPV）中的具体作用尚未确定。在这项研究中，我们对家蚕中已知的7种溶菌酶进行了表征，并证实所有成员都表现出溶菌酶家族典型的保守结构特征。有趣的是，BmC-LZM-like4在溶菌酶基因中是非典型的，因为它是无内含子的，并且包含一个扩展的c端序列。BmNPV感染后，BmC-LZM-like2和BmC-LZM-like4的表达水平显著上调。通过RNA干扰（RNAi）和过表达实验的功能验证表明，BmC-LZM-like2和BmC-LZM-like4在体外和体内均能抑制BmNPV的增殖，提示它们在抗病毒应答中起关键作用。此外，我们还研究了这些溶菌酶表达的潜在调控机制。我们的研究结果表明，背部介导的信号通路可能参与调节BmC-LZM-like2和BmC-LZM-like4的表达。这些数据表明，mori双歧杆菌溶菌酶家族成员BmC-LZM-like2和BmC-LZM-like4可能通过doral介导的信号通路被转录激活，从而对杆状病毒增殖发挥抗病毒作用。

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引用次数: 0

The fungal biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana expresses a HsbA domain-containing protein to postpone the rapid cuticle penetration outwards from the insect cadavers 真菌生物防治剂球孢白僵菌表达含有HsbA结构域的蛋白，以延缓表皮从昆虫尸体向外的快速渗透

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106958

Zhuoyue Lu , Zhi Yang , Ke Li , Menglin Wu , Hang Zhang , Zhibing Luo , Juan Deng , Huifang Wang , Yongjun Zhang

The insect biocontrol fungi (IBF) ‘hidden’ within the dead insect bodies come out of the insect cadavers for dissemination until the suitable environment conditions arising. However, details of the IBF balancing fungal cells ‘hidden’ within the cadavers and penetration of the cuticle outwards for growth remain limited. Here, a HsbA domain-containing protein, BbHsbA, was found to express during the later stages of insect colonization in an IBF, Beauveria bassiana, which distributed in cytoplasm and cell wall. BbHsbA disruption did not significantly affect fungal virulence, while the mutant penetrated the cuticle from the inside-out for growth on the cadaver surface rapidly as compared to the wild type strain, accompanying with elevated lipid droplet (LD) levels. Conversely, BbHsbA overexpression significantly decreased LD content while increased cell wall chitin and glycoprotein levels, resulting in reduced virulence and delayed cuticle penetration outwards from the cadavers. Furthermore, BbHsbA was found to interact with the LD membrane protein perilipin and the peroxisome protein peroxin 14, balancing lipid synthesis and storage while also contributing to cell wall homeostasis as a cell wall component within the insect cadavers. The distinct traits between the gene disruption and overexpression strains were in line with the altered expression patterns of lipid metabolism, chitin hydrolysis and other cell wall biosynthesis-associated genes. These results demonstrate that B. bassiana expresses BbHsbA during the later stages of insect colonization to postpone the rapid cuticle penetration outwards from the dead insect bodies via orchestrating lipid metabolism and cell wall-synthesis homeostasis within the cadavers.

“隐藏”在昆虫尸体中的昆虫生物防治真菌（IBF）从昆虫尸体中出来传播，直到出现合适的环境条件。然而，IBF平衡“隐藏”在尸体内的真菌细胞和向外渗透角质层以生长的细节仍然有限。本研究发现，含HsbA结构域的蛋白BbHsbA在球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）的IBF定殖后期表达，该蛋白分布在细胞质和细胞壁中。破坏BbHsbA对真菌毒力没有显著影响，与野生型菌株相比，突变体从内到外穿透角质层，在尸体表面快速生长，并伴随脂滴（LD）水平升高。相反，BbHsbA过表达显著降低LD含量，增加细胞壁几丁质和糖蛋白水平，导致毒力降低，角质层向尸体外渗透延迟。此外，BbHsbA被发现与LD膜蛋白perilipin和过氧化物酶体蛋白peroxin14相互作用，平衡脂质合成和储存，同时也作为细胞壁成分在昆虫尸体内促进细胞壁稳态。基因断裂菌株和过表达菌株的显著特征与脂质代谢、几丁质水解和其他细胞壁生物合成相关基因的表达模式改变一致。这些结果表明，球孢白僵菌在昆虫定植后期表达BbHsbA，通过协调尸体内的脂质代谢和细胞壁合成稳态，延缓了从死亡昆虫体内向外快速渗透角质层。

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引用次数: 0

(+)-Catechin from Prunus padus disrupts detoxification pathways and provides field-level control of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi （+）-柏树李中的儿茶素破坏解毒途径，并提供田间水平控制鸟樱桃燕麦蚜虫，Rhopalosiphum padi

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106956

Wenhua Hou , Xiaoxiao Yuan , Linhai Xia , Ni Wang , Hongcheng Tang , Jaime C. Piñero , Xiong Peng , Maohua Chen

Plant-derived compounds, which act through diverse biochemical pathways, can be used for pest insect control to help reduce the risk of insecticide resistance. Here, we evaluated the insecticidal activity of (+)-catechin, isolated from Prunus padus, against the bird cherry–oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), a major cereal pest worldwide. (+)-catechin significantly reduced aphid survival, with an LC₅₀ of 2.99 mg/L at 48 h, and suppressed reproduction, lowering total fecundity by 34% at sublethal doses. Sublethal exposure also shortened adult longevity and the reproductive period. Transcriptomic analyses revealed strong induction of detoxification-related genes, particularly UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and cytochrome P450s. Enzyme assays confirmed elevated P450 and UGT activity but reduced activities of glutathione S-transferase and ATP-binding cassette transporter, suggesting a dual mode of action that overwhelms detoxification capacity. RNA interference validated the key roles of RpUGT344D5 and RpCYP15A1, whose knockdown lowered LC₅₀ values by 76% and 39%, respectively, whereas RpCYP4CH8 knockdown had no effect. Field trials showed that foliar applications of (+)-catechin reduced aphid populations by up to 84%, with efficacy comparable to imidacloprid. Non-target assays indicated ≤5% mortality of the predator Harmonia axyridis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that (+)-catechin disrupts detoxification pathways and suppresses aphid population growth under both laboratory and field conditions, indicating it as a botanical insecticide candidate for integration into sustainable management of R. padi.

植物源化合物通过多种生物化学途径起作用，可用于害虫防治，有助于降低杀虫剂抗性的风险。本文研究了从扁桃李中分离得到的(+)-儿茶素对世界主要谷物害虫樱桃燕麦蚜的杀虫活性。（+）-儿茶素显著降低蚜虫存活率，48 h LC50为2.99 mg/L，并抑制繁殖，亚致死剂量下总繁殖力降低34%。亚致死暴露也缩短了成人寿命和生殖周期。转录组学分析显示，解毒相关基因，特别是udp -糖基转移酶（UGTs）和细胞色素p450有很强的诱导作用。酶分析证实P450和UGT活性升高，但谷胱甘肽s转移酶和atp结合盒转运蛋白活性降低，表明双重作用模式超过解毒能力。RNA干扰验证了RpUGT344D5和RpCYP15A1的关键作用，它们的敲低分别使LC50值降低了76%和39%，而RpCYP4CH8的敲低则没有影响。田间试验表明，叶面施用(+)-儿茶素可减少高达84%的蚜虫种群，其效果与吡虫啉相当。非靶测定表明，捕食者黑毛鼠的死亡率≤5%。综上所述，这些结果表明(+)-儿茶素在实验室和田间条件下破坏了蚜虫的解毒途径并抑制了蚜虫种群的生长，表明它是一种植物性杀虫剂候选物，可以整合到白豆蚜的可持续管理中。

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引用次数: 0

Joint exposure to sulfoxaflor and prochloraz alters enzymatic and genetic profiles in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) 联合暴露于亚砜和丙氯嗪会改变蜜蜂的酶和基因谱。

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106953

Lu Lv , Liping Chen , Yanli Suo , Dou Wang , Liangang Mao , Tao Cang , Yanhua Wang , Xinju Liu

Sulfoximine insecticide sulfoxaflor (SUL) and imidazole fungicide prochloraz (PRO) are frequently applied together or in succession in crops pollinated by honey bees. However, the mechanisms underlying their joint toxic risk remain poorly characterized. To address this gap, our study investigated the biochemical and molecular responses of Apis mellifera following co-exposure to SUL and PRO. The results revealed that the pesticide mixture elicited pronounced synergistic acute toxicity in honey bees. This toxic effect was accompanied by marked disturbances in the activities of catalase (CAT), caspase-3 (CASP-3), α-amylase (α-AMS), and trypsin, as well as significant alterations in the expressions of crucial genes, including nAChRα2, vtg, and CRBXase. These genes are associated with oxidative stress regulation, apoptotic signaling, neural and digestive functions, detoxification, and longevity pathways. Our findings provided compelling evidence that the interactive effects of SUL and PRO amplified physiological stress in honey bees, leading to heightened biochemical and transcriptional disruptions. The interaction-based hazard index (HI_int) was employed to robustly characterize potential synergistic effects arising from pesticide mixtures, thereby enabling a more precise and realistic environmental risk assessment of combined exposure to SUL and PRO. This study offered important mechanistic insights into the risks posed by pesticide combinations and highlighted the urgent need to reassess current regulatory practices. By elucidating the sub-lethal and synergistic impacts of commonly co-applied pesticides, our research supported the formulation of more comprehensive policies aimed at protecting pollinator health and preserving ecological balance.

磺胺类杀虫剂磺胺虫胺（sulfoxaflor， SUL）和咪唑类杀菌剂丙氯嗪（pro咪唑类杀菌剂）经常在蜜蜂授粉作物中同时或连续施用。然而，它们联合毒性风险的机制仍然不清楚。为了解决这一空白，我们的研究调查了蜜蜂在SUL和PRO共同暴露后的生化和分子反应。结果表明，农药混合物对蜜蜂具有明显的协同急性毒性。这种毒性作用伴随着过氧化氢酶（CAT）、半胱天冬酶-3 （CASP-3）、α-淀粉酶（α-AMS）和胰蛋白酶活性的明显紊乱，以及关键基因（包括nAChRα2、vtg和CRBXase）表达的显著改变。这些基因与氧化应激调节、凋亡信号、神经和消化功能、解毒和长寿途径有关。我们的研究结果提供了令人信服的证据，表明SUL和PRO的相互作用放大了蜜蜂的生理应激，导致生化和转录中断加剧。基于相互作用的危害指数（HIint）被用于描述农药混合产生的潜在协同效应，从而能够更精确和真实地评估SUL和PRO联合暴露的环境风险。这项研究为农药组合带来的风险提供了重要的机制见解，并强调了重新评估当前监管实践的迫切需要。通过阐明常用农药的亚致死效应和协同效应，为制定更全面的保护传粉媒介健康和维护生态平衡的政策提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

Three cytochrome P450 genes contribute to chlorantraniliprole resistance in Phthorimaea absoluta with fitness costs 3个细胞色素P450基因参与了绝对梭蝇对氯虫腈的抗性

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106951

Lun Li , Zunzun Jia , Kaiyun Fu , Xinhua Ding , Jiahe Wu , Xiaowu Wang , Tursun. Ahmat , Weihua Jiang , Yangyang Yan , Xinyue Dong , Xiaoqin Ye , Yawen Li , Wenchao Guo , Hongying Hu

The tomato leafminer, Phthorimaea absoluta, is a destructive pest of tomato crops worldwide and has developed resistance to chlorantraniliprole. However, the mechanism of its metabolic resistance has rarely been studied. In this study, a chlorantraniliprole-resistant strain (AKS-R) was established through 21 generations of continuous selection (364.18-fold), with heritability estimated at h² = 0.24. AKS-R (G21) also exhibited fitness costs, including prolonged larval development, decreased fecundity, and reduced adult longevity. Enzyme activity measurements and synergist assays indicated that enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity likely played a major role in the development of resistance in AKS-R (G21). Seventeen P450 genes were significantly overexpressed in the AKS-R strain, with CYP321C40, CYP6JV3, and CYP6AB271 showing relatively strong upregulation (16.91–44.88-fold). These three P450 genes were highly expressed in AKS-R during the late larval (third–fourth instars) and pupal stages, particularly in the key detoxification tissues such as fat body, midgut, and hemolymph. Moreover, their expressions were much more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole induction in AKS-R than those in susceptible strain (AKS-S). RNAi-mediated silencing at 48 h reduced the expression of the three target genes by 56.52%, 59.21%, and 67.60%, respectively, leading to significantly increased larval mortality (76.67%, 80.00%, and 85.00%) after chlorantraniliprole treatment. Molecular docking analysis suggested favorable binding affinities between these P450 proteins and chlorantraniliprole (−7.1 to −7.7 kcal·mol⁻¹). These findings suggest that the three overexpressed P450 genes are likely associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance, contributing to our understanding of P450-mediated metabolic resistance.

番茄叶螨（Phthorimaea absoluta）是世界范围内番茄作物的一种破坏性害虫，并已对氯虫虫产生抗性。然而，对其代谢耐药机制的研究却很少。本研究通过21代连续选择（364.18倍），获得抗氯虫腈菌株AKS-R，遗传力估计为h2 = 0.24。AKS-R （G21）也表现出适应成本，包括延长幼虫发育，降低繁殖力和降低成虫寿命。酶活性测定和增效试验表明，细胞色素P450单加氧酶活性的增强可能在AKS-R耐药的发展中起主要作用（G21）。17个P450基因在AKS-R菌株中显著过表达，其中CYP321C40、CYP6JV3和CYP6AB271表现出较强的上调（16.91 ~ 44.88倍）。这三个P450基因在幼虫后期（3 - 4龄）和蛹阶段在AKS-R中高度表达，特别是在脂肪体、中肠和血淋巴等关键解毒组织中。此外，它们在AKS-R中的表达对氯虫腈诱导的敏感性远高于敏感菌株AKS-S。rnai介导的48 h沉默使三个靶基因的表达分别降低了56.52%、59.21%和67.60%，导致氯虫腈处理后幼虫死亡率显著升高（76.67%、80.00%和85.00%）。分子对接分析表明，这些P450蛋白与氯虫腈具有良好的结合亲和力（−7.1 ~−7.7 kcal·mol−1）。这些发现表明，三个过表达的P450基因可能与氯虫腈耐药有关，有助于我们了解P450介导的代谢耐药。

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引用次数: 0

Translocation, metabolism and distribution of multi-pesticides in rats 多种农药在大鼠体内的易位、代谢和分布

IF 4 1区农林科学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.106954

Kai Cui , Liping Fang , Ruiyan Ding , Wanru Su , Shuai Guan , Jingyun Liang , Teng Li , Junhua Liu , Jian Wang , Zhan Dong , Xiaohu Wu , Yongquan Zheng

The use of pesticides has led to their widespread presence in food, making it unavoidable for the public to be exposed to pesticides through diet. However, few studies have focused on the in vivo distribution of pesticides after exposure. This study comprehensively investigated the residual behavior of nine pesticides and their five metabolites in rats after oral exposure and elucidated the relationship between their physicochemical properties and tissue-specific distribution. During the initial exposure, all tested pesticides and metabolites were detected in the serum and different tissues, with the highest concentration of 3294.03 μg/kg observed in the liver. However, after 48 h of exposure, a majority of the pesticides were undetectable. Correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between pesticide residues detected in the serum, brain, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and urine as well as physicochemical properties such as molecular weight (Mw) and octanol–water partition coefficient (log Kow). Conversely, a positive correlation was observed between the residues and aqueous solubility (As). Pesticides with lower Mw and log Kow and higher As, such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, showed higher solubility in serum and higher residual deposition across different tissues. Water-soluble pesticides, such as acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam, were predominantly excreted through urine, thereby achieving relatively rapid systemic clearance. However, fat-soluble pesticides, such as azoxystrobin, chlorantraniliprole, and pyraclostrobin, were primarily eliminated through the fecal route, which is a comparatively slow process. This study helps in understanding the residual behavior of pesticides in mammals, thereby providing valuable insights for pesticide safety evaluation.

农药的使用导致它们在食品中广泛存在，使公众不可避免地通过饮食接触到农药。然而，很少有研究关注农药暴露后的体内分布。本研究全面研究了9种农药及其5种代谢物在大鼠口腔暴露后的残留行为，并阐明了其理化性质与组织特异性分布的关系。初暴露时，血清和不同组织中均检测到所有农药及其代谢物，肝脏中浓度最高，为3294.03 μg/kg。然而，暴露48小时后，大多数农药无法检测到。相关分析显示，血清、脑、心、肝、肺、肾、脾、尿中农药残留量与分子质量（Mw）、辛醇-水分配系数（log Kow）等理化性质呈显著负相关。相反，残基与水溶解度（As）呈正相关。对乙酰咪唑啉、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪等低Mw、低log Kow、高As的农药在血清中的溶解度较高，在不同组织中的残留沉积也较高。水溶性农药，如啶虫脒、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪，主要通过尿液排出，从而实现相对快速的全身清除。而脂溶性农药，如偶氮虫胺、氯虫胺、吡虫胺等主要通过粪便途径清除，这是一个相对缓慢的过程。本研究有助于了解农药在哺乳动物体内的残留行为，从而为农药安全性评价提供有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0