Pub Date : 2017-12-28DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000570
Dhia El-Hag, M. Rak
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and stability of scorpion antivenom brand. Several tests were applied on scorpion antivenom samples obtained from the same batch. The samples were subdivided into two groups. The first group was stored at real storage conditions i.e. at (3 ± 2°C) dry storage areas while the second group was subjected to accelerated storage conditions i.e. (25 ± 3°C, RH75%). Many samples taken from both conditions were tested chemically through determining the pH values, m-cresol preservative levels, albumin content by polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and measuring the protein content. These samples were also tested pharmacologically for determining the potency, measuring the LD50 (lethal dose which kills 50% of the test animals), pyrogen testing, sterility testing and abnormal toxicity. The results obtained from both chemical and pharmacological tests using antivenom samples stored at real time storage condition (3 ± 2°C) and accelerated storage condition (25 ± 3°C, RH75%) showed no significant changes in terms of potency, pH values, sterility, preservative content, the pharmacological effect and efficacy.
{"title":"Efficacy and Stability of Scorpion Antivenom: At Different Storage Conditions","authors":"Dhia El-Hag, M. Rak","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000570","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and stability of scorpion antivenom brand. Several tests were applied on scorpion antivenom samples obtained from the same batch. The samples were subdivided into two groups. The first group was stored at real storage conditions i.e. at (3 ± 2°C) dry storage areas while the second group was subjected to accelerated storage conditions i.e. (25 ± 3°C, RH75%). Many samples taken from both conditions were tested chemically through determining the pH values, m-cresol preservative levels, albumin content by polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and measuring the protein content. These samples were also tested pharmacologically for determining the potency, measuring the LD50 (lethal dose which kills 50% of the test animals), pyrogen testing, sterility testing and abnormal toxicity. The results obtained from both chemical and pharmacological tests using antivenom samples stored at real time storage condition (3 ± 2°C) and accelerated storage condition (25 ± 3°C, RH75%) showed no significant changes in terms of potency, pH values, sterility, preservative content, the pharmacological effect and efficacy.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"95 2 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79753722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-06DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000575
M. Sharafeldin, F. Ibrahim, S. Shalan, H. Abdelaziz
Three rapid, accurate and very simple derivative spectrophotometric methods for RIV and CLP assay in their binary mixture and tablet dosage forms were developed. Method (I) is first derivative spectrophotometric method, derivative amplitudes were measured at the zero crossing wavelength of 289 and 249.5 nm for estimation of RIV and CLP, respectively. The linearity is over the range 2.0 - 20.0 μg/ml for RIV and 5.0 - 60.0 μg/ml for CLP with LOD of 0.211 and 0.361 μg mL-1 and LOQ of 0.641 and 1.095 μg mL-1 for RIV and CLP, respectively. Method (II) is ratio derivative spectrophotometric method. The ratio spectra of each drug were derived by dividing its spectra on a constant concentration of the other drug as a divisor. Derivative amplitudes were measured at 256 nm for RIV and at 214.5 nm for CLP over the same linearity range as the first method with LOD of 0.137 and 0.485 μg mL-1 and LOQ of 0.417 and 1.471 μg mL-1 for RIV and CLP, respectively. Method (III) is absorbance ratio method, absorbance of both drugs were recorded at two wavelengths λ1 (232) iso-absorptive point and λ2 (249) λmax of RIV. The final concentrations were obtained by applying the Q equations. The method was linear over the same concentration range as the first method with LOD of 0.272 and 0.485 μg mL-1 and LOQ of 0.826 and 1.471 μg mL-1 for RIV and CLP, respectively. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed methods were successfully applied to both drugs analysis in their laboratory prepared co formulated tablet. Statistical comparison of the obtained results with those of the reference method show good agreement and confirm that there were no significant difference in the accuracy and precision between the proposed and reference one respectively.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Rivaroxaban and Clopidogrel in Their Binary Mixture","authors":"M. Sharafeldin, F. Ibrahim, S. Shalan, H. Abdelaziz","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000575","url":null,"abstract":"Three rapid, accurate and very simple derivative spectrophotometric methods for RIV and CLP assay in their binary mixture and tablet dosage forms were developed. Method (I) is first derivative spectrophotometric method, derivative amplitudes were measured at the zero crossing wavelength of 289 and 249.5 nm for estimation of RIV and CLP, respectively. The linearity is over the range 2.0 - 20.0 μg/ml for RIV and 5.0 - 60.0 μg/ml for CLP with LOD of 0.211 and 0.361 μg mL-1 and LOQ of 0.641 and 1.095 μg mL-1 for RIV and CLP, respectively. Method (II) is ratio derivative spectrophotometric method. The ratio spectra of each drug were derived by dividing its spectra on a constant concentration of the other drug as a divisor. Derivative amplitudes were measured at 256 nm for RIV and at 214.5 nm for CLP over the same linearity range as the first method with LOD of 0.137 and 0.485 μg mL-1 and LOQ of 0.417 and 1.471 μg mL-1 for RIV and CLP, respectively. Method (III) is absorbance ratio method, absorbance of both drugs were recorded at two wavelengths λ1 (232) iso-absorptive point and λ2 (249) λmax of RIV. The final concentrations were obtained by applying the Q equations. The method was linear over the same concentration range as the first method with LOD of 0.272 and 0.485 μg mL-1 and LOQ of 0.826 and 1.471 μg mL-1 for RIV and CLP, respectively. The proposed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed methods were successfully applied to both drugs analysis in their laboratory prepared co formulated tablet. Statistical comparison of the obtained results with those of the reference method show good agreement and confirm that there were no significant difference in the accuracy and precision between the proposed and reference one respectively.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"211 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83602092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-06DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000567
de Menezes Mn, Kogawa Ac, Salgado Hrn
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the most powerful oxidants used in many sectors. Analytical method such as titration by permanganometry is used to maintain the quality of products containing H2O2. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate commercial samples of H2O2 10 V by permanganometry. A difference of almost 3 volumes was found in the analysis of the samples. These results can be real or assigned to the potassium permanganate solution, not automation of the results and/or instability of the H2O2 solutions, for example. The main issue is, in addition to alerting the consumers to adequate storage of H2O2 solutions, to alert the scientific community to the need for concomitant analysis methods for unstable products such as H2O2 10 V solutions in order to avoid doubts on the results and make the manufacturers aware of these quality tests.
{"title":"Status of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution 10 V in Commercialized Samples","authors":"de Menezes Mn, Kogawa Ac, Salgado Hrn","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000567","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the most powerful oxidants used in many sectors. Analytical method such as titration by permanganometry is used to maintain the quality of products containing H2O2. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate commercial samples of H2O2 10 V by permanganometry. A difference of almost 3 volumes was found in the analysis of the samples. These results can be real or assigned to the potassium permanganate solution, not automation of the results and/or instability of the H2O2 solutions, for example. The main issue is, in addition to alerting the consumers to adequate storage of H2O2 solutions, to alert the scientific community to the need for concomitant analysis methods for unstable products such as H2O2 10 V solutions in order to avoid doubts on the results and make the manufacturers aware of these quality tests.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82209379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000e190
M. Z. Zafar
Health is a broad concept that involves a multidisciplinary team of health care providers to deliver optimum health care to patients. Pharmacists are one of them whose major responsibilities are to manufacture medicines, assure their quality by quality control tests, dispense these dosage forms to right patients with counselling about health and medications, develop new dosage forms by researchers, and also prepare radiology pharmaceuticals for patient compliance [1-7].
{"title":"Current Pharmacists Condition in Pakistan and its Comparison withForeign Pharmacists","authors":"M. Z. Zafar","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000e190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000e190","url":null,"abstract":"Health is a broad concept that involves a multidisciplinary team of health care providers to deliver optimum health care to patients. Pharmacists are one of them whose major responsibilities are to manufacture medicines, assure their quality by quality control tests, dispense these dosage forms to right patients with counselling about health and medications, develop new dosage forms by researchers, and also prepare radiology pharmaceuticals for patient compliance [1-7].","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"549 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89324155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-08DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000559
R. Malviya, P. Sharma, S. Dubey
Neem Gum (NG) is exudates of plant. Crude NG was purified using water as solvent and ethyl alcohol as precipitating agent. Effect of temperature and concentration on the surface tension of neem gum was determined. Emulsifying properties of gum was evaluated using sunflower as oil phase and purified water as continuous phase further prepared emulsions were evaluated in terms of globular size, flow rate, emulsion capacity and emulsion stability, foam capacity and foam stability and creaming (%). Free radical scavenging properties of polymer was also studied using ascorbic acid as standard against DPPH and H2O2 as initiator. At higher concentration of NG better emulsifying and foaming properties were observed due to reduction in rate of coalescence and creaming. Globular size of prepared emulsions does not changed significantly after 45 days. The effective concentration (EC50) sufficient to scavenge 50% of free radical generated using DPPH was found to be 4.55 μg/ml ± 0.98 and 29 μg/ml ± 1.21 for ascorbic acid and NG respectively. The effective concentration (EC50) sufficient to scavenge 50% of hydroxyl ions generated using H2O2 was calculated and found to be 55.27 μg/ml ± 0.67 and 71.36 μg/ml ± 0.87 for ascorbic acid and NG respectively. So it can be concluded from the findings of the results that Ng can be used as emulsifying agents in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry with significant antioxidant potential.
{"title":"Antioxidant Potential and Emulsifying Properties of Neem (Azadirachitaindica, Family Meliaceae) Gum Polysaccharide","authors":"R. Malviya, P. Sharma, S. Dubey","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000559","url":null,"abstract":"Neem Gum (NG) is exudates of plant. Crude NG was purified using water as solvent and ethyl alcohol as precipitating agent. Effect of temperature and concentration on the surface tension of neem gum was determined. Emulsifying properties of gum was evaluated using sunflower as oil phase and purified water as continuous phase further prepared emulsions were evaluated in terms of globular size, flow rate, emulsion capacity and emulsion stability, foam capacity and foam stability and creaming (%). Free radical scavenging properties of polymer was also studied using ascorbic acid as standard against DPPH and H2O2 as initiator. At higher concentration of NG better emulsifying and foaming properties were observed due to reduction in rate of coalescence and creaming. Globular size of prepared emulsions does not changed significantly after 45 days. The effective concentration (EC50) sufficient to scavenge 50% of free radical generated using DPPH was found to be 4.55 μg/ml ± 0.98 and 29 μg/ml ± 1.21 for ascorbic acid and NG respectively. The effective concentration (EC50) sufficient to scavenge 50% of hydroxyl ions generated using H2O2 was calculated and found to be 55.27 μg/ml ± 0.67 and 71.36 μg/ml ± 0.87 for ascorbic acid and NG respectively. So it can be concluded from the findings of the results that Ng can be used as emulsifying agents in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry with significant antioxidant potential.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"64 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83080449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-31DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000558
S. Habtemariam
The seeds of Moringa stenopetala which are known to be rich sources of glucosinolates, primarily glucomoringin, have been shown to have limited anticancer effects when tested in vitro. In the present study, however, the water extract of the seeds obtained following defatting by hexane displayed potent cytotoxic activity against HepG2 (IC50, 6.28 ± 0.55 μg/ml) and the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma (IC50, 9.81 ± 1.30 μg/ml) cells. The methanol extract displayed a weak cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 human hepatocellular cancer cells when tested upto 500 μg/ml, while extraction with hexane yielded the non-cytotoxic fixed oil which fatty acid composition was primarily oleic acid (75%). By monitoring the constituents of the water extract by HPLC and a one-step combiflash chromatographic system using C-18 silica gel system, the principal active constituent (glucomoringin isothiocyanate or moringin; 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate) was isolated. Moringin was 6.3 and 2.4 times more potent than etoposide in the HepG2 and SH-Sy5Y cell lines respectively. The isolation of this potent potential anticancer compound from the seeds of M. stenopetala without the need for multi-step chromatographic and enzyme-digestionbased purification steps are discussed.
辣木(Moringa stenopetala)的种子富含硫代葡萄糖苷(glucosinolates)，主要是葡萄糖合成素(gluccomoringin)，但在体外测试中显示其抗癌效果有限。在本研究中，正己烷去脂后的水提物对HepG2细胞(IC50, 6.28±0.55 μg/ml)和SH-SY5Y人神经母细胞瘤细胞(IC50, 9.81±1.30 μg/ml)具有较强的细胞毒活性。甲醇提取液对HepG2人肝癌细胞有较弱的细胞毒活性，浓度为500 μg/ml;己烷提取液对HepG2人肝癌细胞无细胞毒作用，其脂肪酸成分以油酸为主(75%)。通过高效液相色谱法和C-18硅胶体系的一步组合色谱系统对水提物的成分进行监测，发现其主要活性成分(异硫氰酸糖木苷或辣木苷;分离得到4(α- l -鼠李糖氧基)-异硫氰酸苄酯。辣木苷对HepG2和SH-Sy5Y细胞株的毒力分别是依托泊苷的6.3倍和2.4倍。本文讨论了在不需要多步骤色谱和酶解纯化步骤的情况下，从狭叶草种子中分离出这种有效的潜在抗癌化合物。
{"title":"Methodology for Rapid Isolation of Moringin: Potential AnticancerCompound from the Seeds of Moringa stenopetala","authors":"S. Habtemariam","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000558","url":null,"abstract":"The seeds of Moringa stenopetala which are known to be rich sources of glucosinolates, primarily glucomoringin, have been shown to have limited anticancer effects when tested in vitro. In the present study, however, the water extract of the seeds obtained following defatting by hexane displayed potent cytotoxic activity against HepG2 (IC50, 6.28 ± 0.55 μg/ml) and the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma (IC50, 9.81 ± 1.30 μg/ml) cells. The methanol extract displayed a weak cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 human hepatocellular cancer cells when tested upto 500 μg/ml, while extraction with hexane yielded the non-cytotoxic fixed oil which fatty acid composition was primarily oleic acid (75%). By monitoring the constituents of the water extract by HPLC and a one-step combiflash chromatographic system using C-18 silica gel system, the principal active constituent (glucomoringin isothiocyanate or moringin; 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate) was isolated. Moringin was 6.3 and 2.4 times more potent than etoposide in the HepG2 and SH-Sy5Y cell lines respectively. The isolation of this potent potential anticancer compound from the seeds of M. stenopetala without the need for multi-step chromatographic and enzyme-digestionbased purification steps are discussed.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85718573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-07DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.S8-002
R. Srinivasaraghavan, S. Seshadri, T. Gnanasambandan, G. Srinivasan
In this work, The structural characteristics and vibrational spectroscopic analysis were carried out by quantum chemical methods with the hybrid exchange-correlation functional B3LYP using 6-31G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p) basis sets in order to investigate the fundamental modes of vibrational analysis and electronic properties of phenyl substituted compound N-((1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)acetamide. Density Functional Theory (DFT) method, using B3LYP functional, with 6-31G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p) basis sets, which in turn creates a platform to study the structure of the chosen compound. The experimentally obtained FTIR and FT Raman spectrum supports the results of theoretically observed ones. Detailed interpretations of the experimental spectra of the molecule along with the theoretical ones are reported based on Potential Energy Distribution (PED). The total dipole moment, static total and anisotropy of polarisability and static first hyperpolarisability values were calculated. The FMOs, molecular electrostatic potential, global reactivity descriptors were also calculated and discussed. Molecular electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbitals were constructed to understand the electronic properties. The intramolecular contacts are interpreted using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis to ascertain the charge distribution. The thermodynamic properties at different temperatures were calculated revealing the correlations between standard heat capacities, entropy and enthalpy changes with temperatures.
{"title":"Experimental and Theoretical Spectroscopic Analysis on N-((1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-Yl)methyl)acetamide","authors":"R. Srinivasaraghavan, S. Seshadri, T. Gnanasambandan, G. Srinivasan","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.S8-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.S8-002","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, The structural characteristics and vibrational spectroscopic analysis were carried out by quantum chemical methods with the hybrid exchange-correlation functional B3LYP using 6-31G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p) basis sets in order to investigate the fundamental modes of vibrational analysis and electronic properties of phenyl substituted compound N-((1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)acetamide. Density Functional Theory (DFT) method, using B3LYP functional, with 6-31G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p) basis sets, which in turn creates a platform to study the structure of the chosen compound. The experimentally obtained FTIR and FT Raman spectrum supports the results of theoretically observed ones. Detailed interpretations of the experimental spectra of the molecule along with the theoretical ones are reported based on Potential Energy Distribution (PED). \u0000The total dipole moment, static total and anisotropy of polarisability and static first hyperpolarisability values were calculated. The FMOs, molecular electrostatic potential, global reactivity descriptors were also calculated and discussed. Molecular electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbitals were constructed to understand the electronic properties. The intramolecular contacts are interpreted using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis to ascertain the charge distribution. The thermodynamic properties at different temperatures were calculated revealing the correlations between standard heat capacities, entropy and enthalpy changes with temperatures.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"252 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75843884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-07DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000553
Abida Latif, Humera Shafi Makhdoom, Muhammad Imran, M. Mazhar, E. Anwar, M. Sarwar, M. Tahir
Organic solvents are extensively used in manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical formulations that cannot be completely eliminated from the product due to physical and chemical barriers. These solvents have no therapeutic value and may be toxic to human body if intake exceeds the permitted daily exposure. Therefore, a simple and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of methanol, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, n-hexane, cyclohexane, xylene, chloroform, nitromethane, toluene and pyridine was developed and validated. Separation was achieved on HP-Innowax polyethylene glycol gas chromatographic column (30 m × 250 μm × 0.25 μm) using Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph equipped with Agilent 7697A headspace auto-sampler and flame ionization detector. Twenty-three marketed coated tablet formulations (containing diclofenac sodium, Loratadine or montelukast sodium as active ingredient) were tested for the presence of volatile organic impurities using this method. Excellent results were obtained, within the globally accepted validation reference values, particularly taking into account the low concentration levels were investigated in twenty-three coated tablet formulations.
有机溶剂广泛应用于由于物理和化学障碍而不能从产品中完全消除的药物配方的制造过程中。这些溶剂没有治疗价值，如果摄入量超过允许的每日暴露量，可能对人体有毒。因此，建立了一种简便、灵敏的同时测定甲醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、正己烷、环己烷、二甲苯、氯仿、硝基甲烷、甲苯和吡啶的方法，并进行了验证。色谱柱为HP-Innowax聚乙二醇气相色谱柱(30 m × 250 μm × 0.25 μm)，色谱柱为Agilent 7890B气相色谱仪，配备Agilent 7697A顶空自动进样器和火焰电离检测器。23种已上市的包衣片剂配方(含有双氯芬酸钠、氯雷他定或孟鲁司特钠作为活性成分)使用该方法检测了挥发性有机杂质的存在。在全球公认的验证参考值范围内获得了极好的结果，特别是考虑到23种包衣片制剂的低浓度水平。
{"title":"Determination of Organic Volatile Impurities in Twenty-Three DifferentCoated Tablet Formulations Using Headspace Gas Chromatography withFlame Ionization Detection Technique","authors":"Abida Latif, Humera Shafi Makhdoom, Muhammad Imran, M. Mazhar, E. Anwar, M. Sarwar, M. Tahir","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000553","url":null,"abstract":"Organic solvents are extensively used in manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical formulations that cannot be completely eliminated from the product due to physical and chemical barriers. These solvents have no therapeutic value and may be toxic to human body if intake exceeds the permitted daily exposure. Therefore, a simple and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of methanol, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, n-hexane, cyclohexane, xylene, chloroform, nitromethane, toluene and pyridine was developed and validated. Separation was achieved on HP-Innowax polyethylene glycol gas chromatographic column (30 m × 250 μm × 0.25 μm) using Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph equipped with Agilent 7697A headspace auto-sampler and flame ionization detector. Twenty-three marketed coated tablet formulations (containing diclofenac sodium, Loratadine or montelukast sodium as active ingredient) were tested for the presence of volatile organic impurities using this method. Excellent results were obtained, within the globally accepted validation reference values, particularly taking into account the low concentration levels were investigated in twenty-three coated tablet formulations.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85373869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-04DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000557
M. Marjoni, A. Zulfisa
Senggani (Melastoma candidum D. Don) leafis one of many plants in hilly areas around the city of Bukittinggi and one of biological potencies that can be utilized primarily as antioxidant and used to treat various diseases. Some active compounds in Melastoma genus that has activity as an antioxidant such as flavonoids and tannins. This study aims to examine the activity of free radical scavenging by methanol extract of senggani leaves and their fractions. The antioxidant activity of methanol extract of senggani leaves and its fractions was evaluated in vitro assays using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazine (DPPH) method. The amount of antioxidant activity is characterized by the value of IC50 which is concentration of extract and fractions required to inhibit 50% of DPPH free radicals. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of senggani leaves were very strong for ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions with IC50 valuesof 43,1301 μg/ml and 43,8924 μg/ml, respectively, while for methanol fraction was strong with IC50 value of 65,6521 μg/ml. While the fraction of n hexane was categorized moderate with IC50 value of 122,3880 μg/ml. Senggani leaves have potential to be used as natural antioxidant in preventing free radicals.
sungani (Melastoma candidum D. Don)叶是Bukittinggi市周围丘陵地区的许多植物之一，具有主要用作抗氧化剂和用于治疗各种疾病的生物潜能。一些具有抗氧化活性的黄酮类化合物和单宁。本研究旨在研究桑加尼叶及其馏分甲醇提取物清除自由基的活性。采用2,2-二苯基-1-吡咯海拉嗪(DPPH)体外测定法，对桑加尼叶甲醇提取物及其组分的抗氧化活性进行了评价。抗氧化活性的大小以IC50值为表征，IC50值为抑制50% DPPH自由基所需的提取物和组分的浓度。结果表明，桑藤叶中乙酸乙酯和氯仿部位的IC50值分别为43、1301和43、8924 μg/ml，甲醇部位的IC50值分别为65、6521 μg/ml。正己烷的IC50值为122,3880 μg/ml，属于中等浓度。桑加尼叶具有作为天然抗氧化剂预防自由基的潜力。
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Pub Date : 2017-07-31DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000556
Cazarim Ms, Einarson Tr
Like most of the resources we have in the world, health-care resources are also scarce. Thus, pharmacoeconomics is very important to aid health systems into this process. It is noteworthy that new methods are being created to improve pharmacoeconomic analysis efficiency. This paper brings comments about three new techniques incorporated in modelling to measure probabilities: Risk scale, Delphi method, and Bayesian statistics. They represent new methods that can provide the development of pharmacoeconomic studies with a better design due to shortening study time and complexity, ensuring robust results. In this way it should lead to resource savings and increased efficiency in pharmacoeconomic research.
{"title":"New Prediction Methods of Indicators and Costs Capable of Increasingthe Efficiency of Pharmacoeconomic Studies for Health Decision Analysis","authors":"Cazarim Ms, Einarson Tr","doi":"10.4172/2153-2435.1000556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000556","url":null,"abstract":"Like most of the resources we have in the world, health-care resources are also scarce. Thus, pharmacoeconomics is very important to aid health systems into this process. It is noteworthy that new methods are being created to improve pharmacoeconomic analysis efficiency. This paper brings comments about three new techniques incorporated in modelling to measure probabilities: Risk scale, Delphi method, and Bayesian statistics. They represent new methods that can provide the development of pharmacoeconomic studies with a better design due to shortening study time and complexity, ensuring robust results. In this way it should lead to resource savings and increased efficiency in pharmacoeconomic research.","PeriodicalId":19833,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta","volume":"106 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75002806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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