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Catalysts for Change: The Impact of Reflective Conversations on Leaders' Hope and Change-Oriented Behaviors. 变革的催化剂:反思性对话对领导者希望和变革导向行为的影响》(The Impact of Reflective Conversations on Leaders' Hope and Change-Oriented Behaviors)。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241280554
Hun Whee Lee, Sooyeol Kim

How can leaders effectively navigate challenges and drive positive change in the workplace? This research introduces reflective conversations as a powerful catalyst for leaders' change-oriented initiatives. Integrating transformative learning theory and hope theory, we suggest that reflective conversations improve leaders' sense of hope and subsequently facilitate their transformational leadership and creative behaviors. We further introduce hardships (Study 1) and relationship quality (Studies 2 and 3) as key boundary conditions. We conducted a content validation study to validate our measure of reflection conversation and further conducted two experience sampling studies and one online experiment to test the transformational power of daily reflective conversations. The results reveal that when leaders experience hardships or have high-quality relationships with others, reflective conversations can be a powerful force in terms of fueling their sense of hope and inspiring them to exercise transformational leadership and creative behaviors.

领导者如何才能有效地应对挑战并推动工作场所的积极变革?本研究将反思性对话作为领导者变革导向举措的强大催化剂。结合变革学习理论和希望理论,我们认为反思性对话能提高领导者的希望感,进而促进他们的变革领导力和创造性行为。我们进一步引入了困难(研究 1)和关系质量(研究 2 和 3)作为关键的边界条件。我们进行了一项内容验证研究,以验证我们对反思对话的衡量标准,并进一步进行了两项经验取样研究和一项在线实验,以检验日常反思对话的变革力量。研究结果表明,当领导者遇到困难或与他人建立了高质量的关系时,反思性对话可以成为一股强大的力量,激发他们的希望感,并激励他们发挥变革型领导力和创造性行为。
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引用次数: 0
A Brief Pro-Diversity Social Marketing Intervention Improves Grades and Well-Being of Students From Marginalized Groups. 简短的支持多元化社会营销干预提高了边缘群体学生的成绩和幸福感。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241279082
Mitchell R Campbell, Kevin R Kennedy, Andrea L Miller, Markus Brauer

Despite much research on improving intergroup relations, the evidence for long-term effects in real-world settings is mixed. We used the social marketing approach to create an "Inclusivity Page" that could be added to course syllabi. The page contained three targeted pro-diversity messages based on social norms, personal benefits, and concrete behavioral recommendations. We tested our intervention in a large randomized controlled trial in university classrooms (Nstudents = 1,799). We obtained students' course grades and overall college GPAs several years later. A subset of students also completed an outcome survey three months after the intervention. Students from underrepresented racial groups exposed to the intervention early in college had better course grades and GPAs. We also observed an enhanced sense of belonging and better emotional and physical health among students from all marginalized groups. Our research demonstrates the utility of employing a targeted approach to improve experiences of members of marginalized groups.

尽管有关改善群体间关系的研究很多,但在现实世界中产生长期影响的证据却参差不齐。我们利用社会营销方法创建了一个 "包容性页面",可以添加到课程大纲中。该页面包含基于社会规范、个人利益和具体行为建议的三条有针对性的支持多元化信息。我们在大学课堂上开展了一项大型随机对照试验,对我们的干预措施进行了测试(学生人数 = 1,799)。几年后,我们获得了学生的课程成绩和大学总平均学分绩点。一部分学生还在干预三个月后完成了一项结果调查。在大学早期接受干预的少数种族群体学生的课程成绩和平均学分绩点均有所提高。我们还观察到,所有边缘化群体的学生都增强了归属感,情绪和身体健康状况良好。我们的研究表明,采用有针对性的方法来改善边缘化群体成员的经历是非常有用的。
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引用次数: 0
Shifts in Residential Mobility Predict Shifts in Culture. 居住流动性的变化预示着文化的变化。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241280998
Nicholas Buttrick, Youngjae Cha, Shigehiro Oishi

Does residential mobility change cultures, or is it merely a downstream indicator for other forces? Using large-scale surveys of citizens of 18 industrialized nations, we find that increased rates of residential mobility predict living in a more dynamic society at least 10 years in the future: one in which residents are more satisfied with their lives, have greater optimism, endorse more individualistic concepts, are more open to new ideas, have a greater sense of freedom of action, feel able to make friends more easily, express a more cosmopolitan identity, believe that their society rewards merit, and hold their community to a higher standard for treatment of minorities. These findings are echoed in the experience of Americans who have themselves recently moved, where we find that having successfully moved predicts a future sense of personal thriving, optimism, and a belief that merit is rewarded.

居住流动性是否会改变文化,或者它只是其他力量的下游指标?通过对 18 个工业化国家的公民进行大规模调查,我们发现,居住流动率的提高预示着未来至少 10 年后将生活在一个更有活力的社会中:在这样的社会中,居民对自己的生活更满意、更乐观、更赞同个人主义观念、更乐于接受新思想、有更强的行动自由感、觉得更容易交到朋友、表达出更国际化的身份认同、相信他们的社会会奖励优秀的人,并以更高的标准来对待他们的社区中的少数群体。这些发现与最近搬家的美国人的经历不谋而合,我们发现,成功搬家预示着未来个人的兴旺发达感、乐观主义以及功绩会得到奖励的信念。
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引用次数: 0
Half Empty and Half Full? Biased Perceptions of Compassionate Love and Effects of Dyadic Complementarity. 半空和半满? 对怜悯之爱的偏差认知和双向互补性的影响。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171986
James J Kim, Harry T Reis, Michael R Maniaci, Samantha Joel

The prevailing theory on relationship judgments for interaction attributes suggests individuals tend to underestimate a romantic partner's expressions of compassionate love and that such underestimation is beneficial for the relationship. Yet, limited research has incorporated dyadic perspectives to assess how biased perceptions are associated with both partners' outcomes. In two daily studies of couples, we used distinct analytical approaches (Truth and Bias Model; Dyadic Response Surface Analysis) to inform perspectives on how biased perceptions are interrelated and predict relationship satisfaction. Consistent with prior research, people demonstrated an underestimation bias. However, there were differential effects of biased perceptions for actors versus partners: Underestimation predicted lower actor satisfaction but generally higher satisfaction for partners. Furthermore, we find evidence for complementarity effects: partners' directional biases were inversely related, and couples were more satisfied when partners had opposing patterns of directional bias. Findings help integrate theoretical perspectives on the adaptive role of biased relationship perceptions.

关于互动属性的关系判断的主流理论认为,个人倾向于低估恋爱伴侣所表达的同情之爱,而这种低估对双方的关系是有益的。然而,从夫妻双方的角度来评估偏差认知如何与伴侣双方的结果相关联的研究却很有限。在两项针对情侣的日常研究中,我们使用了不同的分析方法(真相与偏见模型;双向响应面分析),以了解偏见认知如何相互关联并预测关系满意度。与之前的研究一致,人们表现出低估偏差。然而,偏差认知对行为者和伴侣的影响是不同的:低估会降低行为者的满意度,但通常会提高伴侣的满意度。此外,我们还发现了互补效应的证据:伴侣的方向性偏差成反比,当伴侣的方向性偏差模式相反时,夫妻双方的满意度更高。研究结果有助于整合关于偏向性关系认知的适应性作用的理论观点。
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引用次数: 0
When Interdependence Backfires: The Coronavirus Infected Three Times More People in Rice-Farming Areas During Chinese New Year. 当相互依存适得其反时:春节期间,水稻种植区感染冠状病毒的人数增加了三倍。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231174070
Xindong Wei, Thomas Talhelm, Kaili Zhang, Fengyan Wang

Interdependent cultures around the world have generally controlled COVID-19 better. We tested this pattern in China based on the rice theory, which argues that historically rice-farming regions of China are more interdependent than wheat-farming areas. Unlike earlier findings, rice-farming areas suffered more COVID-19 cases in the early days of the outbreak. We suspected this happened because the outbreak fell on Chinese New Year, and people in rice areas felt more pressure to visit family and friends. We found historical evidence that people in rice areas visit more family and friends for Chinese New Year than people in wheat areas. In 2020, rice areas also saw more New Year travel. Regional differences in social visits were correlated with COVID-19 spread. These results reveal an exception to the general idea that interdependent culture helps cultures contain COVID-19. When relational duties conflict with public health, interdependence can lead to more spread of disease.

世界上相互依存的文化通常能更好地控制 COVID-19。水稻理论认为,中国历史上的水稻种植区比小麦种植区更加相互依存。与之前的研究结果不同,水稻种植区在疫情爆发初期出现了更多的 COVID-19 病例。我们怀疑这是因为疫情爆发时正值春节,稻米产区的人们感到了更大的探亲访友压力。我们发现历史证据表明,水稻种植区的人们在春节期间比小麦种植区的人们走亲访友更多。2020 年,水稻种植区的人们也有更多的新年旅行。社交活动的地区差异与 COVID-19 的传播相关。这些结果揭示了相互依存的文化有助于文化遏制 COVID-19 这一普遍观点的例外情况。当关系责任与公共卫生发生冲突时,相互依存会导致更多的疾病传播。
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引用次数: 0
Does Mindfulness Improve Intergroup Bias, Internalized Bias, and Anti-Bias Outcomes?: A Meta-Analysis of the Evidence and Agenda for Future Research. 正念能否改善群体间偏见、内化偏见和反偏见结果?证据元分析与未来研究议程》。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231178518
Doris F Chang, James Donald, Jennifer Whitney, Iris Yi Miao, Baljinder Sahdra

Whereas mindfulness has been shown to enhance personal well-being, studies suggest it may also benefit intergroup dynamics. Using an integrative conceptual model, this meta-analysis examined associations between mindfulness and (a) different manifestations of bias (implicit/explicit attitudes, affect, behavior) directed toward (b) different bias targets (outgroup or ingroup, e.g., internalized bias), by (c) intergroup orientation (toward bias or anti-bias). Of 70 samples, 42 (N = 3,229) assessed mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and 30 (N = 6,002) were correlational studies. Results showed a medium-sized negative effect of MBIs on bias outcomes, g = -0.56, 95% confidence interval [-0.72, -0.40]; I(2;3)2: 0.39; 0.48, and a small-to-medium negative effect between mindfulness and bias for correlational studies, r = -0.17 [-0.27, -0.03]; I(2;3)2: 0.11; 0.83. Effects were comparable for intergroup bias and internalized bias. We conclude by identifying gaps in the evidence base to guide future research.

正念已被证明可以提高个人幸福感,而研究表明,正念也可能有益于群体间的动态关系。这项荟萃分析使用了一个综合概念模型,研究了正念与(a)针对(b)不同偏见目标(外群体或内群体,如内化偏见)的不同偏见表现(内隐/外显态度、情感、行为)之间的关联,以及(c)群体间取向(倾向偏见或反偏见)之间的关联。在 70 个样本中,42 个(样本数 = 3,229 个)评估了正念干预(MBI),30 个(样本数 = 6,002 个)是相关研究。结果显示,正念干预对偏见结果有中等程度的负面影响,g = -0.56,95% 置信区间 [-0.72, -0.40];I(2;3)2:0.39; 0.48,而相关研究中正念与偏见之间有中等至小程度的负面影响,r = -0.17 [-0.27, -0.03];I(2;3)2:0.11; 0.83。对于群体间偏见和内化偏见的影响具有可比性。最后,我们指出了证据基础中的不足,以指导未来的研究。
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引用次数: 0
A Race-Based Size Bias for Black Adolescent Boys: Size, Innocence, and Threat. 黑人青少年男孩基于种族的体型偏差:体型、天真和威胁。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231167978
Erin Freiburger, Mattea Sim, Amy G Halberstadt, Kurt Hugenberg

We adopted an intersectional stereotyping lens to investigate whether race-based size bias-the tendency to judge Black men as larger than White men-extends to adolescents. Participants judged Black boys as taller than White boys, despite no real size differences (Studies 1A and 1B), and even when boys were matched in age (Study 1B). The size bias persisted when participants viewed computer-generated faces that varied only in apparent race (Study 2A) and extended to perceptions of physical strength, with Black boys judged as stronger than White boys (Study 2B). The size bias was associated with threat-related perceptions, including beliefs that Black boys were less innocent than White boys (Study 3). Finally, the size bias was moderated by a valid threat signal (i.e., anger expressions, Studies 4A and 4B). Thus, adult-like threat stereotypes are perpetrated upon Black boys, leading them to be erroneously perceived as more physically formidable than White boys.

我们采用交叉刻板印象的视角来研究基于种族的体型偏见--即认为黑人男性比白人男性高大的倾向--是否会延伸到青少年身上。尽管没有实际的体型差异(研究 1A 和 1B),甚至在男孩年龄匹配的情况下(研究 1B),受试者仍认为黑人男孩比白人男孩高。当被试者观看电脑生成的只有明显种族差异的面孔时,体型偏差仍然存在(研究 2A),并且延伸到对体力的感知上,黑人男孩被认为比白人男孩强壮(研究 2B)。体型偏差与威胁相关的认知有关,包括认为黑人男孩不如白人男孩天真(研究 3)。最后,体型偏差受到有效威胁信号(即愤怒表情,研究 4A 和 4B)的调节。因此,类似成人的威胁刻板印象施加在黑人男孩身上,导致他们被错误地认为比白人男孩身体更强壮。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Aspect-Level Approach to the Personality Micro-Foundations of Foreign Policy Attitudes. 外交政策态度的个性微观基础的综合方面层面方法。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231213899
Fabricio H Chagas-Bastos

We analyze in this article the effects of personality on attitudes toward foreign policy through a comprehensive aspect-level approach. We claim that previous observed null domain-level effects are the product of the aspect-level effects of opposing signs. By and large, we show that some personality effects are of comparable size or bigger than demographics studied in the literature, and that some of these effects are unique and independent of demographic covariates. Our results show that openness, orderliness, and compassion render people to be more supportive of cooperation. Assertiveness is the primary driver of support for the use of military force, whereas politeness and withdrawal ground reverse effects. Volatility roots isolationism postures, whereas industriousness, enthusiasm, and compassion show strong opposing effects. Moving beyond the Big Five personality domain approach provides us with a deeper and more nuanced understanding of how personality is associated with attitudes toward international issues.

在这篇文章中,我们通过一个全面的方面层面的方法来分析人格对外交政策态度的影响。我们声称先前观察到的零域级效应是相反符号的方面级效应的产物。总的来说,我们表明,一些人格影响与文献中研究的人口统计学影响相当或更大,其中一些影响是独特的,独立于人口统计学协变量。我们的研究结果表明,开放、有序和同情心使人们更支持合作。自信是支持使用武力的主要驱动力,而礼貌和撤退则会产生相反的效果。波动是孤立主义姿态的根源,而勤奋、热情和同情则表现出强烈的相反效果。超越五大人格领域的方法可以让我们更深入、更细致地了解人格是如何与对国际问题的态度联系在一起的。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating the Reliability and Stability of Cognitive Processes Contributing to Responses on the Implicit Association Test. 估算内隐联想测验反应认知过程的可靠性和稳定性。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171256
Jacob Elder, Liz Wilson, Jimmy Calanchini

Implicit measures were initially assumed to assess stable individual differences, but other perspectives posit that they reflect context-dependent processes. This pre-registered research investigates whether the processes contributing to responses on the race Implicit Association Test are temporally stable and reliably measured using multinomial processing tree modeling. We applied two models-the Quad model and the Process Dissociation Procedure-to six datasets (N = 2,036), each collected over two occasions, examined the within-measurement reliability and between-measurement stability of model parameters, and meta-analyzed the results. Parameters reflecting accuracy-oriented processes demonstrate adequate stability and reliability, which suggests these processes are relatively stable within individuals. Parameters reflecting evaluative associations demonstrate poor stability but modest reliability, which suggests that associations are either context-dependent or stable but noisily measured. These findings suggest that processes contributing to racial bias on implicit measures differ in temporal stability, which has practical implications for predicting behavior using the Implicit Association Test.

内隐测量最初被假定为评估稳定的个体差异,但其他观点则认为它们反映了依赖于情境的过程。这项预注册研究利用多叉加工树建模法调查了导致竞赛内隐联想测验反应的过程是否具有时间稳定性和测量的可靠性。我们在六个数据集(N = 2,036)(每个数据集收集了两次数据)中应用了两个模型--四方模型和过程分离程序,考察了模型参数在测量内的可靠性和测量间的稳定性,并对结果进行了元分析。反映以准确性为导向的过程的参数表现出足够的稳定性和可靠性,这表明这些过程在个体内部相对稳定。反映评价性关联的参数显示出较低的稳定性和适度的可靠性,这表明这些关联要么与情境有关,要么是稳定的,但测量时噪音较大。这些研究结果表明,导致内隐测量中种族偏见的过程在时间稳定性上存在差异,这对使用内隐联想测验预测行为具有实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating the Social Environment: Linking Motivations, Impressions, and Behaviors Via a Sampling Approach to Trustworthiness. 社会环境导航:通过取样法将动机、印象和行为与可信度联系起来。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241273237
Marco Biella, Mandy Hütter

Our understanding of impression formation comes from experiments constraining participants' control over information sampling. This limits our understanding of how people sample information when forming impressions as well as the effects of self-generated samples on impressions. Our paradigm allows participants to actively collect information samples. This work investigates how people explore the social environment and how sampled information informs resulting impressions. Four experiments tested theoretically-driven predictions regarding information sampling patterns under interested and disinterested information search. Under interested search, participants truncated the sampling of social targets showing early untrustworthy behavior. Under disinterested search, participants sampled extensively and systematically, avoiding small-sample biases. The sampled information, once obtained, accurately determines final impressions. Moreover, we documented a direct link between sampled information and subsequent behaviors (partner selection in trust games, trustworthiness expectations). By investigating sampling-based trustworthiness impressions, the present research informs the origins of trustworthiness and sampling accounts of judgment and decision-making.

我们对印象形成的理解来自于限制参与者控制信息取样的实验。这限制了我们对人们在形成印象时如何抽取信息样本以及自我生成的样本对印象的影响的理解。我们的范例允许参与者主动收集信息样本。这项工作研究了人们如何探索社会环境,以及采样信息如何影响所产生的印象。四项实验测试了理论驱动的预测,即在感兴趣和不感兴趣的信息搜索下的信息取样模式。在有兴趣的搜索下,参与者会对早期表现出不可信行为的社交目标进行截断采样。在无兴趣搜索下,参与者广泛而系统地进行采样,避免了小样本偏差。取样信息一旦获得,就会准确地决定最终印象。此外,我们还记录了取样信息与后续行为(信任游戏中的伙伴选择、可信度预期)之间的直接联系。通过调查基于抽样的可信度印象,本研究为可信度的起源以及判断和决策的抽样说明提供了信息。
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引用次数: 0
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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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