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Political Attitudes and Disease Threat: Regional Pathogen Stress Is Associated With Conservative Ideology Only for Older Individuals. 政治态度与疾病威胁:区域病原体压力仅与老年人的保守思想有关。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231183199
Gordon D A Brown, Lukasz Walasek, Timothy L Mullett, Edika G Quispe-Torreblanca, Corey L Fincher, Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell

What environmental factors are associated with individual differences in political ideology, and do such associations change over time? We examine whether reductions in pathogen prevalence in U.S. states over the past 60 years are associated with reduced associations between parasite stress and conservatism. We report a positive association between infection levels and conservative ideology in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. However, this correlation reduces from the 1980s onwards. These results suggest that the ecological influence of infectious diseases may be larger for older people who grew up (or whose parents grew up) during earlier time periods. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the political affiliation of 45,000 Facebook users, and find a positive association between self-reported political affiliation and regional pathogen stress for older (>40 years) but not younger individuals. It is concluded that the influence of environmental pathogen stress on ideology may have reduced over time.

哪些环境因素与政治意识形态的个体差异有关,这种关联是否会随着时间的推移而改变?我们研究了过去 60 年间美国各州病原体流行率的降低是否与寄生虫压力和保守主义之间的关联降低有关。我们报告说,在 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代,美国的感染水平与保守意识形态之间存在正相关。然而,从 20 世纪 80 年代开始,这种相关性降低。这些结果表明,对于在较早时期长大(或其父母在较早时期长大)的老年人来说,传染病的生态影响可能更大。我们通过分析 45,000 名 Facebook 用户的政治倾向来验证这一假设,结果发现,对于年龄较大(大于 40 岁)的人来说,自我报告的政治倾向与地区病原体压力之间存在正相关,而对于年龄较小的人则没有。结论是,环境病原体压力对意识形态的影响可能随着时间的推移而减弱。
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引用次数: 0
Millennials Versus Boomers: An Asymmetric Pattern of Realistic and Symbolic Threats Drives Intergenerational Tensions in the United States. 千禧一代与潮一代:现实和象征性威胁的不对称模式导致美国代际关系紧张。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231164203
Stéphane P Francioli, Felix Danbold, Michael S North

Intergenerational conflict appears frequently in American public discourse, often framed as clashes between Millennials and Baby Boomers. Building on intergroup threat theory in an exploratory survey, a preregistered correlational study, and a preregistered intervention (N = 1,714), we find that (a) Millennials and Baby Boomers do express more animosity toward each other than toward other generations (Studies 1-3); (b) their animosity reflects asymmetric generational concerns: Baby Boomers primarily fear that Millennials threaten traditional American values (symbolic threat) while Millennials primarily fear that Baby Boomers's delayed transmission of power hampers their life prospects (realistic threat; Studies 2-3); (c) finally, an intervention challenging the entitativity of generational categories alleviates perceived threats and hostility for both generations (Study 3). These findings inform research on intergroup threat, provide a theoretically grounded framework to understand intergenerational relations, and put forward a strategy to increase harmony in aging societies.

代际冲突经常出现在美国的公共讨论中,通常被描述为 "千禧一代 "和 "婴儿潮一代 "之间的冲突。在一项探索性调查、一项预先登记的相关研究和一项预先登记的干预措施(N = 1,714)中,我们以群体间威胁理论为基础,发现:(a) 千禧一代和婴儿潮一代确实比其他代际表达了更多的敌意(研究 1-3);(b) 他们的敌意反映了不对称的代际关切:婴儿潮一代主要担心千禧一代威胁到美国的传统价值观(象征性威胁),而千禧一代主要担心婴儿潮一代的权力传递延迟阻碍了他们的生活前景(现实性威胁;研究 2-3);(c)最后,对代际类别的实体性提出质疑的干预措施减轻了两代人感知到的威胁和敌意(研究 3)。这些发现为有关群体间威胁的研究提供了信息,为理解代际关系提供了一个有理论基础的框架,并提出了在老龄化社会中增进和谐的策略。
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引用次数: 0
We Need Tough Brothers and Sisters in a Tight World: Cultural Tightness Leads to a Preference for Dominant and Muscular Leaders. 在一个紧张的世界里,我们需要坚强的兄弟姐妹:文化上的紧张导致了对强势和肌肉发达的领导者的偏好。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231169107
Hao Chen, Xijing Wang, Huilin Zang, Ana Guinote

Cultural tightness is characterized by strong norms and harsh punishments for deviant behaviors. We hypothesized that followers in tight (vs. loose) cultures would more strongly prefer muscular leaders. This hypothesis was confirmed across seven studies (N = 1,615) employing samples from the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. Using actual political leaders, we demonstrated that the tighter the state's culture was, the more muscular the elected governor was (Study 1). Temporarily situating participants in a tight (vs. loose) culture made them select a leader higher on muscularity but not on body fat, and the effects obtained occurred for both male and female leaders (Studies 2-3B). In addition, we demonstrated the mediating role of authoritarianism and a preference for a dominant leadership in this process (Studies 4-5B). These results demonstrate the importance of considering the interface between culture and the physical appearance of leaders.

文化紧密性的特点是强烈的规范和对越轨行为的严厉惩罚。我们假设,紧密(相对于松散)文化中的追随者更喜欢肌肉发达的领导者。这一假设在七项研究(N=1615)中得到了证实,这些研究采用了来自美国、英国和中国的样本。通过实际的政治领导人,我们证明了该州的文化越紧密,当选州长就越有力量(研究1)。将参与者暂时置于紧密(与松散)的文化中,使他们选择一位肌肉发达程度较高但身体脂肪含量不高的领导者,所获得的影响发生在男性和女性领导者身上(研究2-3B)。此外,我们还证明了威权主义的中介作用,以及在这一过程中对主导领导的偏好(研究4-5B)。这些结果表明了考虑文化和领导者外表之间的界面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Holding the Belief That Gender Roles Can Change Reduces Women's Work-Family Conflict. 相信性别角色可以改变会减少妇女的工作与家庭冲突。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-18 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231178349
Charlotte H Townsend, Laura J Kray, Alexandra G Russell

Across four studies (N = 1544), we examined the relationship between individuals' gender role mindsets, or beliefs about the malleability versus fixedness of traditional gender roles, and work-family conflict. We found that undergraduate women (but not men) business students holding a fixed, compared to growth, gender role mindset anticipated more work-family conflict. Next, we manipulated gender role mindset and demonstrated a causal link between women's growth mindsets (relative to fixed mindsets and control conditions) and reduced work-family conflict. We showed mechanistically that growth gender role mindsets unburden women from prescriptive gender roles, reducing work-family conflict. Finally, during COVID-19, we demonstrated a similar pattern among working women in high-achieving dual-career couples. We found an indirect effect of women's gender role mindset on job and relationship satisfaction, mediated through work-family conflict. Our preregistered studies suggest that holding the belief that gender roles can change mitigates women's work-family conflict.

在四项研究(N = 1544)中,我们考察了个人的性别角色心态(即对传统性别角色的可塑性与固定性的看法)与工作-家庭冲突之间的关系。我们发现,与成长型性别角色心态相比,持有固定型性别角色心态的商科女大学生(而非男大学生)预期会有更多的工作-家庭冲突。接下来,我们操纵了性别角色心态,并证明了女性的成长型心态(相对于固定型心态和对照条件)与减少工作-家庭冲突之间的因果关系。我们从机理上证明,成长型性别角色心态可以减轻女性在规定性性别角色中的负担,从而减少工作-家庭冲突。最后,在 COVID-19 期间,我们在成就卓著的双职工夫妇中的职业女性中证明了类似的模式。我们发现,女性的性别角色心态对工作和人际关系满意度有间接影响,并通过工作-家庭冲突起到中介作用。我们的预先登记研究表明,持有性别角色可以改变的信念可以缓解妇女的工作与家庭冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Behind the Blackpill: Self-Verification and Identity Fusion Predict Endorsement of Violence Against Women Among Self-Identified Incels. 黑嘴的背后自我确认和身份融合可预测自称 "无赖 "者对暴力侵害妇女行为的支持程度。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231166481
Gregory J Rousis, Francois Alexi Martel, Jennifer K Bosson, William B Swann

Incels (involuntary celibates) have advocated for and even enacted violence against women. We explored two mechanisms that may underly incels' actions: identity fusion and self-verification. Study 1 (n = 155) revealed stronger identity fusion (deep alignment) with the ingroup among men active in online incel communities compared to men active in other male-dominated groups. Study 2 (n = 113) showed that feeling self-verified by other incels predicted fusion with incels; fusion, in turn, predicted endorsement of past and future violence toward women. Study 3 (n = 283; preregistered) replicated the indirect effects from Study 2 and extended them by linking fusion to online harassment of women. All indirect effects were particularly strong among self-identified incels high in narcissism. We discuss the synergistic links between self-verification and identity fusion in fostering extreme behaviors and identify directions for future research.

不信教者(非自愿独身者)主张甚至实施了针对妇女的暴力行为。我们探究了可能导致不敬者行为的两种机制:身份融合和自我验证。研究 1(n = 155)显示,与活跃于其他男性主导群体的男性相比,活跃于网络 "乱伦者 "社区的男性与内群体的身份融合(深度一致性)更强。研究 2(n = 113)显示,感觉被其他乱伦者自我验证,预示着与乱伦者的融合;而融合又预示着对过去和未来针对女性的暴力行为的认可。研究 3(n = 283;已注册)复制了研究 2 中的间接效应,并通过将融合与网上骚扰妇女联系起来,扩大了间接效应。所有间接效应在自恋程度较高的自我认同的无业游民中尤为明显。我们讨论了自我验证和身份融合在助长极端行为方面的协同作用,并确定了未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Nasty and Noble Notes: Interdependence Structures Drive Self-Serving Gossip. 下流而高尚的笔记:相互依存结构驱动自私自利的流言蜚语
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231171054
Terence D Dores Cruz, Romy van der Lee, Myriam N Bechtoldt, Bianca Beersma

Much information people receive about others reaches them via gossip. But is this gossip trustworthy? We examined this in a scenario study (Nsenders = 350, Nobservations = 700) and an interactive laboratory experiment (Nsenders = 126; Nobservations = 3024). In both studies, participants played a sequential prisoner's dilemma where a gossip sender observed a target's (first decider's) decision and could gossip about this to a receiver (second decider). We manipulated the interdependence structure such that gossipers' outcomes were equal to targets' outcomes, equal to receivers' outcomes, or independent. Compared to no interdependence, gossip was more often false when gossipers were interdependent with targets but not when interdependent with receivers. As such, false positive gossip (self-serving when interdependent with targets) increased but false negative gossip (self-serving when interdependent with receivers) did not. In conclusion, the interdependence structure affected gossip's trustworthiness: When gossipers' outcomes were interdependent with targets, gossip was less trustworthy.

人们通过流言蜚语获得了许多关于他人的信息。但这些流言蜚语可信吗?我们在一项情景研究(参与者人数 = 350,观察人数 = 700)和一项互动实验室实验(参与者人数 = 126;观察人数 = 3024)中对此进行了研究。在这两项研究中,参与者都玩了一个连续的囚徒困境游戏,在这个游戏中,流言发送者观察到了目标(第一决定者)的决定,并可以向接收者(第二决定者)说三道四。我们对相互依赖结构进行了调整,使流言发送者的结果等于目标者的结果、等于接收者的结果或独立于目标者的结果。与没有相互依赖关系相比,当流言者与目标相互依赖时,流言的错误率更高;而当流言者与接收者相互依赖时,流言的错误率则不高。因此,虚假的正面流言(与目标相互依赖时为自己服务)增加了,但虚假的负面流言(与接收者相互依赖时为自己服务)没有增加。总之,相互依赖结构影响了流言的可信度:当流言者的结果与目标相互依赖时,流言的可信度较低。
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引用次数: 0
Moral Future-Thinking: Does the Moral Circle Stand the Test of Time? 道德的未来思考:道德圈是否经得起时间的考验?
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241284324
Kyle Fiore Law, Stylianos Syropoulos, Matthew Coleman, Izzy Gainsburg, Brendan Bo O'Connor

Humanity's long-term welfare may lie in the hands of those who are presently living, raising the question of whether people today hold the generations of tomorrow in their moral circles. Five studies (NTotal = 1652; Prolific) reveal present-oriented bias in the moral standing of future generations, with greater perceived moral obligation, moral concern, and prosocial intentions for proximal relative to distal future targets. Yet, present-oriented bias appears stronger for socially close compared with socially distant targets and for human targets relative to non-human animals and entities in nature. Individual differences, including longtermism beliefs and subjective imaginative vividness, predict greater concern for and obligation to the future. Likewise, concern and obligation predict greater future-oriented generosity. Our studies are among the first to explore moral considerations for targets across deep temporal expanses, reconcile conflicting evidence in the extant literature on moral judgment and future-thinking, and offer practical implications for bettering the shared societal future.

人类的长远福祉可能掌握在现在活着的人手中,这就提出了一个问题:今天的人们是否在他们的道德观念中认为子孙后代才是最重要的。五项研究(NTotal = 1652;Prolific)显示,后代人的道德地位存在 "当前导向 "偏差,相对于远期目标,近代目标的道德义务感、道德关怀和亲社会意图更强。然而,与社会距离较远的目标相比,与社会距离较近的目标相比,与非人类动物和自然界实体相比,人类目标的当前导向偏差似乎更大。个体差异,包括长期主义信念和主观想象力的生动性,预示着对未来更多的关注和义务。同样,对未来的关注和对未来的义务也预示着更大的面向未来的慷慨。我们的研究是首次探讨跨时空的目标道德考量,调和了道德判断和未来思考方面现有文献中相互矛盾的证据,并为改善共同的社会未来提供了实际意义。
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引用次数: 0
Gender Stereotypes About Career and Family Are Stronger in More Economically Developed Countries and Can Explain the Gender Equality Paradox. 在经济较发达的国家,关于职业和家庭的性别陈规定型观念更强,这可以解释性别平等悖论。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241286084
Clotilde Napp

Using data from Project Implicit collected between 2005 and 2020, comprising 1,489,721 observations in 111 countries, we find that implicit and explicit gender stereotypes about career and family are more pronounced in more economically developed countries. Besides, these gender stereotypes are strongly correlated at the country level with gender differences in values (such as family values), self-reported personality traits (such as agreeableness or dependence), and occupational preferences (such as health-related occupations), and may account for the fact that these gender imbalances are "paradoxically" stronger in more economically developed countries (the so-called "gender equality paradox").In line with social role theory, our findings suggest that there are in developed countries strong gender stereotypes about career and family, which may at least partly explain the persistence or even the "paradoxical worsening" of a number of gender differences in these countries, despite generally high levels of gender equality in other areas.

通过使用 2005 年至 2020 年期间收集的 "隐含项目 "数据(包括 111 个国家的 1,489,721 个观测值),我们发现,在经济较发达的国家,有关职业和家庭的隐性和显性性别刻板印象更为明显。此外,在国家层面上,这些性别刻板印象与价值观(如家庭价值观)、自我报告的人格特质(如合群性或依赖性)和职业偏好(如与健康相关的职业)方面的性别差异密切相关,这也可能是经济较发达国家性别失衡现象 "自相矛盾 "地更加严重的原因(即所谓的 "性别平等悖论")。与社会角色理论相一致,我们的研究结果表明,发达国家在职业和家庭方面存在强烈的性别陈规定型观念,这至少可以部分解释为什么这些国家的一些性别差异持续存在,甚至 "矛盾地恶化",尽管其他领域的性别平等水平普遍较高。
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引用次数: 0
Shifts in Racial Inequalities and White Backlash in the 21st Century U.S. 21 世纪美国种族不平等的转变与白人的反弹
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241286613
Apoorva Sarmal, Leah Cha, Allison L Skinner

Progress toward racial equality over the course of U.S. history has not been linear, and reductions in racial inequalities have historically been met with racist backlash. In the current research, we examine whether shifts in racial inequalities in key structural areas in recent decades can be used to predict implicit and explicit racial attitudes among White U.S. residents (N = 222,203). Consistent with the hypothesis that increasing racial equality is threatening, the majority of the statistically significant effects we observed indicated increased pro-White attitudes among White residents of states where racial inequalities decreased over time. State-level reductions in racial inequalities related to government assistance and employment-which have both been highly politicized-were predictive of greater pro-White attitudes among White U.S. residents. Overall, the current findings provide suggestive evidence that reductions in state-level racial inequalities may threaten the status quo, heightening pro-White attitudes among White U.S. residents.

在美国历史上,种族平等方面的进步并不是线性的,种族不平等现象的减少历来遭到种族主义者的反击。在目前的研究中,我们考察了近几十年来种族不平等在关键结构领域的变化是否可以用来预测美国白人居民(N = 222,203 人)的内隐和外显种族态度。与 "种族平等的加剧具有威胁性 "这一假设相一致,我们观察到的大多数具有统计学意义的效应都表明,在种族不平等现象随时间推移而减少的州,白人居民的亲白人态度有所增强。州一级与政府援助和就业相关的种族不平等的减少--这两项都已被高度政治化--预示着美国白人居民亲白人态度的增强。总之,目前的研究结果提供了提示性证据,表明州一级种族不平等的减少可能会威胁到现状,从而提高美国白人居民的亲白人态度。
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引用次数: 0
Applying Implicit Propositional Measures to Detect Faking in Personality-Related Scales: Reliability, Discriminating Power, and Classification Accuracy. 应用内隐命题测量法检测人格相关量表中的作假行为:可靠性、辨别力和分类准确性。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241286209
Francesco Dentale, Michele Vecchione

Two implicit propositional measures designed to detect faking in personality-related scales were tested across four experimental studies. Study 1 (n = 116) included the Deception Relational Responding Task and Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire as the faking-detector and target scale, respectively. Respondents were randomly assigned to faking or no-faking conditions. Faking respondents were instructed to appear opposite to their narcissistic profile, while no-faking had to respond honestly. In Study 2 (n = 133), the faking-detector was the Deception Implicit Association Test (Dec-aIAT), while the target scale and faking/no-faking instructions remained the same. In Studies 3 (n = 74) and 4 (n = 111), the faking-detector was again the Dec-aIAT, while the target scale was the Big Five Questionnaire-2. Faking respondents had to adhere to a desirable target profile (Study 3; faking-good) or its opposite (Study 4; faking-bad) while no-faking should respond honestly. Overall, the implicit measures showed adequate-to-excellent reliability, discriminating power, and classification accuracy.

我们在四项实验研究中测试了两种旨在检测人格相关量表中作假行为的内隐命题测量法。研究 1(n = 116)包括欺骗关系反应任务和自恋式爱慕与竞争问卷,分别作为作假检测器和目标量表。受访者被随机分配到作假或不作假的条件下。作假的受访者被要求表现出与其自恋特征相反的行为,而不作假的受访者则必须如实回答。在研究 2(n = 133)中,作假检测器是欺骗内隐联想测验(Dec-aIAT),而目标量表和作假/不作假说明保持不变。在研究 3(n = 74)和研究 4(n = 111)中,作假检测器仍然是 Dec-aIAT,而目标量表是大五问卷-2。作假的受访者必须符合理想的目标特征(研究 3;作假-好)或与之相反的特征(研究 4;作假-坏),而不作假的受访者则应诚实作答。总的来说,内隐测量显示出了足够到出色的可靠性、区分能力和分类准确性。
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引用次数: 0
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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
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