This paper aims to analyze Pierre Janet’s interpretation of Maine de Biran’s notion of the “unconscious” through a comparative study between L’automatisme psychologique (1889) and some Biranian writings devoted to the problem of pure affections. The objective is to question whether Janet’s psychological reading of this very notion had been faithful to Biran’s intentions, and to understand what kind of Biranism Janet is referring to when dealing with the problem of the unconscious.
{"title":"Pierre Janet: A psychological reading of Maine de Biran’s theory of the unconscious","authors":"D. Vincenti","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00601","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper aims to analyze Pierre Janet’s interpretation of Maine de Biran’s notion of the “unconscious” through a comparative study between L’automatisme psychologique (1889) and some Biranian writings devoted to the problem of pure affections. The objective is to question whether Janet’s psychological reading of this very notion had been faithful to Biran’s intentions, and to understand what kind of Biranism Janet is referring to when dealing with the problem of the unconscious.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"302 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79681371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution explores the concept of the unconscious as articulated by Proust in his À la recherche du temps perdu and in a series of documents and texts that preceded it. It aims at understanding whether and to what extent Proust can be placed on a line of French thought that begins with the work of Maine de Biran and culminates in the reception of Biranism by French alienists, that is doctors specialized in the study of mental alienation, in the second half of the nineteenth century. This type of interpretation of Biran’s doctrine is attuned to the increasing attention which, at the time of Proust’s education, was given to the unconscious and to the idea that, alongside the conscious self, there is an unconscious self, understood as a secondary personality that can manifest itself in the life of the individual in both normal and pathological ways. Following the interpretative path pursued in Piazza (1997; 2017), Bizub (2006) and Fraisse (2013), this article takes into account both Proust₡s secondary and university education and his familiarity with experimental psychology, to which he was introduced by his father.
这一贡献探讨了普鲁斯特在他的À la recherche du temps perdu以及之前的一系列文件和文本中所阐述的无意识概念。它的目的是理解普鲁斯特是否以及在多大程度上可以被置于一条法国思想路线上，这条路线始于梅因·德·比兰的作品，并以法国异化主义者对比兰主义的接受为高潮，这些异化主义者是19世纪下半叶专门研究精神异化的医生。这种对Biran学说的解释与普鲁斯特受教育时期人们对无意识的日益关注相一致，人们认为，除了有意识的自我之外，还有一个无意识的自我，它被理解为一个次要人格，可以以正常和病态的方式在个人的生活中表现出来。遵循《广场》(Piazza, 1997)所追求的解释性路径;2017)， Bizub(2006)和Fraisse(2013)，本文考虑到普鲁斯特的中学和大学教育以及他对实验心理学的熟悉程度，他是由他的父亲介绍的。
{"title":"Proust on the Subconscious: Psychic splitting, Half-sleep, and Metempsychosis","authors":"M. Piazza","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00602","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This contribution explores the concept of the unconscious as articulated by Proust in his À la recherche du temps perdu and in a series of documents and texts that preceded it. It aims at understanding whether and to what extent Proust can be placed on a line of French thought that begins with the work of Maine de Biran and culminates in the reception of Biranism by French alienists, that is doctors specialized in the study of mental alienation, in the second half of the nineteenth century. This type of interpretation of Biran’s doctrine is attuned to the increasing attention which, at the time of Proust’s education, was given to the unconscious and to the idea that, alongside the conscious self, there is an unconscious self, understood as a secondary personality that can manifest itself in the life of the individual in both normal and pathological ways. Following the interpretative path pursued in Piazza (1997; 2017), Bizub (2006) and Fraisse (2013), this article takes into account both Proust₡s secondary and university education and his familiarity with experimental psychology, to which he was introduced by his father.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75470842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The term “coenesthesia” was introduced at the end of the 18th century by the German physiologist Johann Christian Reil to designate the general perception of the living body through the nerves disseminated in it. Over the course of the 19th century, this notion circulated widely not only in Germany, but also in France, where it was developed in particular by Théodule Ribot. However, a good sixty years before Ribot, Maine de Biran had already employed the notion of “coenesthesia” to indicate the “immediate feeling of existence”, which he distinguishes from the apperception of the self in relation to the body. What Biran emphasizes, in his philosophical appropriation of “coenesthesia”, is the impersonal and mostly unconscious nature of this feeling, which nevertheless never leaves us and plays a key role in the shaping of our personal and conscious life, unnoticeably influencing the course of our ideas, our character, and the emotional tone of our perception of the world. The purpose of this article is to study Biran’s philosophical use of the notion of “coenesthesia” in the last phase of his philosophical reflection (1823–1824) in relation to the emergence of the problem of the unconscious.
“通感”一词是18世纪末由德国生理学家约翰·克里斯蒂安·赖尔(Johann Christian Reil)提出的，用来指通过散布在生物体中的神经对生物体的一般感知。在19世纪的整个过程中，这个概念不仅在德国广为流传，而且在法国也广为流传，尤其是由thsamodule Ribot发展起来的。然而，早在里博之前的整整60年，梅因·德·比兰就已经使用了“共觉”的概念来表示“存在的直接感觉”，他将其与自我与身体的关系统觉区分开来。在他对“通感”的哲学挪用中，Biran强调的是这种感觉的非个人和无意识的本质，尽管如此，这种感觉从未离开我们，在塑造我们的个人和意识生活中发挥着关键作用，不知不觉地影响着我们的思想进程，我们的性格，以及我们对世界的感知的情感基调。本文的目的是研究Biran在他哲学反思的最后阶段(1823-1824)中对“共感”概念的哲学运用，这与无意识问题的出现有关。
{"title":"Coenesthesia or the Immediate Feeling of Existence: Maine de Biran and the Problem of the Unconscious between Physiology and Philosophy","authors":"Alessandra Aloisi","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00598","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The term “coenesthesia” was introduced at the end of the 18th century by the German physiologist Johann Christian Reil to designate the general perception of the living body through the nerves disseminated in it. Over the course of the 19th century, this notion circulated widely not only in Germany, but also in France, where it was developed in particular by Théodule Ribot. However, a good sixty years before Ribot, Maine de Biran had already employed the notion of “coenesthesia” to indicate the “immediate feeling of existence”, which he distinguishes from the apperception of the self in relation to the body. What Biran emphasizes, in his philosophical appropriation of “coenesthesia”, is the impersonal and mostly unconscious nature of this feeling, which nevertheless never leaves us and plays a key role in the shaping of our personal and conscious life, unnoticeably influencing the course of our ideas, our character, and the emotional tone of our perception of the world. The purpose of this article is to study Biran’s philosophical use of the notion of “coenesthesia” in the last phase of his philosophical reflection (1823–1824) in relation to the emergence of the problem of the unconscious.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73366388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares the phenomena of tic and slip of the tongue [lapsus] as they have been described by Maine de Biran and Victor Egger, including a possible reception of Biran’s thought by Egger. In the 20th century these phenomena will be analysed by psychoanalysis, but their first description appears in nineteenth-century French philosophy. Starting from the analysis of Biran’s tics and Egger’s slips, the extent to which the concept of habit is linked, since the nineteenth century, to a reflection on the unconscious emerges. Tic and slip of the tongue constitute, each in its own way, the place where habit exhibits its most peculiar characteristic, that of being always suspended in the dual dialectic of the voluntary and the involuntary, of the conscious and the unconscious. Maine de Biran’s habit tics underline the tendency set by habit for which voluntary and conscious actions become involuntary and unconscious, whereas Egger defines slip of the tongue as an involuntary and unconscious event that allows the birth of new habits.
{"title":"Tics, Slips of the tongue and Habit between Maine de Biran and Victor Egger","authors":"Sofia Sandreschi de Robertis","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00600","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article compares the phenomena of tic and slip of the tongue [lapsus] as they have been described by Maine de Biran and Victor Egger, including a possible reception of Biran’s thought by Egger. In the 20th century these phenomena will be analysed by psychoanalysis, but their first description appears in nineteenth-century French philosophy. Starting from the analysis of Biran’s tics and Egger’s slips, the extent to which the concept of habit is linked, since the nineteenth century, to a reflection on the unconscious emerges. Tic and slip of the tongue constitute, each in its own way, the place where habit exhibits its most peculiar characteristic, that of being always suspended in the dual dialectic of the voluntary and the involuntary, of the conscious and the unconscious. Maine de Biran’s habit tics underline the tendency set by habit for which voluntary and conscious actions become involuntary and unconscious, whereas Egger defines slip of the tongue as an involuntary and unconscious event that allows the birth of new habits.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76238510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this article I discuss a particular aspect of the Dutch reception of the ideas of René Descartes, namely the use of his Traité de l’homme by Henricus Regius. I analyze the use that Regius made of the theory of the movement of muscles, passions, hunger, and more generally of the neurophysiology expounded by Descartes in his book (not printed until 1662–1664). In my analysis, I reconstruct the internal evolution of Regius’s neurophysiology, I illustrate its sources beyond Descartes (i.e., Jean Fernel and Santorio Santorio), and I show that he was certainly acquainted with some of its contents as early as 1641 (when he used it with the mediation of Descartes), before relying on it—as variously discussed in secondary literature—in his Fundamenta physices (1646), when he appropriated from it without Descartes’s authorization.
{"title":"The Use and Plagiarism of Descartes’s Traité de l’homme by Henricus Regius: A Reassessment","authors":"Andrea Strazzoni","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article I discuss a particular aspect of the Dutch reception of the ideas of René Descartes, namely the use of his Traité de l’homme by Henricus Regius. I analyze the use that Regius made of the theory of the movement of muscles, passions, hunger, and more generally of the neurophysiology expounded by Descartes in his book (not printed until 1662–1664). In my analysis, I reconstruct the internal evolution of Regius’s neurophysiology, I illustrate its sources beyond Descartes (i.e., Jean Fernel and Santorio Santorio), and I show that he was certainly acquainted with some of its contents as early as 1641 (when he used it with the mediation of Descartes), before relying on it—as variously discussed in secondary literature—in his Fundamenta physices (1646), when he appropriated from it without Descartes’s authorization.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"627-683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80294342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Arguments discrediting the value-free ideal of science have left us with the question of how to distinguish desirable values from biases that compromise the reliability of research. In this paper, I argue for a characterization of cognitive biases as deviations of thought processes that systematically lead scientists to the wrong conclusions. In particular, cognitive biases could help us understand a crucial issue in science today: how systematic error is introduced in research outcomes, even when research is evaluated as of good quality. To conclude, I suggest that some debiasing mechanisms have great potential for countering implicit methodological biases in science.
{"title":"Methodological and Cognitive Biases in Science: Issues for Current Research and Ways to Counteract Them","authors":"Manuela Fernández Pinto","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00589","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Arguments discrediting the value-free ideal of science have left us with the question of how to distinguish desirable values from biases that compromise the reliability of research. In this paper, I argue for a characterization of cognitive biases as deviations of thought processes that systematically lead scientists to the wrong conclusions. In particular, cognitive biases could help us understand a crucial issue in science today: how systematic error is introduced in research outcomes, even when research is evaluated as of good quality. To conclude, I suggest that some debiasing mechanisms have great potential for countering implicit methodological biases in science.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"535-554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90673739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Complexity sciences have become famous worldwide thanks to several popular books that served as echo chambers of their promises. These consisted in departing from “classical science” defined as deterministic, reductionist, analytic and mono-disciplinary. Their founders and supporters declared that complexity sciences were going to give rise (or that they have given rise) to a post-Laplacian, antireductionist, holistic and interdisciplinary approach. By taking a closer look at their content and practices, I argue in this article that, because of their physics-oriented, computationalist, and mathematical assumptions, complexity sciences have paradoxically produced knowledge at odds with these four tenets.
{"title":"The Promises of Complexity Sciences: A Critique","authors":"Fabrizio Li Vigni","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00592","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Complexity sciences have become famous worldwide thanks to several popular books that served as echo chambers of their promises. These consisted in departing from “classical science” defined as deterministic, reductionist, analytic and mono-disciplinary. Their founders and supporters declared that complexity sciences were going to give rise (or that they have given rise) to a post-Laplacian, antireductionist, holistic and interdisciplinary approach. By taking a closer look at their content and practices, I argue in this article that, because of their physics-oriented, computationalist, and mathematical assumptions, complexity sciences have paradoxically produced knowledge at odds with these four tenets.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"465-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80430996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper explores Thomas Kuhn’s intellectual history by examining sources that have been understudied so far: the Lowell Lectures of 1951 (The Quest for Physical Theory) and the hitherto unpublished Notre Dame Lectures of 1980. The analysis of these texts aims to reconstruct Kuhn’s development of a semantics that can account for scientific progress. This analysis will show that the alleged “linguistic turn” attributed to the author is actually a renewed interest in problems that existed well before publishing The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
{"title":"Towards a Genealogy of Thomas Kuhn’s Semantics","authors":"Pablo Melogno, L. Giri","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00591","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores Thomas Kuhn’s intellectual history by examining sources that have been understudied so far: the Lowell Lectures of 1951 (The Quest for Physical Theory) and the hitherto unpublished Notre Dame Lectures of 1980. The analysis of these texts aims to reconstruct Kuhn’s development of a semantics that can account for scientific progress. This analysis will show that the alleged “linguistic turn” attributed to the author is actually a renewed interest in problems that existed well before publishing The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"41 1","pages":"385-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74634026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Chemistry is engaged with a subject that is not static but evolving in time, in chemical space, namely, the collection of all substances and reactions reported over time. If we accept that premise, we can identify the path dependencies and self-reinforcing mechanisms that determined its current space and selected it across historical alternatives. In particular, data analysis allows us to identify two crucial turning points. One was the introduction of structural theory in 1860, the other a technological shift around 1980.
{"title":"Self-reinforcing Mechanisms Driving the Evolution of the Chemical Space","authors":"J. Jost, G. Restrepo","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00588","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chemistry is engaged with a subject that is not static but evolving in time, in chemical space, namely, the collection of all substances and reactions reported over time. If we accept that premise, we can identify the path dependencies and self-reinforcing mechanisms that determined its current space and selected it across historical alternatives. In particular, data analysis allows us to identify two crucial turning points. One was the introduction of structural theory in 1860, the other a technological shift around 1980.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"555-593"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89550243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Explanation is commonly considered one of the central goals of science. Although computer simulations have become an important tool in many scientific areas, various philosophical concerns indicate that their explanatory power requires further scrutiny. We examine a case study in which atomistic simulations have been used to examine the factors responsible for the transport selectivity of certain channel proteins located at cell membranes. By elucidating how precisely atomistic simulations helped scientists draw inferences about the molecular system under investigation, we respond to some concerns regarding their explanatory power. We argue that atomistic simulations can be tools for managing molecular complexity and for systematically assessing how the occurrence of the explanandum is sensitive to a range of factors.
{"title":"Dealing with Molecular Complexity. Atomistic Computer Simulations and Scientific Explanation","authors":"Julie Schweer, M. Elstner","doi":"10.1162/posc_a_00594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00594","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Explanation is commonly considered one of the central goals of science. Although computer simulations have become an important tool in many scientific areas, various philosophical concerns indicate that their explanatory power requires further scrutiny. We examine a case study in which atomistic simulations have been used to examine the factors responsible for the transport selectivity of certain channel proteins located at cell membranes. By elucidating how precisely atomistic simulations helped scientists draw inferences about the molecular system under investigation, we respond to some concerns regarding their explanatory power. We argue that atomistic simulations can be tools for managing molecular complexity and for systematically assessing how the occurrence of the explanandum is sensitive to a range of factors.","PeriodicalId":19867,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives on Science","volume":"49 1","pages":"594-626"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86092788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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