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Neural networks with quantum states of light. 具有光量子态的神经网络。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-30 Epub Date: 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0346
Adrià Labay-Mora, Jorge García-Beni, Gian Luca Giorgi, Miguel C Soriano, Roberta Zambrini

Quantum optical networks are instrumental in addressing the fundamental questions and enable applications ranging from communication to computation and, more recently, machine learning (ML). In particular, photonic artificial neural networks (ANNs) offer the opportunity to exploit the advantages of both classical and quantum optics. Photonic neuro-inspired computation and ML have been successfully demonstrated in classical settings, while quantum optical networks have triggered breakthrough applications such as teleportation, quantum key distribution and quantum computing. We present a perspective on the state of the art in quantum optical ML and the potential advantages of ANNs in circuit designs and beyond, in more general, analogue settings characterized by recurrent and coherent complex interactions. We consider two analogue neuro-inspired applications, namely quantum reservoir computing and quantum associative memories, and discuss the enhanced capabilities offered by quantum substrates, highlighting the specific role of light squeezing in this context.This article is part of the theme issue 'The quantum theory of light'.

量子光网络在解决基本问题和实现从通信到计算以及最近的机器学习(ML)的应用方面发挥了重要作用。特别是,光子人工神经网络(ANNs)提供了利用经典光学和量子光学优势的机会。光子神经启发的计算和机器学习已经在经典环境中得到了成功的证明,而量子光网络已经引发了诸如隐形传态、量子密钥分发和量子计算等突破性应用。我们提出了量子光学机器学习技术的现状和人工神经网络在电路设计及其他方面的潜在优势的观点,在更一般的情况下,以循环和相干复杂相互作用为特征的模拟设置。我们考虑了两种模拟神经启发的应用,即量子储层计算和量子联想记忆,并讨论了量子基板提供的增强功能,强调了光压缩在这种情况下的特定作用。这篇文章是主题“光的量子理论”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Orbital angular momentum of single photons: revealing quantum fundamentals. 单光子的轨道角动量:揭示量子基本原理。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-30 Epub Date: 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0327
Miles Padgett

In 1992, Allen et al. (Allen L, Beijersbergen MW, Spreeuw RJC, Woerdman JP. 1992 Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes. Phys. Rev. A 45, 8185-8189. (doi:10.1103/physreva.45.8185)) published their seminal paper on the orbital angular momentum of light, drawing together seemingly unrelated themes and ideas in optics. This breakthrough initiated a new area of optical science concerning the physics and applications of structured light beams. This orbital angular momentum is an important concept for both classical and quantum science, especially where the framing in terms of angular momentum demystifies some of the quantum properties of light. Loudon's own work (Loudon R. 2003 Theory of the forces exerted by Laguerre-Gaussian light beams on dielectrics. Phys. Rev. A 68, 013806. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.68.013806)) in this area focused on the interactions between light and matter where the orbital angular momentum extended his studies from linear impulses to rotational torques.This article is part of the theme issue 'The quantum theory of light'.

1992年,Allen et al. (Allen L, Beijersbergen MW, Spreeuw RJC, Woerdman JP)。1992光的轨道角动量与拉盖尔-高斯激光模的变换。理论物理。Rev. A 45, 8185-8189。(doi:10.1103/physreva.45.8185)))发表了他们关于光的轨道角动量的开创性论文,将光学中看似无关的主题和思想结合在一起。这一突破开创了一个光学科学的新领域,涉及结构光束的物理和应用。轨道角动量对于经典科学和量子科学来说都是一个重要的概念,特别是在角动量的框架下,光的一些量子特性变得更加神秘。劳登(Loudon R. 2003)关于拉盖尔-高斯光束对电介质施加的力的理论。理论物理。Rev. A 68, 013806。(doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.68.013806)))在这个领域专注于光与物质之间的相互作用,其中轨道角动量将他的研究从线性脉冲扩展到旋转力矩。这篇文章是主题“光的量子理论”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Dual-frequency electromagnetic sounding of a Triton ocean from a single flyby. 单次飞越对海卫一海洋的双频电磁探测。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0087
Krishan K Khurana, Jiang Liu, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Corey Cochrane, Francis Nimmo, Louise M Prockter

Triton, the largest satellite of Neptune, is in a retrograde orbit and is likely a captured Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). Triton has a mean density of only 2.061 gm/cm3 and is therefore believed to have a 250-400 km thick hydrosphere. Triton is also one of the few planetary satellites to possess a thick ionosphere whose height-integrated Pedersen conductivity exceeds 104 S, complicating the sounding of Triton's subsurface using electromagnetic induction. Triton experiences a time-varying magnetic field dominated by two periods, one at 14.4 h, at the synodic rotation period of Neptune (from Neptune's tilted field) and one at 141 h, at the orbital period of Triton (from large inclination of Triton's orbit). We show that for most models of ionospheric conductivity, the 14.4 h wave creates a large response from the ionosphere itself and is unable to sound the putative ocean below. However, the 141 h wave penetrates the ionosphere easily and provides information on Triton's ocean. We introduce a technique that allows us to determine the complex magnetic moments generated at the two key periods from the magnetic data from a single flyby, allowing us to infer the presence of a subsurface ocean.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

海卫一,海王星最大的卫星,正处于逆行轨道上,很可能是被捕获的柯伊伯带天体(KBO)。海卫一的平均密度只有2.061克/立方厘米,因此被认为有250-400公里厚的水圈。海卫一也是为数不多的拥有厚厚的电离层的行星卫星之一,电离层的高度积分Pedersen电导率超过104 S,这使得利用电磁感应探测海卫一地下变得更加复杂。海卫一经历一个时变磁场,由两个周期主导,一个是14.4小时,在海王星的旋转周期(来自海王星的倾斜磁场),一个是141小时,在海卫一的轨道周期(来自海卫一轨道的大倾角)。我们表明,对于大多数电离层电导率模型,14.4 h的波从电离层本身产生了很大的响应,并且无法探测到下面假定的海洋。然而,141 h的波很容易穿透电离层,并提供了有关海卫一海洋的信息。我们介绍了一种技术,使我们能够从单次飞越的磁数据中确定在两个关键时期产生的复杂磁矩,从而推断地下海洋的存在。这篇文章是主题“地球和行星海洋的磁测遥感”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetic signals from oceanic tides: new satellite observations and applications. 海洋潮汐的磁信号:新的卫星观测和应用。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0078
Alexander Grayver, Christopher C Finlay, Nils Olsen

The tidal flow of seawater across the Earth's magnetic field induces electric currents and magnetic fields within the ocean and solid Earth. The amplitude and phase of the induced fields depend on the electrical properties of both seawater and the solid Earth, and thus can be used as proxies to study the seabed properties or potentially for monitoring long-term trends in the global ocean climatology. This article presents new global oceanic tidal magnetic field models and their uncertainties for four tidal constituents, including [Formula: see text] and even [Formula: see text], which was not reliably retrieved previously. Models are obtained through a robust least-squares analysis of magnetic field observations from the Swarm and CHAMP satellites using a specially designed data selection scheme. We compare the retrieved magnetic signals with several alternative models reported in the literature. Additionally, we validate them using a series of high-resolution global three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic simulations and place constraints on the conductivity of the sub-oceanic mantle for all tidal constituents, revealing an excellent agreement between all tidal constituents and the oceanic upper mantle structure.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

海水的潮汐流穿过地球磁场,在海洋和固体地球内部产生电流和磁场。感应磁场的振幅和相位取决于海水和固体地球的电特性,因此可以用作研究海底特性或潜在地监测全球海洋气候学的长期趋势的代用物。本文提出了新的全球海洋潮汐磁场模型及其对四种潮汐成分的不确定性,包括[公式:见文]和[公式:见文],这些潮汐成分在以前的检索中并不可靠。模型是通过使用特殊设计的数据选择方案对Swarm和CHAMP卫星的磁场观测数据进行鲁棒最小二乘分析获得的。我们将检索到的磁信号与文献中报道的几种替代模型进行比较。此外,我们使用一系列高分辨率的全球三维(3D)电磁模拟来验证它们,并对所有潮汐成分的海底地幔电导率进行了限制,揭示了所有潮汐成分与海洋上地幔结构之间的良好一致性。这篇文章是主题“地球和行星海洋的磁测遥感”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Properties of tsunami-generated electromagnetic variation observed on islands. 岛屿上观测到的海啸产生的电磁变化特性。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0084
Takuto Minami

Electrically conductive seawater, moving in an ambient magnetic field, generates electromagnetic (EM) variations. Tsunamis are significant contributors to this phenomenon, inducing observable electric and magnetic fluctuations at seafloor and coastal observatories. While understanding of these occurrences in open oceans is robust, knowledge regarding their observation on islands remains limited. This article seeks, through the use of numerical experimentation, to enhance our understanding of tsunami-generated EM (TGEM) variations observed on islands. Utilizing simulations involving conical islands, we identify three key insights regarding EM intensity normalized by the height of incident tsunamis: (i) increased ocean depth surrounding the island amplifies tsunami EM signals, particularly for periods shorter than 20 min; (ii) magnetic field strength at the island is approximately comparable to that observed at the seafloor in the absence of the island when the island radius is smaller than 6 km; and (iii) electric field intensity at the island notably surpasses that observed at the seafloor, especially with smaller island radii ([Formula: see text] 6 km). Additionally, we establish that employing the ratio of island radius to tsunami wavelength near the island coast facilitates the derivation of empirical functions for this phenomenon.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

导电性海水在环境磁场中运动,会产生电磁变化。海啸是造成这一现象的重要因素,在海底和沿海观测站引起可观察到的电和磁波动。虽然对开阔海洋中这些现象的了解很充分,但对在岛屿上观察这些现象的了解仍然有限。本文试图通过使用数值实验来提高我们对在岛屿上观测到的海啸产生的电磁(TGEM)变化的理解。利用涉及锥形岛屿的模拟,我们确定了关于海啸高度标准化的电磁强度的三个关键观点:(i)岛屿周围海洋深度的增加放大了海啸电磁信号,特别是在短于20分钟的时间内;(ii)当岛屿半径小于6公里时,岛上的磁场强度与没有岛屿时在海底观测到的磁场强度大致相当;(三)岛上的电场强度明显超过海底观测到的电场强度,特别是岛屿半径较小时([公式:见文本]6公里)。此外,我们还证实,在岛屿海岸附近使用岛屿半径与海啸波长之比有助于推导这一现象的经验函数。这篇文章是主题“地球和行星海洋的磁测遥感”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Oceanic and ionospheric tidal magnetic fields extracted from global geomagnetic observatory data. 从全球地磁观测资料中提取的海洋和电离层潮汐磁场。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0088
Robert H Tyler, David S Trossman

Ocean tide generated magnetic fields contain information about changes in ocean heat content and transport that can potentially be retrieved from remotely sensed magnetic data. To provide an important baseline towards developing this potential, tidal signals are extracted from 288 land geomagnetic observatory records having observations within the 50-year time span 1965-2015. The extraction method uses robust iteratively reweighted least squares for a range of models using different predictant and predictor assumptions. The predictants are the time series of the three vector components at each observatory, with versional variations in data selection and processing. The predictors fall into two categories: one using time-harmonic bases and the other that directly use lunar and solar ephemerides with gravitational theory to describe the tidal forces. The ephemerides predictors are shown to perform better (fitting more variance with fewer predictors) than do the time-harmonic predictors, which include the traditional 'Chapman-Miller method'. In fitting the oceanic lunar tidal signals, the predictants with the highest signal/noise involve the 'vertical' magnetic vector component following principle-component rotation. The best simple semidiurnal predictor is the ephemeris series of lunar azimuth weighted by the inverse-cubed lunar distance. More variance is fitted with predictors representing the lunar tidal potential and gradients calculated for each location/time.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

海潮产生的磁场包含有关海洋热含量和传输变化的信息,这些信息有可能从遥感磁数据中检索到。为了为开发这一潜力提供一个重要的基线,从1965-2015年50年间的288个陆地地磁观测记录中提取了潮汐信号。该方法采用鲁棒迭代加权最小二乘方法对不同预测因子和预测因子假设下的一系列模型进行提取。预测值是每个观测站的三个矢量分量的时间序列,在数据选择和处理方面存在版本差异。预测者分为两类:一类使用时谐基,另一类直接使用月球和太阳星历表和引力理论来描述潮汐力。与包括传统的“Chapman-Miller方法”在内的时谐预测器相比,星历表预测器表现得更好(用更少的预测器拟合更多的方差)。在拟合海洋月潮信号时,信噪比最高的预测因子涉及主分量旋转后的“垂直”磁矢量分量。最简单的半日预报是月球方位角与月球距离的倒数立方加权的星历序列。用代表每个地点/时间计算的月球潮汐势和梯度的预测器拟合更多的方差。这篇文章是主题“地球和行星海洋的磁测遥感”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Sensitivity of M2 tidal magnetic signals to seasonal and spatial variations of ocean electric conductivity. M2潮汐磁信号对海洋电导率季节和空间变化的敏感性。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0079
J Velímský, L Šachl

Electrical conductivity of the Earth's oceans is an important oceanographic parameter related through its dependence on temperature and salinity to the state of the ocean. The tidally induced magnetic field then provides a directly and globally observable physical variable affected by the ocean conductivity spatial and temporal distribution. This contribution addresses two topics of the impact of the ocean conductivity variations on the principal lunar semi-diurnal magnetic signals. First, using high-resolution forward modelling, we investigate the sensitivity of the magnetic field to seasonal conductivity variations. Here, we find that the differences between magnetic signatures calculated for individual monthly conductivity climatologies are small, and localized to the marginal seas of the global ocean. Second, we formulate an inverse method to provide a constraint for the ocean conductivity in the upper 1000 m of the ocean, and test it using a synthetic dataset, demonstrating a proof-of-concept for such an approach.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

地球海洋的电导率是一个重要的海洋学参数,它与海洋的温度和盐度有关。因此,潮汐感应磁场提供了一个直接和全球可观测的物理变量,受海洋电导率时空分布的影响。这篇论文讨论了海洋电导率变化对月球主要半日磁信号的影响这两个主题。首先,利用高分辨率正演模拟,我们研究了磁场对季节电导率变化的敏感性。在这里,我们发现每个月电导率气候学计算的磁特征之间的差异很小,并且局限于全球海洋的边缘海。其次,我们制定了一种逆方法,为海洋上部1000米的海洋电导率提供约束,并使用合成数据集对其进行测试,展示了这种方法的概念验证。这篇文章是主题“地球和行星海洋的磁测遥感”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing electromagnetic data for tsunami source estimation: a comprehensive review. 利用电磁数据估算海啸震源:综合综述。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0082
Toshitaka Baba, Zhiheng Lin, Takuto Minami, Hiroaki Toh

Ocean-bottom pressure gauges are widely used for tsunami observations due to their established accuracy and stability. Recent advancements reveal that the magnetic field fluctuates when a large tsunami passes over the ocean, suggesting potential alternatives to pressure gauges in the form of ocean-bottom electromagnetometers (OBEMs). This article offers a comprehensive synthesis of recent findings concerning tsunami magnetic fields and their utility in tsunami source estimation. In addition, we scrutinize the effectiveness of tsunami observations employing OBEMs. Despite the promise of electromagnetometers, it is worth noting that the background noise inherent in electromagnetic observations tends to be approximately 10 times greater than that of pressure observations within the critical tsunami frequency bands. The Earth's magnetic field sporadically disrupts tsunami magnetic fields, presenting a potential limitation to the utility of electromagnetometers in tsunami detection when compared with pressure gauges. Nevertheless, our investigation underscores the potential of electromagnetic observations in detecting tsunamis propagating over the ocean at magnitudes of a few centimetres. An invaluable advantage of electromagnetometers over pressure monitoring lies in their capability to observe tsunami velocity fields, suggesting a promising avenue for further research and development in tsunami observation technology.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

海底压力计因其已确立的准确性和稳定性而广泛用于海啸观测。最近的进展表明,当大海啸经过海洋时,磁场会发生波动,这表明海底电磁计(obem)可能取代压力表。本文综合介绍了海啸磁场的最新研究成果及其在海啸震源估计中的应用。此外,我们还考察了利用obms进行海啸观测的有效性。尽管电磁力计很有前途,但值得注意的是,电磁观测中固有的背景噪声往往比海啸临界频带内压力观测的背景噪声大大约10倍。地球磁场偶尔会干扰海啸磁场,与压力表相比,电磁计在海啸探测中的应用存在潜在的局限性。然而,我们的研究强调了电磁观测在探测几厘米量级的海啸在海洋上传播方面的潜力。电磁力计相对于压力监测的宝贵优势在于其观测海啸速度场的能力,这为海啸观测技术的进一步研究和发展提供了一条有前途的途径。这篇文章是主题“地球和行星海洋的磁测遥感”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Satellite monitoring of long period ocean-induced magnetic field variations. 长周期海洋磁场变化的卫星监测。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0077
Christopher C Finlay, Jakub Velímský, Clemens Kloss, Rasmus M Blangsbøll

Satellite magnetic field observations have the potential to provide valuable information on dynamics, heat content and salinity throughout the ocean. Here, we present the expected spatio-temporal characteristics of the ocean-induced magnetic field (OIMF) at satellite altitude on periods of months to decades. We compare these to the characteristics of other sources of Earth's magnetic field, and discuss whether it is feasible for the OIMF to be retrieved and routinely monitored from space. We focus on large length scales (spherical harmonic degrees up to 30) and periods from one month up to 5 years. To characterize the expected ocean signal, we make use of advanced numerical simulations taking high-resolution oceanographic inputs and solve the magnetic induction equation in three dimensions, including galvanic coupling and self-induction effects. We find the time-varying ocean-induced signal dominates over the primary source of the internal field, the core dynamo, at high spherical harmonic degree with the cross-over taking place at degrees 13-19 depending on the considered period. The ionospheric and magnetospheric fields (including their Earth-induced counterparts) have most power on periods shorter than one month and are expected to be mostly zonal in magnetic coordinates at satellite altitude. Based on these findings, we discuss future prospects for isolating and monitoring long period OIMF variations using data collected by present and upcoming magnetic survey satellites.This article is part of the theme issue 'Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans'.

卫星磁场观测有可能提供关于整个海洋的动力学、热含量和盐度的宝贵信息。在此,我们给出了在卫星高度的海洋感应磁场(OIMF)在几个月到几十年周期内的预期时空特征。我们将这些与地球磁场其他来源的特征进行比较,并讨论从太空检索和常规监测OIMF是否可行。我们专注于大长度尺度(球面谐波度高达30)和周期从一个月到5年。为了描述期望的海洋信号,我们利用先进的数值模拟,采用高分辨率的海洋输入,求解三维磁感应方程,包括电偶耦合和自感效应。我们发现时变的海洋感应信号在高球谐度上优于内部场的主要源,即核心发电机,根据所考虑的周期,交叉发生在13-19度。电离层和磁层磁场(包括地球感应的磁场)在短于一个月的周期内能量最大,预计在卫星高度的磁坐标上主要是纬向的。基于这些发现,我们讨论了利用现有和即将到来的磁测卫星收集的数据分离和监测长周期OIMF变化的未来前景。这篇文章是主题“地球和行星海洋的磁测遥感”的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetometric remote sensing of Earth and planetary oceans. 地球和行星海洋的磁力计遥感。
IF 4.3 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-12-23 Epub Date: 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2024.0089
Robert Tyler, Hiroaki Toh, Krishan Khurana, Ikuko Fujii
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引用次数: 0
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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