The genome engineering methods have gained much appreciation for hitting plant disease resistance panorama since the last decade. The in vitro regeneration system is the foundation part of any research related to genetic engineering in plants. Hence, we established a tissue culture regime for efficient in vitro regeneration response of potato cultivar Lady Rosetta tagged with low to no resistance to late blight on foliage and medium to low resistance to late blight on tubers in potato. In this study, five callus induction media and seven regeneration media were investigated to get the best in vitro regeneration response in Lady Rosetta. Based on a statistical analysis of recorded data, the selected combination was CIM2-28 days old calli-RM7. The genetic fidelity of in vitro regenerated plants on a selected combination was assessed using the SSR markers. The wild-type and in vitro regenerated plants showed the same DNA profile. Moreover, a minimal inhibitory dose of basta was optimized for selecting genetically transformed plants in potato, and a 9mg /L basta dose was selected.
{"title":"Establishment of in vitro regeneration system for genome editing in potato cv. Lady Rosetta","authors":"Hafiza Arooj Razaq","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.651","url":null,"abstract":"The genome engineering methods have gained much appreciation for hitting plant disease resistance panorama since the last decade. The in vitro regeneration system is the foundation part of any research related to genetic engineering in plants. Hence, we established a tissue culture regime for efficient in vitro regeneration response of potato cultivar Lady Rosetta tagged with low to no resistance to late blight on foliage and medium to low resistance to late blight on tubers in potato. In this study, five callus induction media and seven regeneration media were investigated to get the best in vitro regeneration response in Lady Rosetta. Based on a statistical analysis of recorded data, the selected combination was CIM2-28 days old calli-RM7. The genetic fidelity of in vitro regenerated plants on a selected combination was assessed using the SSR markers. The wild-type and in vitro regenerated plants showed the same DNA profile. Moreover, a minimal inhibitory dose of basta was optimized for selecting genetically transformed plants in potato, and a 9mg /L basta dose was selected.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41299895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochemical compounds are important factors in plant-disease interactions. Plants become prone to pathogen infection due to alterations in these compounds which help the plants in restricting the pathogens. Knowledge of these alterations is helpful for researchers to develop some concrete solutions for the management of canker disease. For this purpose, experiments were conducted with three replications to find out the alterations in biochemical compounds of citrus leaves infected with canker disease by artificial inoculation through syringe method. So, six varieties (three susceptible and three resistant) were selected after two years screening of thirty species of citrus under natural field conditions. Leaves of susceptible (Grapefruit, Succari, Kinnow) and resistant (Kumquat, Jaffa, China lemon) varieties of inoculated and un-inoculated groups were collected and analyzed for variation in biochemical compounds by using Nested Structured Design. Variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in the biochemical compounds among the treatment types. Resistant type of plants expressed 3.35, 2.90, 1.01, 2.10, 2.50, 3.18, and 0.66 µg/g, susceptible type expressed 2.29, 2.49, 1.36, 2.41, 1.73, 4.13 and 0.86 µg/g of total phenolic contents, total soluble sugars, super oxidase dismutase, peroxidase, total soluble proteins, catalase and hydrogen peroxide respectively, while in case of groups, inoculated pants expressed 1.59,2.52, 1.98, 3.20, 0.93, 5.11 and 1.21 µg/g and un-inoculated group exhibited 4.05, 2.87, 0.39, 1.30,3.29, 2.19 and 0.30 µg/g. These variations can be used as biochemical markers to identify source of resistance in citrus species against canker disease.
{"title":"Biochemical base of resistance in citrus against canker disease","authors":"A. Hameed","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.11","url":null,"abstract":"Biochemical compounds are important factors in plant-disease interactions. Plants become prone to pathogen infection due to alterations in these compounds which help the plants in restricting the pathogens. Knowledge of these alterations is helpful for researchers to develop some concrete solutions for the management of canker disease. For this purpose, experiments were conducted with three replications to find out the alterations in biochemical compounds of citrus leaves infected with canker disease by artificial inoculation through syringe method. So, six varieties (three susceptible and three resistant) were selected after two years screening of thirty species of citrus under natural field conditions. Leaves of susceptible (Grapefruit, Succari, Kinnow) and resistant (Kumquat, Jaffa, China lemon) varieties of inoculated and un-inoculated groups were collected and analyzed for variation in biochemical compounds by using Nested Structured Design. Variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in the biochemical compounds among the treatment types. Resistant type of plants expressed 3.35, 2.90, 1.01, 2.10, 2.50, 3.18, and 0.66 µg/g, susceptible type expressed 2.29, 2.49, 1.36, 2.41, 1.73, 4.13 and 0.86 µg/g of total phenolic contents, total soluble sugars, super oxidase dismutase, peroxidase, total soluble proteins, catalase and hydrogen peroxide respectively, while in case of groups, inoculated pants expressed 1.59,2.52, 1.98, 3.20, 0.93, 5.11 and 1.21 µg/g and un-inoculated group exhibited 4.05, 2.87, 0.39, 1.30,3.29, 2.19 and 0.30 µg/g. These variations can be used as biochemical markers to identify source of resistance in citrus species against canker disease.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44751677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf curl virus disease of cotton is major hindrance in cotton production in Pakistan for last many years. To counter leaf curl disease an experiment was designed to screen out new local and exotic germplasm from different institutes of the country and neighboring countries like Turkey and India to find out the tolerance level of 71 cotton genotypes. The genotypes were sown in the month of June using randomized complete block design and sick plot technique at two locations i.e., Faisalabad and Vehari (hot spots). The variety FH-118 was used as spreader line in this experiment. The lines naming FH-490, FH-444, FH458, VH-363 and varieties like FH-142, NIAB-878, FH-Lalazar, VH-327 provided very good results at both locations under virus infested conditions with better yield and low infection of virus. The screening criterion was based on virus tolerance and performance of genotypes with respect to superior boll numbers, sympodial branches and boll weight along with plant height and fibre quality. For the assessment of inheritance pattern of CLCuD resistance, nine selected parents including 6 females and 3 male testers were crossed using a line × tester mating system followed by line × tester analysis to further evaluate the combining ability of different crosses. The ability of parents to combine well for CLCuD % revealed that FH-490 (-9.69) followed by FH-444 (-9.23) showed negative and highly significant estimates among lines while among testers, FH-142 (- 9.66) remained highly significant and negative. Specifically, the negative and highly desirable estimates were provided by the cross combination namely FH-490 × VH-327 (-8.95), FH-458 × FH-142 (-7.81), VH-363 × FH-Lalazar (-6.90), MNH1016 × VH-327 (-5.09), FH-490 × FH-142 (-4.17). Dominance variance was higher than additive variance for most of the characters studied including CLCuD tolerance. The results concluded that the identified parents and crosses obtained can further be manipulated for future breeding aimed at CLCuD tolerance in Pakistan and all over the world.
棉花卷叶病毒病是巴基斯坦棉花生产多年来的主要障碍。为了对抗弯叶病，设计了一项实验，从该国不同研究所以及土耳其和印度等邻国筛选出新的本地和外来种质，以了解71种棉花基因型的耐受水平。基因型于6月份在费萨拉巴德和韦哈里（热点）两个地点使用随机完全区组设计和病区技术播种。本试验以FH-118为试验材料。命名为FH-490、FH-444、FH458、VH-363的品系和FH-142、NIAB-878、FH-Lalazar、VH-327的品种在病毒感染条件下在这两个位置都提供了非常好的结果，具有更好的产量和低的病毒感染率。筛选标准基于病毒耐受性和基因型在优势铃数、同轴分枝和铃重以及株高和纤维质量方面的表现。为了评估CLCuD抗性的遗传模式，选择了9个亲本，包括6个雌性和3个雄性试验者，采用品系×试验者交配系统进行杂交，然后进行品系×测试者分析，以进一步评估不同组合的配合力。父母对CLCuD%的良好结合能力表明，FH-490（-9.69）和FH-444（-9.23）在品系中显示出阴性和高度显著的估计，而在测试者中，FH-142（-9.66）仍然保持高度显著和阴性。具体而言，FH-490×VH-327（-8.95）、FH-458×FH-142（-7.81）、VH-363×FH-Lalazar（-6.90）、MNH1016×VH-32（-5.09）、FH-490 x FH-142。研究结果表明，所鉴定的亲本和获得的杂交种可以进一步操作，用于未来在巴基斯坦和世界各地进行CLCuD耐受性育种。
{"title":"Assessment of cotton germplasm against CLCuD at different locations and determination of inheritance patterns for resistance","authors":"Asia Batool","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.429","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf curl virus disease of cotton is major hindrance in cotton production in Pakistan for last many years. To counter leaf curl disease an experiment was designed to screen out new local and exotic germplasm from different institutes of the country and neighboring countries like Turkey and India to find out the tolerance level of 71 cotton genotypes. The genotypes were sown in the month of June using randomized complete block design and sick plot technique at two locations i.e., Faisalabad and Vehari (hot spots). The variety FH-118 was used as spreader line in this experiment. The lines naming FH-490, FH-444, FH458, VH-363 and varieties like FH-142, NIAB-878, FH-Lalazar, VH-327 provided very good results at both locations under virus infested conditions with better yield and low infection of virus. The screening criterion was based on virus tolerance and performance of genotypes with respect to superior boll numbers, sympodial branches and boll weight along with plant height and fibre quality. For the assessment of inheritance pattern of CLCuD resistance, nine selected parents including 6 females and 3 male testers were crossed using a line × tester mating system followed by line × tester analysis to further evaluate the combining ability of different crosses. The ability of parents to combine well for CLCuD % revealed that FH-490 (-9.69) followed by FH-444 (-9.23) showed negative and highly significant estimates among lines while among testers, FH-142 (- 9.66) remained highly significant and negative. Specifically, the negative and highly desirable estimates were provided by the cross combination namely FH-490 × VH-327 (-8.95), FH-458 × FH-142 (-7.81), VH-363 × FH-Lalazar (-6.90), MNH1016 × VH-327 (-5.09), FH-490 × FH-142 (-4.17). Dominance variance was higher than additive variance for most of the characters studied including CLCuD tolerance. The results concluded that the identified parents and crosses obtained can further be manipulated for future breeding aimed at CLCuD tolerance in Pakistan and all over the world.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47493891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present study was aimed to assess the effect of microwave assisted extraction on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), in-vitro antioxidant characteristics and identification of major volatile components of black cumin seeds extracted using different solvents (ethanol, n-hexane and water). Variation in TPC (28.72 – 37.15 mg GAE/g) and TFC (24.96 – 32.13 mg QE/g) of microwave assisted black cumin extracts (MABCEs) using different solvents was observed. Concurrently, the in-vitro antioxidant capacity varied from 63.34 to 82.12%, 119.82 to 168.0 µM Fe (II)/100mg, and 30.73 to 52.46% as analysed by DPPH, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays, respectively. Microwave-assisted extraction showed significantly higher results of TPC, TFC, and in-vitro antioxidant characterization as compared to control (non-microwave assisted). Depending upon the results of these in-vitro analyses, n-hexane extract was further employed to Gas Chromatographic analysis. Among all the 25 phenolic compounds identified, p-cymene, thymoquinone, carvacrol, α- thujene, 4-isopropyl-9-methoxy1methyl-1-cyclohexene and longifolene were reported to be 26.97%, 35.91%, 2.19%, 8.26%, 5.45% and 4.98%, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that microwave assisted extraction technique is more efficient as compared to conventional extraction techniques keeping in view the antioxidant properties and volatile profiling.
{"title":"Investigating the antioxidative properties and volatile profile of microwave assisted black cumin seed extracts","authors":"A. A. Khalil","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.9775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.9775","url":null,"abstract":"Present study was aimed to assess the effect of microwave assisted extraction on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), in-vitro antioxidant characteristics and identification of major volatile components of black cumin seeds extracted using different solvents (ethanol, n-hexane and water). Variation in TPC (28.72 – 37.15 mg GAE/g) and TFC (24.96 – 32.13 mg QE/g) of microwave assisted black cumin extracts (MABCEs) using different solvents was observed. Concurrently, the in-vitro antioxidant capacity varied from 63.34 to 82.12%, 119.82 to 168.0 µM Fe (II)/100mg, and 30.73 to 52.46% as analysed by DPPH, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays, respectively. Microwave-assisted extraction showed significantly higher results of TPC, TFC, and in-vitro antioxidant characterization as compared to control (non-microwave assisted). Depending upon the results of these in-vitro analyses, n-hexane extract was further employed to Gas Chromatographic analysis. Among all the 25 phenolic compounds identified, p-cymene, thymoquinone, carvacrol, α- thujene, 4-isopropyl-9-methoxy1methyl-1-cyclohexene and longifolene were reported to be 26.97%, 35.91%, 2.19%, 8.26%, 5.45% and 4.98%, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that microwave assisted extraction technique is more efficient as compared to conventional extraction techniques keeping in view the antioxidant properties and volatile profiling.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45630480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hydraulic properties of soil are very important to determine the soil relationship with water. The Soil Hydraulic Properties (SHP) are used to determine the soil water relationship as it is very crucial for estimation of water holding capacity of soil. In real field conditions, most widely used model for soil moisture retention curves is van Genuchten model. The soil samples were taken randomly from five different depths with three replications of each depth. Moreover, two samples at the depth of 5-35cm and 35-155cm were selected for evaluation of integrated approach to find soil characteristic curves. Soil moisture characteristic curves calculated by integral approach were compared with, soil moisture curves measured by pressure plate apparatus, and Soil Plant Air Water (SPAW) hydrology a computer based Model. The accuracy of results were evaluated by determination of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalize Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Willmott’s index of agreement (£). A good agreement was observed between integrated approach, high-pressure technique and SPAW model results. In case of integrated method versus high-pressure technique the RMSE was 9.51×10-3 for 5-30cm depth and 8.32×10- 3 for 30-155cm depth. The NRMSEs was 6.52 ×10-2 for 5-30cm depth and 6.1×10-2 for 30-155cm depth, similarly £ was 0.881 and 0.893 for both depths 5-30cm and 30-155cm respectively. Regression coefficient (R2 ) for 5-35cm depth for sorptivity (s) and wetting distance (d) were 0.991 and 0.988 respectively and at depth of 35-155cm, R2 for (s) was 0.990 and for wetting distance (d) was 0.994. In case of integrated method versus SPAW hydrology the RMSEs was 1.3×10-2 for 5-30cm depth and 1.15×10-2 for 30-155cm depth. The NRMSEs for was 9.33 ×10-2 for 5-30cm depth and 7.15×10-2 for 30-155cm depth and similarly £ was 0.852 and 0.863 for both depths respectively. Results indicated a good relationship between high-pressure technique, SPAW hydrology results and integral method. However, integrated approach is best approach to determine the soil moisture characteristics curves of undisturbed and unsaturated soils
{"title":"An integrated approach for estimation of van genuchten model parameters in undisturbed and unsaturated soils","authors":"Muhammad Aslam","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.13","url":null,"abstract":"The hydraulic properties of soil are very important to determine the soil relationship with water. The Soil Hydraulic Properties (SHP) are used to determine the soil water relationship as it is very crucial for estimation of water holding capacity of soil. In real field conditions, most widely used model for soil moisture retention curves is van Genuchten model. The soil samples were taken randomly from five different depths with three replications of each depth. Moreover, two samples at the depth of 5-35cm and 35-155cm were selected for evaluation of integrated approach to find soil characteristic curves. Soil moisture characteristic curves calculated by integral approach were compared with, soil moisture curves measured by pressure plate apparatus, and Soil Plant Air Water (SPAW) hydrology a computer based Model. The accuracy of results were evaluated by determination of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalize Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Willmott’s index of agreement (£). A good agreement was observed between integrated approach, high-pressure technique and SPAW model results. In case of integrated method versus high-pressure technique the RMSE was 9.51×10-3 for 5-30cm depth and 8.32×10- 3 for 30-155cm depth. The NRMSEs was 6.52 ×10-2 for 5-30cm depth and 6.1×10-2 for 30-155cm depth, similarly £ was 0.881 and 0.893 for both depths 5-30cm and 30-155cm respectively. Regression coefficient (R2 ) for 5-35cm depth for sorptivity (s) and wetting distance (d) were 0.991 and 0.988 respectively and at depth of 35-155cm, R2 for (s) was 0.990 and for wetting distance (d) was 0.994. In case of integrated method versus SPAW hydrology the RMSEs was 1.3×10-2 for 5-30cm depth and 1.15×10-2 for 30-155cm depth. The NRMSEs for was 9.33 ×10-2 for 5-30cm depth and 7.15×10-2 for 30-155cm depth and similarly £ was 0.852 and 0.863 for both depths respectively. Results indicated a good relationship between high-pressure technique, SPAW hydrology results and integral method. However, integrated approach is best approach to determine the soil moisture characteristics curves of undisturbed and unsaturated soils","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47949429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many geographical areas, salinity is an environmental factor accounting for reduced crop productivity and deteriorates the soil quality. To minimize the injurious effect of salinity present study was conducted to evaluate the response of rice to foliar application of phytohormones salicylic acid (SA @ 10-5 M) and L-tryptophan (L-TRP @10-5 M) singly or in combination and soil-applied gypsum (with and without gypsum) under saline-sodic soil for the consecutive two years (2014-2015). Results showed that combined treatment of phytohormones (salicylic acid + L-tryptophan @ 10-5 M in 1:1 ratio) with 50% gypsum requirement of soil significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced growth and yield attributes of rice plants and increased the grain yield by up to 26% and 32.80% during 2014 and 2015 respectively compared with control. Results also demonstrated that individual application of salicylic acid or L-tryptophan improved the behavior of rice plants under salinity stress in comparison to control, however, best results in terms of yield and growth attributes were achieved in response to combined treatment of SA+L-TRP. Higher ameliorative efficiency in the terms of improved ECe, SAR, pHs, BD and HC were obtained with gypsum @ 50% GR in comparison to without gypsum application. Results highlighted that salinity tolerance of rice plants was enhanced under the cumulative effect of phytohormones suggesting that salicylic acid and L-tryptophan interact synergistically and proved a good strategy to alleviate salt stress. Keywords: gypsum; hormones; salicylic acid; L-tryptophan; rice; salinity. Abbreviations used: L-TRP (L-tryptophan); SA (salicylic acid); pHs (pH of soil saturated past); SAR (sodium absorption ratio); ECe (electrical conductivity of soil extract); HC (hydraulic conductivity); BD (bulk density); GR (gypsum requirement)
{"title":"Synergistic effect of phytoharmones and gypsum on alleviation of salt stress in rice plants","authors":"K. Ahmed","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.7592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.7592","url":null,"abstract":"In many geographical areas, salinity is an environmental factor accounting for reduced crop productivity and deteriorates the soil quality. To minimize the injurious effect of salinity present study was conducted to evaluate the response of rice to foliar application of phytohormones salicylic acid (SA @ 10-5 M) and L-tryptophan (L-TRP @10-5 M) singly or in combination and soil-applied gypsum (with and without gypsum) under saline-sodic soil for the consecutive two years (2014-2015). Results showed that combined treatment of phytohormones (salicylic acid + L-tryptophan @ 10-5 M in 1:1 ratio) with 50% gypsum requirement of soil significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced growth and yield attributes of rice plants and increased the grain yield by up to 26% and 32.80% during 2014 and 2015 respectively compared with control. Results also demonstrated that individual application of salicylic acid or L-tryptophan improved the behavior of rice plants under salinity stress in comparison to control, however, best results in terms of yield and growth attributes were achieved in response to combined treatment of SA+L-TRP. Higher ameliorative efficiency in the terms of improved ECe, SAR, pHs, BD and HC were obtained with gypsum @ 50% GR in comparison to without gypsum application. Results highlighted that salinity tolerance of rice plants was enhanced under the cumulative effect of phytohormones suggesting that salicylic acid and L-tryptophan interact synergistically and proved a good strategy to alleviate salt stress. Keywords: gypsum; hormones; salicylic acid; L-tryptophan; rice; salinity. Abbreviations used: L-TRP (L-tryptophan); SA (salicylic acid); pHs (pH of soil saturated past); SAR (sodium absorption ratio); ECe (electrical conductivity of soil extract); HC (hydraulic conductivity); BD (bulk density); GR (gypsum requirement)","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48764702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dairy farming is an important activity for many urban dwellers in Asia who serves the rapidly increasing milk demand. The major influencing factor that affects animal health, milk production and reproduction and thus overall productivity attributes of dairy animals is efficient feeding and nutritional management. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate existing husbandry practices to optimize feeding and resources use efficiency. During 12 months, data on demographic events, amounts and quality of feeds offered, milk offtake and body weight changes was collected from 15 mixed buffalo and cattle dairy herds in Faisalabad. The 15 studied farms were classified as semi-commercial small-scale mixed (SSM), semi-commercial smallscale dairy (SSD) and commercial small-scale dairy (CSD) producers. The offer of feed dry matter (DM) and crude protein differed (P<0.05) between the three farm types and the four seasons of a year. Daily offtake of fat corrected milk averaged 13.5 and 8.1 liters per buffaloes and cattle, whereby seasonal variations were only observed in buffaloes. Input of feed DM per unit of milk produced was lowest on CSD followed by SSM farms with SSD farms showing least efficient feed use. Similarly, gross margin of selling milk and occasionally live animals was higher on SSM and CSD farms than on SSD farms. It was concluded that more efficient feed utilization and thus higher gross margin from milk production could be achieved by group feeding of buffaloes and cattle, respectively, according to their physiological and productive needs.
{"title":"Feed use efficiency in small-scale peri-urban dairy herds of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"M. Tariq","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.4945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.4945","url":null,"abstract":"Dairy farming is an important activity for many urban dwellers in Asia who serves the rapidly increasing milk demand. The major influencing factor that affects animal health, milk production and reproduction and thus overall productivity attributes of dairy animals is efficient feeding and nutritional management. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate existing husbandry practices to optimize feeding and resources use efficiency. During 12 months, data on demographic events, amounts and quality of feeds offered, milk offtake and body weight changes was collected from 15 mixed buffalo and cattle dairy herds in Faisalabad. The 15 studied farms were classified as semi-commercial small-scale mixed (SSM), semi-commercial smallscale dairy (SSD) and commercial small-scale dairy (CSD) producers. The offer of feed dry matter (DM) and crude protein differed (P<0.05) between the three farm types and the four seasons of a year. Daily offtake of fat corrected milk averaged 13.5 and 8.1 liters per buffaloes and cattle, whereby seasonal variations were only observed in buffaloes. Input of feed DM per unit of milk produced was lowest on CSD followed by SSM farms with SSD farms showing least efficient feed use. Similarly, gross margin of selling milk and occasionally live animals was higher on SSM and CSD farms than on SSD farms. It was concluded that more efficient feed utilization and thus higher gross margin from milk production could be achieved by group feeding of buffaloes and cattle, respectively, according to their physiological and productive needs.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47527257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brown leaf rust severely affects the production of wheat crop and causes economic losses worldwide. In the present study, evaluation of the locally developed wheat cultivars collection consisting of 133 varieties and lines was done to assess local diversity against leaf rust disease and yield attributes under natural conditions in Faisalabad, Pakistan. For this purpose, a field trial was conducted in Faisalabad, Pakistan under a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Various multivariate analyses were carried out including analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis to assess varietal response under rust diseased conditions. Twenty-six cultivars were shown to have an resistant (R) type response; while moderately resistant (MR),moderately resistant moderately susceptible (MRMS), moderately susceptible (MS) and susceptible (S) responses were demonstrated by 47, 16, 16, and 28 germplasm accessions, respectively. Analysis of variance indicated that, all the verities have highly significant difference for all the characters. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed that grain yield per plant was positively correlated with most yield attributes, but negatively correlated with disease severity. Principal component (PC) analysis indicated that five PCs have an Eigenvalue >1 and contributed 78.4% to the total variability while rest of 6 attributes contributed (21.6%) between wheat cultivars evaluated for different characters. Cluster analysis categorized the 133 genotypes into five different clusters. The members of the 4 th cluster showed maximum divergence from the members of 3 rd clusters. On the other hand, the members of 1 st and 2nd clusters showed the maximum similarities according to D2 statistics. Scatter plot showed that the genetic variation in the studied germplasm accessions and this diversity can be used for breeding programs aimed at improvement of disease resistance in the wheat germplasm. It concludes that there is significant diversity among the locally developed wheat germplasm for both leaf rust resistance and yield attributes. The present study, clearly emphasize the importance of resistant varieties which are great edge to the farmers in order to prevent yield losses
{"title":"Field-based assessment of genetic diversity for leaf rust resistance and yield attributes in the locally developed wheat cultivars using multivariate analysis","authors":"Ghulam Sabar","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.405","url":null,"abstract":"Brown leaf rust severely affects the production of wheat crop and causes economic losses worldwide. In the present study, evaluation of the locally developed wheat cultivars collection consisting of 133 varieties and lines was done to assess local diversity against leaf rust disease and yield attributes under natural conditions in Faisalabad, Pakistan. For this purpose, a field trial was conducted in Faisalabad, Pakistan under a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Various multivariate analyses were carried out including analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis to assess varietal response under rust diseased conditions. Twenty-six cultivars were shown to have an resistant (R) type response; while moderately resistant (MR),moderately resistant moderately susceptible (MRMS), moderately susceptible (MS) and susceptible (S) responses were demonstrated by 47, 16, 16, and 28 germplasm accessions, respectively. Analysis of variance indicated that, all the verities have highly significant difference for all the characters. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed that grain yield per plant was positively correlated with most yield attributes, but negatively correlated with disease severity. Principal component (PC) analysis indicated that five PCs have an Eigenvalue >1 and contributed 78.4% to the total variability while rest of 6 attributes contributed (21.6%) between wheat cultivars evaluated for different characters. Cluster analysis categorized the 133 genotypes into five different clusters. The members of the 4 th cluster showed maximum divergence from the members of 3 rd clusters. On the other hand, the members of 1 st and 2nd clusters showed the maximum similarities according to D2 statistics. Scatter plot showed that the genetic variation in the studied germplasm accessions and this diversity can be used for breeding programs aimed at improvement of disease resistance in the wheat germplasm. It concludes that there is significant diversity among the locally developed wheat germplasm for both leaf rust resistance and yield attributes. The present study, clearly emphasize the importance of resistant varieties which are great edge to the farmers in order to prevent yield losses","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48366757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A two years field trail was conducted for evaluating the effect of different bio-liquids (vermiwash) sources on sunflower sown at different sowing dates. Experiment was comprised of three sowing dates viz. 20th February, 1st March and 10th March, with three levels of vermiwash viz. alligator @ 15%, alfalfa @ 15% and alligator @ 7.5% + alfalfa @ 7.5% along with control. Foliar application of bio-liquid was sprayed at bud formation, flower initiation and seed (achene) formation. Results revealed that during both the years of study, sowing dates and vermiwash sources significantly affected the yield and quality attributes. Moreover, sunflower planting on 20th February alongside alligator weed bio-liquid @ 15% produced significantly maximum height of the plant (246 and 241 cm), stem circumference (2.36 and 2.31 cm), head circumference (18.6 and 18.2 cm), 1000- achene’s weight (64.72 and 66.18 g) and achene yield (3237 and 3310 kg ha-1 ). This combination also significantly improved the quality traits of sunflower like achene oil contents (50.79 and 49.89%), protein contents (19.67 and 19.32%), oleic acid (30.99 and 30.44%)) and linoleic acid contents (59.94 and 58.88%). It can be concluded from the study that sunflower planting on 20th February with bio-liquid alligator (Alternanthra) weed 15% exhibited maximum morphological and quality performance of sunflower.
{"title":"Response of sunflower to foliar application of bio-liquid fertilizers under various sowing dates","authors":"Muhammad Idrees","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.521","url":null,"abstract":"A two years field trail was conducted for evaluating the effect of different bio-liquids (vermiwash) sources on sunflower sown at different sowing dates. Experiment was comprised of three sowing dates viz. 20th February, 1st March and 10th March, with three levels of vermiwash viz. alligator @ 15%, alfalfa @ 15% and alligator @ 7.5% + alfalfa @ 7.5% along with control. Foliar application of bio-liquid was sprayed at bud formation, flower initiation and seed (achene) formation. Results revealed that during both the years of study, sowing dates and vermiwash sources significantly affected the yield and quality attributes. Moreover, sunflower planting on 20th February alongside alligator weed bio-liquid @ 15% produced significantly maximum height of the plant (246 and 241 cm), stem circumference (2.36 and 2.31 cm), head circumference (18.6 and 18.2 cm), 1000- achene’s weight (64.72 and 66.18 g) and achene yield (3237 and 3310 kg ha-1 ). This combination also significantly improved the quality traits of sunflower like achene oil contents (50.79 and 49.89%), protein contents (19.67 and 19.32%), oleic acid (30.99 and 30.44%)) and linoleic acid contents (59.94 and 58.88%). It can be concluded from the study that sunflower planting on 20th February with bio-liquid alligator (Alternanthra) weed 15% exhibited maximum morphological and quality performance of sunflower.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48707876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increased salinity stress in environment challenges the seed germination, emergence, and crop yield. The issue carefully demands the seed priming strategies to mitigate the drastic effects of salinity. Current study was conducted to appraise the modulation in germination, photosynthetic pigments, yield, and gas exchange attributes of sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TH-6) to pre-sowing seed treatment with glycinebetaine (GB) under salt stress. Seeds were treated with GB (25 mM) and water prior to sowing for 16 h. Ten seeds of each cultivar were laid down on moistened filter paper (0 mM and 70 mM NaCl) in petri plates to assess the germination attributes under salt stress. In a separate pot experiment, GB primed and water primed seeds were sown in 10 kg sand filled plastic pots. After two weeks of seed sowing, two concentrations of salinity (0 mM and 70 mM) were maintained by dissolving NaCl in full strength Hoagland nutrient solution. Data for germination, gas exchange and yield parameters were collected after one week, two week and ten weeks respectively. Salt stress decreased the germination percentage, plumule/radicle length, number of seeds/plant, Chl a, net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E), while intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and ratio of internal to atmospheric CO2 concentration Ci/Ca ratio were increased. However, seed mass/plant, Chl b and carotenoids remained unaffected under salinity. GB mitigated the saline effects by increasing the germination percentage, plumule length, number of seeds/plant and PN and showed nonsignificant effect on radicle length, seed mass per plant and Chl a, b and carotenoid contents. Sesame cultivar TH-6 showed better performance as compared to TS-5 under saline conditions. GB is powerful osmoregulator to minimize salt effect in sesame by enhancing physiological and yield attributes
{"title":"Seed priming with glycinebetaine improves germination, yield, gas exchange and photosynthetic attributes in Sesamum indicum under saline stress","authors":"A. Tariq","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.38","url":null,"abstract":"Increased salinity stress in environment challenges the seed germination, emergence, and crop yield. The issue carefully demands the seed priming strategies to mitigate the drastic effects of salinity. Current study was conducted to appraise the modulation in germination, photosynthetic pigments, yield, and gas exchange attributes of sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TH-6) to pre-sowing seed treatment with glycinebetaine (GB) under salt stress. Seeds were treated with GB (25 mM) and water prior to sowing for 16 h. Ten seeds of each cultivar were laid down on moistened filter paper (0 mM and 70 mM NaCl) in petri plates to assess the germination attributes under salt stress. In a separate pot experiment, GB primed and water primed seeds were sown in 10 kg sand filled plastic pots. After two weeks of seed sowing, two concentrations of salinity (0 mM and 70 mM) were maintained by dissolving NaCl in full strength Hoagland nutrient solution. Data for germination, gas exchange and yield parameters were collected after one week, two week and ten weeks respectively. Salt stress decreased the germination percentage, plumule/radicle length, number of seeds/plant, Chl a, net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E), while intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and ratio of internal to atmospheric CO2 concentration Ci/Ca ratio were increased. However, seed mass/plant, Chl b and carotenoids remained unaffected under salinity. GB mitigated the saline effects by increasing the germination percentage, plumule length, number of seeds/plant and PN and showed nonsignificant effect on radicle length, seed mass per plant and Chl a, b and carotenoid contents. Sesame cultivar TH-6 showed better performance as compared to TS-5 under saline conditions. GB is powerful osmoregulator to minimize salt effect in sesame by enhancing physiological and yield attributes","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41969261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：