Wheat breeding programs are increasingly using molecular tools to improve efficiency and speed of developing productive cultivars. Molecular markers such as Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) have now become a principal approach to study genetic relationship among various wheat species. The objective of our research study was to identify and distinguished the wheat parents and their hybrid for genes controlling major agronomical attributes. Germplasm comprised of fifteen genotypes were genotyped for gluten strength (Glu A1, Glu D1), height reduction (Rht 1), starch quality (Waxy), vernalization (Vrn A1, Vrn B1), photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd 1), Tan spot disease (Tns-1) and leaf rust disease (Lr34). Statistical analysis with endpoint genotyping, graphical display and principal coordinate revealed significant results for KASP assay. Most variable crosses were S3 X I1, S3 X I3, S2 X I1, S2 X I2 and S1 X I1 with maximum segregants. Whereas, variation was observed for Glu-D1, Tsn1, Glu-A1 followed by Lr34 alleles. Therefore, the objective was achieved successfully with the most reliable KASP markers. The diverse attributes dissected, and key hybrids identified in this study would provide guidance for the improvement of the economically important traits and provide understanding of genetic variability in distinct segregating populations. Besides we have identified significantly important partial mutants in the germplasm for Waxy allele. These findings could provide the end user with wheat products with improved quality such as with or without amylose content.
小麦育种计划越来越多地使用分子工具来提高生产品种的开发效率和速度。分子标记如竞争等位基因特异性PCR（KASP）已成为研究不同小麦品种间遗传关系的主要方法。本研究的目的是鉴定和区分小麦亲本及其杂交种的主要农艺性状控制基因。对由15个基因型组成的种质进行了谷蛋白强度（Glu A1、Glu D1）、高度降低（Rht1）、淀粉品质（Waxy）、春化（Vrn A1、Vrn B1）、光周期敏感性（Ppd 1）、斑点病（Tns-1）和叶锈病（Lr34）的基因分型。终点基因分型、图形显示和主坐标的统计分析显示KASP测定的显著结果。大多数可变杂交为S3 X I1、S3 X I3、S2 X I1，S2 X I2和S1 X I1。而Glu-D1、Tsn1、Glu-A1和Lr34等位基因则存在变异。因此，使用最可靠的KASP标记成功实现了该目标。本研究中分析的不同属性和确定的关键杂交种将为改善经济上重要的性状提供指导，并提供对不同分离群体遗传变异性的理解。此外，我们已经在Waxy等位基因的种质中鉴定了显著重要的部分突变体。这些发现可以为最终用户提供具有改进质量的小麦产品，例如具有或不具有直链淀粉含量。
{"title":"A novel and high throughput wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotyping using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR assay for genes underpinning major economic attributes","authors":"Huma Tariq","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.900","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat breeding programs are increasingly using molecular tools to improve efficiency and speed of developing productive cultivars. Molecular markers such as Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) have now become a principal approach to study genetic relationship among various wheat species. The objective of our research study was to identify and distinguished the wheat parents and their hybrid for genes controlling major agronomical attributes. Germplasm comprised of fifteen genotypes were genotyped for gluten strength (Glu A1, Glu D1), height reduction (Rht 1), starch quality (Waxy), vernalization (Vrn A1, Vrn B1), photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd 1), Tan spot disease (Tns-1) and leaf rust disease (Lr34). Statistical analysis with endpoint genotyping, graphical display and principal coordinate revealed significant results for KASP assay. Most variable crosses were S3 X I1, S3 X I3, S2 X I1, S2 X I2 and S1 X I1 with maximum segregants. Whereas, variation was observed for Glu-D1, Tsn1, Glu-A1 followed by Lr34 alleles. Therefore, the objective was achieved successfully with the most reliable KASP markers. The diverse attributes dissected, and key hybrids identified in this study would provide guidance for the improvement of the economically important traits and provide understanding of genetic variability in distinct segregating populations. Besides we have identified significantly important partial mutants in the germplasm for Waxy allele. These findings could provide the end user with wheat products with improved quality such as with or without amylose content.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43933155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyses the asymmetric effects of the swings in diesel prices and exchange rates on Turkey’s food prices with the Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. For this purpose, Turkey’s diesel prices, exchange rate, and general food price index data for the same period between January 2000 and December 2019 were adopted. Considering that diesel prices are an essential cost item in agricultural production, it becomes crucial to determine the effect on food prices. Besides, the exchange rate fluctuations are expressed as another important macro variable that impacts food prices. As a result of the NARDL model, asymmetric co-integration between the general food price index, diesel prices, and the exchange rate was determined. Still, it has been observed that the negative and positive changes in diesel prices on food prices, in the long run, do not have a significant effect. On the other hand, the negative effect of the exchange rate was significant. It is concluded that a 1% decrease in the negative changes in the exchange rate will cause 0.94% decrease in food prices. Consequently, the general food price is affected by adverse shocks on the exchange rate in the long run. One may be concluded that the exchange rate should be considered while formulating policies about the swings in food prices. Especially, the local production of agricultural inputs affected by exchange rate fluctuations could be encouraged.
{"title":"Asymmetric effects of diesel prices and exchange rates on turkey's food prices","authors":"E. Kadanali","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.1452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1452","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the asymmetric effects of the swings in diesel prices and exchange rates on Turkey’s food prices with the Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. For this purpose, Turkey’s diesel prices, exchange rate, and general food price index data for the same period between January 2000 and December 2019 were adopted. Considering that diesel prices are an essential cost item in agricultural production, it becomes crucial to determine the effect on food prices. Besides, the exchange rate fluctuations are expressed as another important macro variable that impacts food prices. As a result of the NARDL model, asymmetric co-integration between the general food price index, diesel prices, and the exchange rate was determined. Still, it has been observed that the negative and positive changes in diesel prices on food prices, in the long run, do not have a significant effect. On the other hand, the negative effect of the exchange rate was significant. It is concluded that a 1% decrease in the negative changes in the exchange rate will cause 0.94% decrease in food prices. Consequently, the general food price is affected by adverse shocks on the exchange rate in the long run. One may be concluded that the exchange rate should be considered while formulating policies about the swings in food prices. Especially, the local production of agricultural inputs affected by exchange rate fluctuations could be encouraged.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46403690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The training needs of rice growers in Punjab, Pakistan were assessed regarding the production technology used in growing rice. Total 332 rice growers were selected through random sampling technique from tehsil Nowshera Virkan, district Gujranwala and interviewed accordingly through a face to face interview technique. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency, percentages, weighted mean and chi-square techniques were run on the data. Production technology was divided into two sections (i) major aspects and (ii) sub-aspects. Major aspects were 8 in number and 46 in sub-aspects. Findings indicated that almost 60 and 14.2% of the respondents had a low and medium level of training need. 21.5% of respondents had a high level of training needs. The average score of 128.28 indicated the medium level of training needs for the sampled farmers. Among major aspects, weed management and seed and seedlings embarked high level of training need. Whereas, in sub-aspects, 30 aspects show a low level of training, 12 in medium and 04 at a high level. Chisquare confirmed that socio-economic attributes and training need was no different. However, lower educational level in the area as 47.9% of respondents had no education asks for the due attention from the department of extension to formulate training programs for the farmers materializing the need and socio-economic position of the farmers.
评估了巴基斯坦旁遮普省水稻种植者在种植水稻所使用的生产技术方面的培训需求。通过随机抽样技术从古吉兰瓦拉区tehsil Nowshera Virkan选取332名水稻种植者，并通过面对面访谈技术对其进行访谈。数据分析采用SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)软件。使用频率、百分比、加权平均值和卡方技术对数据进行分析。生产技术分为两个部分(1)主要方面和(2)次要方面。主要相位有8个，子相位有46个。调查结果显示，近60%和14.2%的受访者有中低水平的培训需求。21.5%的受访者有高水平的培训需求。平均得分为128.28分，表明被调查农民的培训需求处于中等水平。在主要方面中，杂草管理和种苗需要开展高水平的培训。从子方面来看，低水平的有30个，中等水平的有12个，高水平的有04个。Chisquare证实，社会经济属性和培训需求没有什么不同。然而，该地区受教育程度较低(47.9%的受访者没有受过教育)，要求推广部门给予应有的重视，制定针对农民的培训计划，以体现农民的需求和社会经济地位。
{"title":"Training needs of Pakistani farmers regarding recommended production technology of rice","authors":"I. Riaz","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.141","url":null,"abstract":"The training needs of rice growers in Punjab, Pakistan were assessed regarding the production technology used in growing rice. Total 332 rice growers were selected through random sampling technique from tehsil Nowshera Virkan, district Gujranwala and interviewed accordingly through a face to face interview technique. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency, percentages, weighted mean and chi-square techniques were run on the data. Production technology was divided into two sections (i) major aspects and (ii) sub-aspects. Major aspects were 8 in number and 46 in sub-aspects. Findings indicated that almost 60 and 14.2% of the respondents had a low and medium level of training need. 21.5% of respondents had a high level of training needs. The average score of 128.28 indicated the medium level of training needs for the sampled farmers. Among major aspects, weed management and seed and seedlings embarked high level of training need. Whereas, in sub-aspects, 30 aspects show a low level of training, 12 in medium and 04 at a high level. Chisquare confirmed that socio-economic attributes and training need was no different. However, lower educational level in the area as 47.9% of respondents had no education asks for the due attention from the department of extension to formulate training programs for the farmers materializing the need and socio-economic position of the farmers.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45137639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sitophilus oryzae is one of the primary pests that causes severe damage to food products. Damage of the grains cause a drastic dropping of rice quality, which significantly affected our rice industry. The amylose content and weight loss are two components that are affected due to the S. oryzae infestation. In this study, eight rice varieties namely Thai Pathumthani Fragrant White Rice 100%, Vietnam Long Grain White Rice 5%, Pakistan Basmathi Long Grain White Rice PK 385, Indian Steam Pusa 1121 Basmathi LGWR, Thai White Rice, Pakistan White Rice, Cambodian Fragrant Sen Kro Oub 5%, and Vietnamese White Fragrant Rice 2% were collected to investigate the amylose content and weight loss after six-month durations of the S. oryzae infestation. ANOVA analysis has shown a significant value, p-value=0.00, p <0.05 for the relationship between amylose content and rice varieties, whereas the weight loss in the eight rice varieties also showed a significant value, p-value= 0.00, p< 0.05. The Pakistan White Rice has recorded the highest percentage of weight loss (55.8%), while Cambodian Fragrant Sen Kro Oub 5% showed the lowest percentage of weight loss (23%). Despite the significant weight loss, the amylose content in each rice variety has showed a low rate, 2-9%. Results obtained from this study are considered as a fundamental data to strategize the S. oryzae pest management to make sure the continuity of rice supply for Malaysia
{"title":"Effect on Sitophilus oryzae infestation on amylose content and weight loss of eight rice varieties","authors":"S. Syarifah Zulaikha","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.480","url":null,"abstract":"Sitophilus oryzae is one of the primary pests that causes severe damage to food products. Damage of the grains cause a drastic dropping of rice quality, which significantly affected our rice industry. The amylose content and weight loss are two components that are affected due to the S. oryzae infestation. In this study, eight rice varieties namely Thai Pathumthani Fragrant White Rice 100%, Vietnam Long Grain White Rice 5%, Pakistan Basmathi Long Grain White Rice PK 385, Indian Steam Pusa 1121 Basmathi LGWR, Thai White Rice, Pakistan White Rice, Cambodian Fragrant Sen Kro Oub 5%, and Vietnamese White Fragrant Rice 2% were collected to investigate the amylose content and weight loss after six-month durations of the S. oryzae infestation. ANOVA analysis has shown a significant value, p-value=0.00, p <0.05 for the relationship between amylose content and rice varieties, whereas the weight loss in the eight rice varieties also showed a significant value, p-value= 0.00, p< 0.05. The Pakistan White Rice has recorded the highest percentage of weight loss (55.8%), while Cambodian Fragrant Sen Kro Oub 5% showed the lowest percentage of weight loss (23%). Despite the significant weight loss, the amylose content in each rice variety has showed a low rate, 2-9%. Results obtained from this study are considered as a fundamental data to strategize the S. oryzae pest management to make sure the continuity of rice supply for Malaysia","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42007060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a destructive and menace to a wide range of plant species including eggplant crop worldwide. This study was carried out to define the current status of CMV infecting eggplant crop in Pothwar region of Pakistan and characterization of CMV eggplant isolates as well as to recognize the sources of resistance in eggplant genotypes. A total of 660 leaf samples with the virus and virus-like symptoms were collected from different sites of Pothwar region and subjected to CMV specific DAS-ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. ELISA results indicated that approximately 56% of samples were positive for CMV infection and the disease incidence was highest (62.50%) in Jhelum district followed by Rawalpindi (58.33%), Chakwal (58.33%) and Attock (55.55%) districts with the lowest disease incidence (46.15%) was recorded in Islamabad district. Two ELISA positive samples from each district were further confirmed by RT-PCR and subsequently sequenced based on their coat protein cistron. All isolates were identical to each other so the nucleotide sequence of one eggplant isolate (CMV-Pak) was deposited in GenBank with accession number MH119063. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CMV-Pak eggplant isolate shared 90-94% nucleotide and 80-100% amino acid similarities with other isolates available in GenBank. Moreover, 10 eggplant genotypes were tested against CMV-Pak eggplant isolate, ELISA results categorized three genotypes (Singh Nath 666, Neelum, and Brinjal Jamak) as moderately resistant, two genotypes (Round Black, and Global Brinjal PPL) as susceptible and rest of the five genotypes (Bemissal, Brinjal Shilpa, Short Purple, Brinjal PPL, and Namyal Ratchburi) as moderately susceptible. Therefore, the three moderately resistant genotypes could be recommended to farmers for farming and plant breeders for developing new eggplant resistant genotypes to CMV. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first time provided evidence that CMV infects eggplant in Pakistan.
{"title":"Evaluation of eggplant genotypes and coat protein cistron based characterization of cucumber mosaic virus eggplant isolates of subgroup IB from Pothwar region of Pakistan","authors":"M. Ashfaq","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.1460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1460","url":null,"abstract":"Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a destructive and menace to a wide range of plant species including eggplant crop worldwide. This study was carried out to define the current status of CMV infecting eggplant crop in Pothwar region of Pakistan and characterization of CMV eggplant isolates as well as to recognize the sources of resistance in eggplant genotypes. A total of 660 leaf samples with the virus and virus-like symptoms were collected from different sites of Pothwar region and subjected to CMV specific DAS-ELISA using monoclonal antibodies. ELISA results indicated that approximately 56% of samples were positive for CMV infection and the disease incidence was highest (62.50%) in Jhelum district followed by Rawalpindi (58.33%), Chakwal (58.33%) and Attock (55.55%) districts with the lowest disease incidence (46.15%) was recorded in Islamabad district. Two ELISA positive samples from each district were further confirmed by RT-PCR and subsequently sequenced based on their coat protein cistron. All isolates were identical to each other so the nucleotide sequence of one eggplant isolate (CMV-Pak) was deposited in GenBank with accession number MH119063. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CMV-Pak eggplant isolate shared 90-94% nucleotide and 80-100% amino acid similarities with other isolates available in GenBank. Moreover, 10 eggplant genotypes were tested against CMV-Pak eggplant isolate, ELISA results categorized three genotypes (Singh Nath 666, Neelum, and Brinjal Jamak) as moderately resistant, two genotypes (Round Black, and Global Brinjal PPL) as susceptible and rest of the five genotypes (Bemissal, Brinjal Shilpa, Short Purple, Brinjal PPL, and Namyal Ratchburi) as moderately susceptible. Therefore, the three moderately resistant genotypes could be recommended to farmers for farming and plant breeders for developing new eggplant resistant genotypes to CMV. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first time provided evidence that CMV infects eggplant in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48298016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Pakistan, wheat used as a staple food that provides necessary nutrients and has a wide adaptation in different environments. A set of 18 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were tested at 23 different locations (Environments) in all over Pakistan. The AMMI biplot analysis was used to identify the genotypes performance across the environments and Genotype Environment Interaction (GEI). The G5 and G6 genotypes performed excellent across the 23 environments, therefore their yield performance are stable at all locations of Pakistan during 2015-16. While, G4, G5, G11, G17 performed very well at all locations during 2016-17. The performance of G5 genotype remains stable in both year of study at all locations so we strongly recommend for cultivation in any region of Pakistan. The G1 (E13), G16 (E14), G11 (E2), G3 & G5 (E18), G14 (E15, E19), and G7, G10 (E10) these genotypes perform well in specific environment and so respective genotypes recommended for specific region where performance remains excellent. The selection of ideal environment in which performance of genotypes are excellent. The three environments (E4, E1 and E10) are best environment in which all genotypes perform very well during both years of study
{"title":"The performance of potential wheat genotypes across diverse environments of Pakistan","authors":"M. Zubair","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.1226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1226","url":null,"abstract":"In Pakistan, wheat used as a staple food that provides necessary nutrients and has a wide adaptation in different environments. A set of 18 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were tested at 23 different locations (Environments) in all over Pakistan. The AMMI biplot analysis was used to identify the genotypes performance across the environments and Genotype Environment Interaction (GEI). The G5 and G6 genotypes performed excellent across the 23 environments, therefore their yield performance are stable at all locations of Pakistan during 2015-16. While, G4, G5, G11, G17 performed very well at all locations during 2016-17. The performance of G5 genotype remains stable in both year of study at all locations so we strongly recommend for cultivation in any region of Pakistan. The G1 (E13), G16 (E14), G11 (E2), G3 & G5 (E18), G14 (E15, E19), and G7, G10 (E10) these genotypes perform well in specific environment and so respective genotypes recommended for specific region where performance remains excellent. The selection of ideal environment in which performance of genotypes are excellent. The three environments (E4, E1 and E10) are best environment in which all genotypes perform very well during both years of study","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43635463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan is rich in cultural and natural resources and these resources proved to be helpful for the promotion of the tourism sector in the country. This sector does not only contribute to the national economy but also generates thousands of job opportunities in the country. Apart from economic development, Tourism affects adversely the environment. According to the previous studies, there is a relationship between TM and the degradation of the environment. We design this study to find the linkages between Tourism (TM), CO2 emissions (CEs), GDP per capita (GDPPC) and Energy Use (EU). The annual data from 1995 to 2014 is used to examine the relationship among factors. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) approach is used to analyse the data. The findings indicated that there is a positive relationship between TM and CEs but not significant at 5%. Moreover, the results indicate that the GDPPC and EU have a positive and significant relationship with CEs because the P-values of both variables’ coefficients are lesser than 5%. This study reveals that energy, used by the industrial sector, enhances CEs, validating that CEs registered a substantial rise because the industrial sector was using more energy rather than other sectors like tourism.
{"title":"Cultural resources: tourism and its impact on environment","authors":"Sahib Oad","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.1388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1388","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is rich in cultural and natural resources and these resources proved to be helpful for the promotion of the tourism sector in the country. This sector does not only contribute to the national economy but also generates thousands of job opportunities in the country. Apart from economic development, Tourism affects adversely the environment. According to the previous studies, there is a relationship between TM and the degradation of the environment. We design this study to find the linkages between Tourism (TM), CO2 emissions (CEs), GDP per capita (GDPPC) and Energy Use (EU). The annual data from 1995 to 2014 is used to examine the relationship among factors. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) approach is used to analyse the data. The findings indicated that there is a positive relationship between TM and CEs but not significant at 5%. Moreover, the results indicate that the GDPPC and EU have a positive and significant relationship with CEs because the P-values of both variables’ coefficients are lesser than 5%. This study reveals that energy, used by the industrial sector, enhances CEs, validating that CEs registered a substantial rise because the industrial sector was using more energy rather than other sectors like tourism.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47710339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic characterization of maize genotypes is of great importance in maize breeding program to identify diverse populations and divergent genotypes. Divergence and genetic diversity were assessed in a set of 20 maize genotypes representing popcorn, white corn, sweet corn and yellow corn, through morphological characteristics and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological data revealed that sweet corn genotype SCLY-1 was earlier in days to 50% pollen shedding than other genotypes while white corn genotype WL-3 was earlier in days to 50% silking. Maximum plant height was recorded for PCLY-5 (133.3 cm) while lowest for WL-4 (92.8 cm), whereas highest ears height was recorded for popcorn PCLY-1 (64.4 cm) and lowest (29.4 cm) for SCLY-5. The yellow corn had maximum (4.5 kg) grain yield at harvest as compared to sweet and popcorn (3.0 kg). Negative but weak correlation was recorded between ear height and grain yield. Cluster analysis based on yield related parameters grouped all the studied genotypes in to five sub clusters. Molecular genotyping based on four primers amplified 37 loci which were (100%) polymorphic. Maximum elven loci were identified by primer GLA-04, while minimum was reported for primer GLA-03. The loci GLD-18B1000, GLA-04B300 recorded highest gene diversity (0.500) followed by loci GLE05B750, GLE-05B650 and GLE-05B550. The loci of primer GLD-18 (GLD-18B1000) detected highest alleles evenness and Simpson’s diversity index of 1.00 and 0.526, respectively. Maximum gene diversity (0.354) among populations were recorded for yellow corn, while the minimum was detected for white corn (0.254), while genotypic diversity was same for all maize types. Cluster analysis based on molecular genotypic data grouped the maize genotypes into four distinct groups. Lack of concordance was observed while comparing the clustering based on phenotypic and molecular data. The overall diversity among the studied maize genotypes could be used in future maize breeding program.
{"title":"Phenotypic and molecular divergence in maize (Zea mays L.) ecotypes","authors":"Ramsha Javed","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.1469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1469","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic characterization of maize genotypes is of great importance in maize breeding program to identify diverse populations and divergent genotypes. Divergence and genetic diversity were assessed in a set of 20 maize genotypes representing popcorn, white corn, sweet corn and yellow corn, through morphological characteristics and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Morphological data revealed that sweet corn genotype SCLY-1 was earlier in days to 50% pollen shedding than other genotypes while white corn genotype WL-3 was earlier in days to 50% silking. Maximum plant height was recorded for PCLY-5 (133.3 cm) while lowest for WL-4 (92.8 cm), whereas highest ears height was recorded for popcorn PCLY-1 (64.4 cm) and lowest (29.4 cm) for SCLY-5. The yellow corn had maximum (4.5 kg) grain yield at harvest as compared to sweet and popcorn (3.0 kg). Negative but weak correlation was recorded between ear height and grain yield. Cluster analysis based on yield related parameters grouped all the studied genotypes in to five sub clusters. Molecular genotyping based on four primers amplified 37 loci which were (100%) polymorphic. Maximum elven loci were identified by primer GLA-04, while minimum was reported for primer GLA-03. The loci GLD-18B1000, GLA-04B300 recorded highest gene diversity (0.500) followed by loci GLE05B750, GLE-05B650 and GLE-05B550. The loci of primer GLD-18 (GLD-18B1000) detected highest alleles evenness and Simpson’s diversity index of 1.00 and 0.526, respectively. Maximum gene diversity (0.354) among populations were recorded for yellow corn, while the minimum was detected for white corn (0.254), while genotypic diversity was same for all maize types. Cluster analysis based on molecular genotypic data grouped the maize genotypes into four distinct groups. Lack of concordance was observed while comparing the clustering based on phenotypic and molecular data. The overall diversity among the studied maize genotypes could be used in future maize breeding program.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42640196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fats and oils are both economically and scientifically important in food systems and play an important role in nutrition. The principal causes of fat degradation are oxidation and hydrogenation, which have a detrimental impact on quality aspects of oils and fats such as color, texture, flavor, aroma, consistency, and appearance. The current research was conducted to determine the oil degradation factors by collecting fifty samples of fried oils used by street vendors from twenty-five different locations in Faisalabad area in order to assess the quality parameters of locally available fats and oil products. Procured samples underwent physicochemical tests to determine the degree of degradation and oxidation. The parameters analyzed for quality evaluation include free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), viscosity, refractive index (RI), p-anisidine value (p-AV), thiobarbeturic acid value (TBA), specific gravity (SG) and fatty acid profile through gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector. The analyses revealed significant oxidation and degradation in many of the vendor fried fats and oil that were procured. Physicochemical characteristics as well as oxidative stability attributes were deviated from the standard values defined by Codex Alimentarius and Punjab Pure Food Regulations (PPFR). In majority of the samples, the fatty acid profile exhibited increased levels of trans-9-elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid, indicating the presence of trans-fatty acid because of hydrogenation and high-temperature frying of fats and oils. The overall quality of most procured samples was in decline from recommended standards and unsuitable for frying and edible purposes
{"title":"Quality assessment of used edible fats and oils by local vendors of Faisalabad","authors":"W. Ahmed","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.1200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1200","url":null,"abstract":"Fats and oils are both economically and scientifically important in food systems and play an important role in nutrition. The principal causes of fat degradation are oxidation and hydrogenation, which have a detrimental impact on quality aspects of oils and fats such as color, texture, flavor, aroma, consistency, and appearance. The current research was conducted to determine the oil degradation factors by collecting fifty samples of fried oils used by street vendors from twenty-five different locations in Faisalabad area in order to assess the quality parameters of locally available fats and oil products. Procured samples underwent physicochemical tests to determine the degree of degradation and oxidation. The parameters analyzed for quality evaluation include free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), viscosity, refractive index (RI), p-anisidine value (p-AV), thiobarbeturic acid value (TBA), specific gravity (SG) and fatty acid profile through gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector. The analyses revealed significant oxidation and degradation in many of the vendor fried fats and oil that were procured. Physicochemical characteristics as well as oxidative stability attributes were deviated from the standard values defined by Codex Alimentarius and Punjab Pure Food Regulations (PPFR). In majority of the samples, the fatty acid profile exhibited increased levels of trans-9-elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid, indicating the presence of trans-fatty acid because of hydrogenation and high-temperature frying of fats and oils. The overall quality of most procured samples was in decline from recommended standards and unsuitable for frying and edible purposes","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42568580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochemical compounds are important factors in plant-disease interactions. Plants become prone to pathogen infection due to alterations in these compounds which help the plants in restricting the pathogens. Knowledge of these alterations is helpful for researchers to develop some concrete solutions for the management of canker disease. For this purpose, experiments were conducted with three replications to find out the alterations in biochemical compounds of citrus leaves infected with canker disease by artificial inoculation through syringe method. So, six varieties (three susceptible and three resistant) were selected after two years screening of thirty species of citrus under natural field conditions. Leaves of susceptible (Grapefruit, Succari, Kinnow) and resistant (Kumquat, Jaffa, China lemon) varieties of inoculated and un-inoculated groups were collected and analyzed for variation in biochemical compounds by using Nested Structured Design. Variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in the biochemical compounds among the treatment types. Resistant type of plants expressed 3.35, 2.90, 1.01, 2.10, 2.50, 3.18, and 0.66 µg/g, susceptible type expressed 2.29, 2.49, 1.36, 2.41, 1.73, 4.13 and 0.86 µg/g of total phenolic contents, total soluble sugars, super oxidase dismutase, peroxidase, total soluble proteins, catalase and hydrogen peroxide respectively, while in case of groups, inoculated pants expressed 1.59,2.52, 1.98, 3.20, 0.93, 5.11 and 1.21 µg/g and un-inoculated group exhibited 4.05, 2.87, 0.39, 1.30,3.29, 2.19 and 0.30 µg/g. These variations can be used as biochemical markers to identify source of resistance in citrus species against canker disease.
{"title":"Biochemical base of resistance in citrus against canker disease","authors":"A. Hameed","doi":"10.21162/pakjas/21.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.11","url":null,"abstract":"Biochemical compounds are important factors in plant-disease interactions. Plants become prone to pathogen infection due to alterations in these compounds which help the plants in restricting the pathogens. Knowledge of these alterations is helpful for researchers to develop some concrete solutions for the management of canker disease. For this purpose, experiments were conducted with three replications to find out the alterations in biochemical compounds of citrus leaves infected with canker disease by artificial inoculation through syringe method. So, six varieties (three susceptible and three resistant) were selected after two years screening of thirty species of citrus under natural field conditions. Leaves of susceptible (Grapefruit, Succari, Kinnow) and resistant (Kumquat, Jaffa, China lemon) varieties of inoculated and un-inoculated groups were collected and analyzed for variation in biochemical compounds by using Nested Structured Design. Variations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in the biochemical compounds among the treatment types. Resistant type of plants expressed 3.35, 2.90, 1.01, 2.10, 2.50, 3.18, and 0.66 µg/g, susceptible type expressed 2.29, 2.49, 1.36, 2.41, 1.73, 4.13 and 0.86 µg/g of total phenolic contents, total soluble sugars, super oxidase dismutase, peroxidase, total soluble proteins, catalase and hydrogen peroxide respectively, while in case of groups, inoculated pants expressed 1.59,2.52, 1.98, 3.20, 0.93, 5.11 and 1.21 µg/g and un-inoculated group exhibited 4.05, 2.87, 0.39, 1.30,3.29, 2.19 and 0.30 µg/g. These variations can be used as biochemical markers to identify source of resistance in citrus species against canker disease.","PeriodicalId":19885,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44751677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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