Petroleum Science最新文献_第10页

The genetic mechanism of salt minerals in Fengcheng Formation in Hashan area, northwestern margin of Junggar Basin 准噶尔盆地西北缘哈山地区丰城组盐矿物成因机制

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.07.027

Cun-Fei Ma , Wen-Jun Huang , Jian Zhou , Hong-Zhou Yu , Mei-Yuan Song

The Fengcheng Formation in the Hashan area, located on the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, represents a saline-alkaline lake facies with fine-grained mixed sedimentation. This formation is rich in alkaline minerals and serves as a high-quality source rock for hydrocarbon generation in alkaline lakes. However, its lithology is complex, and the origins of the salt minerals remain unclear. This study focuses on the salt minerals in the Fengcheng Formation of the Hashan area. Using core observation, thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, trace and rare earth element analysis, stable isotope analysis, fluid inclusion analysis, and zircon U-Pb dating, the sedimentary age of Fengcheng Formation and the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of salt minerals were systematically studied. The salt minerals identified in the Fengcheng Formation include calcite, dolomite, eitelite, northupite, shortite, reedmergnerite, and Na-carbonate. According to the different types of salt minerals, the different contact relations between minerals, the different production positions and production styles of mineral combinations, the salt mineral assemblage in the study area is classified into three categories: The combination of calcite, dolomite, shortite, and reedmergnerite, The combination of Na-carbonates, eitelite, shortite, and reedmergnerite, The combination of dolomite, eitelite, shortite, and northupite. Two zircon U-Pb ages, 307.8 ± 2.7 Ma and 308.5 ± 3.5 Ma, span the Carboniferous-Permian boundary, corresponding to an interglacial period within the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, aligning with the development of salt minerals. Salt minerals have the formation modes of sedimentation, replacement and hydrothermal transformation. Terrestrial weathering products, atmospheric, volcanic and hydrothermal processes, residual seawater, clay mineral transformation, thermal evolution of organic matter and tuffaceous alteration are material sources. The salt-forming fluid has the characteristics of weak acid-alkaline, medium-low temperature and high salinity, and is mainly driven by subduction zone high pressure, magmatic heat and gravity. The burial depth, temperature and CO₂ concentration required for the formation of salt minerals were clarified, and the evolution sequence of salt-forming fluids from sedimentation to diagenesis and accompanied by hydrothermal (hot water) activities was summarized. The evolution model of salt minerals controlled by different genesis from the first member to the third member of Fengcheng Formation was established. The research findings are significant for understanding the paleoenvironment of the Fengcheng Formation, the formation mechanisms of high-salinity lakes, and the salt formation models.

准噶尔盆地西北缘哈山地区奉城组为细粒混合沉积的盐碱湖相。该组富含碱性矿物，是碱性湖泊优质生烃烃源岩。然而，它的岩性复杂，盐矿物的来源仍不清楚。本文以哈山地区丰城组盐矿物为研究对象。采用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、电子探针显微分析、微量元素和稀土元素分析、稳定同位素分析、流体包裹体分析、锆石U-Pb定年等方法，系统研究了丰城组沉积时代及盐矿物矿物学和地球化学特征。丰城组已发现的盐类矿物主要有方解石、白云石、辉长石、北长石、短云母、芦苇美砂、碳酸钠等。根据研究区盐类矿物类型的不同、矿物间接触关系的不同、矿物组合的生产位置和生产方式的不同，将研究区盐类矿物组合划分为方解石、白云岩、短云母、芦笋美砂组合、钠碳酸盐、辉长石、短云母、芦笋美砂组合、白云石、辉长石、短云母、诺长石组合三类。锆石U-Pb年龄分别为307.8±2.7 Ma和308.5±3.5 Ma，跨越石炭纪-二叠纪界线，对应晚古生代冰期的间冰期，与盐矿物发育一致。盐矿物具有沉积、置换和热液转化的形成模式。陆地风化产物、大气、火山和热液作用、残留海水、粘土矿物转化、有机质热演化和凝灰质蚀变是物质来源。成盐流体具有弱酸碱性、中低温、高盐度的特征，主要受俯冲带高压、岩浆热和重力驱动。明确了盐矿物形成所需的埋藏深度、温度和CO2浓度，总结了成盐流体从沉积到成岩并伴随热液（热水）活动的演化顺序。建立了丰城组一段至三段受不同成因控制的盐矿物演化模式。研究结果对了解丰城组古环境、高盐度湖泊形成机制和成盐模式具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Deformation and failure evolution mechanism of inherently anisotropic sedimentary rocks under true-triaxial stress 真三轴应力作用下固有各向异性沉积岩变形破坏演化机制

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.08.031

Fu-Dong Li , Tian-Yu Chen , Derek Elsworth , Xiao-Jun Yu , Xian-Bao Zheng , Zhi-Guo Wang , Shu-Juan Zhang

Understanding the mechanical behavior and failure characteristics of anisotropic sedimentary rocks under true-triaxial in-situ stress conditions is critical in understanding and mitigating damaging formation slippage in subsurface reservoirs and containment structures. In particular, threshold conditions where structure dominates over intact failure remain undefined. By conducting systematic true-triaxial compression tests, we followed the evolution of deformation and failure in sedimentary rocks across a documented spectrum of lithological and structural characteristics in order to quantify and then classify this cross-impact. The failure features were characterized using acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, optical imaging, X-ray CT scans, and thin-section analysis. We characterized structural and deformational anisotropies in order to define the risk of structurally controlled slip failure. We identified three deformational and failure modes dominated by (I) purely stress-controlled failure, (II) mixed stress–structure-controlled failure, and (III) purely structurally controlled failure. As structural overprinting increased, failure mechanisms were found to shift progressively from Type I to III, thereby progressively capturing inherent rock anisotropy and complex fabric as well as ductile failure. This transition was characterized in terms of two parameters that alternately characterize structural (α) and deformational anisotropies (β) of rocks with these related to key visual, mechanical, and acoustic (AE) indicators. The greater the α (α > 2), the higher the β (β > 0), the more likely the transition from brittle failure to structurally controlled ductile shear reactivation along the bedding.

了解真三轴地应力条件下各向异性沉积岩的力学行为和破坏特征，对于理解和减轻地下储层和封闭结构的破坏性地层滑移至关重要。特别是，结构在完整破坏中占主导地位的阈值条件仍未定义。通过进行系统的真三轴压缩测试，我们通过记录的岩性和结构特征谱跟踪沉积岩变形和破坏的演变，以便对这种交叉冲击进行量化和分类。利用声发射（AE）监测、光学成像、x射线CT扫描和薄层分析对失效特征进行了表征。我们对结构和变形各向异性进行了表征，以确定结构控制滑动破坏的风险。我们确定了三种变形和破坏模式，即(I)纯应力控制破坏，（II）混合应力-结构控制破坏和（III）纯结构控制破坏。随着结构套印的增加，破坏机制逐渐从I型转变为III型，从而逐渐捕获固有的岩石各向异性和复杂的结构以及韧性破坏。这一转变通过两个参数来表征，这两个参数交替表征岩石的结构（α）和变形各向异性（β），这些参数与关键的视觉、力学和声学（AE）指标有关。α (α > 2)越大，β (β > 0)越高，沿层理由脆性破坏向构造控制的韧性剪切再活化转变的可能性越大。

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引用次数: 0

Incremental dimensionality reduction for efficiently solving Bayesian inverse problems 有效求解贝叶斯反问题的增量降维算法

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.08.008

Qing-Qing Li , Bo Yu , Jia-Liang Xu , Ning Wang , Shi-Chao Wang , Hui Zhou

The inversion of large sparse matrices poses a major challenge in geophysics, particularly in Bayesian seismic inversion, significantly limiting computational efficiency and practical applicability to large-scale datasets. Existing dimensionality reduction methods have achieved partial success in addressing this issue. However, they remain limited in terms of the achievable degree of dimensionality reduction. An incremental deep dimensionality reduction approach is proposed herein to significantly reduce matrix size and is applied to Bayesian linearized inversion (BLI), a stochastic seismic inversion approach that heavily depends on large sparse matrices inversion. The proposed method first employs a linear transformation based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) to extract the matrix's essential information and eliminate redundant components, forming the foundation of the dimensionality reduction framework. Subsequently, an innovative iterative DCT-based dimensionality reduction process is applied, where the reduction magnitude is carefully calibrated at each iteration to incrementally reduce dimensionality, thereby effectively eliminating matrix redundancy in depth. This process is referred to as the incremental discrete cosine transform (IDCT). Ultimately, a linear IDCT-based reduction operator is constructed and applied to the kernel matrix inversion in BLI, resulting in a more efficient BLI framework. The proposed method was evaluated through synthetic and field data tests and compared with conventional dimensionality reduction methods. The IDCT approach significantly improves the dimensionality reduction efficiency of the core inversion matrix while preserving inversion accuracy, demonstrating prominent advantages in solving Bayesian inverse problems more efficiently.

大型稀疏矩阵的反演对地球物理学，特别是贝叶斯地震反演提出了重大挑战，极大地限制了计算效率和对大规模数据集的实际适用性。现有的降维方法在解决这一问题上取得了部分成功。然而，它们在可实现的降维程度方面仍然有限。本文提出了一种增量深度降维方法来显著减小矩阵大小，并将其应用于严重依赖大稀疏矩阵反演的随机地震反演方法贝叶斯线性化反演（BLI）。该方法首先采用基于离散余弦变换（DCT）的线性变换提取矩阵的基本信息，剔除冗余分量，构成降维框架的基础。随后，应用了一种创新的基于迭代dct的降维过程，在每次迭代中仔细校准降维幅度，以增量降维，从而有效地消除了矩阵的深度冗余。这个过程被称为增量离散余弦变换（IDCT）。最后，构造了一个基于idct的线性约简算子，并将其应用于BLI中的核矩阵反演，得到了一个更高效的BLI框架。通过综合和现场数据试验对该方法进行了评价，并与常规降维方法进行了比较。IDCT方法在保持反演精度的同时，显著提高了核心反演矩阵的降维效率，在更有效地求解贝叶斯反问题方面具有突出的优势。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of different thermal insulated drill pipe deployment methods on wellbore temperature control in ultra-deep wells 不同保温钻杆下布方式对超深井井筒温度控制的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.09.014

Heng-Rui Zhang , Yi-Nao Su , Mao-Lin Liao , Hong-Yu Wu , Hai-Yan Zhang , Hao-Yu Wang , Ke Liu

The exploitation of oil resources has now extended to ultra-deep formations, with depths even exceeding 10,000 m. During drilling operations, the bottomhole temperature (BHT) can surpass 240 °C. Under such high-temperature conditions, measurement while drilling (MWD) instruments are highly likely to malfunction due to the inadequate temperature resistance of their electronic components. As a wellbore temperature control approach, the application of thermal insulated drill pipe (TIDP) has been proposed to manage the wellbore temperature in ultra-deep wells. This paper developed a temperature field model for ultra-deep wells by coupling the interactions of multiple factors on the wellbore temperature. For the first time, five distinct TIDP deployment methods were proposed, and their corresponding wellbore temperature variation characteristics were investigated, and the heat transfer laws of the ultra-deep wellbore-formation system were quantitatively elucidated. The results revealed that TIDP can effectively restrain the rapid rise in the temperature of the drilling fluid inside the drill string by reducing the heat flux of the drill string. Among the five deployment methods, the method of deploying TIDP from the bottomhole upwards exhibits the best performance. For a 12,000 m simulated well, when 6000 m of TIDP are deployed from the bottomhole upwards, the BHT decreases by 52 °C, while the outlet temperature increases by merely 1 °C. This not only achieves the objective of wellbore temperature control but also keeps the temperature of the drilling fluid at the outlet of annulus at a relatively low level, thereby reducing the requirements for the heat exchange equipment on the ground. The novel findings of this study provide significant guidance for wellbore temperature control in ultra-deep and ultra-high-temperature wells.

石油资源的开发已经扩展到超深地层，深度甚至超过10000米。在钻井作业中，井底温度（BHT）可超过240℃。在这种高温条件下，随钻测量（MWD）仪器由于其电子元件的耐温性不足，很容易发生故障。保温钻杆作为一种控制井筒温度的方法，被提出应用于超深井的井筒温度控制。建立了影响井筒温度的多因素耦合作用的超深井温度场模型。首次提出了5种不同的TIDP部署方法，研究了其对应的井筒温度变化特征，定量阐明了超深井筒地层系统的传热规律。结果表明，TIDP通过降低钻柱热流密度，可以有效抑制钻柱内钻井液温度的快速升高。在5种部署方式中，从井底向上部署TIDP的方式效果最好。对于一口12000米的模拟井，当从井底向上部署6000米的TIDP时，BHT降低了52℃，而出口温度仅增加了1℃。这样既达到了控制井筒温度的目的，又使环空出口的钻井液温度保持在较低的水平，从而降低了对地面换热设备的要求。该研究成果对超深、超高温井的井筒温度控制具有重要指导意义。

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引用次数: 0

Physics-informed graph neural network for predicting fluid flow in porous media 预测多孔介质中流体流动的物理信息图神经网络

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.06.007

Hai-Yang Chen , Liang Xue , Li Liu , Gao-Feng Zou , Jiang-Xia Han , Yu-Bin Dong , Meng-Ze Cong , Yue-Tian Liu , Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini-Nasab

With the rapid development of deep learning neural networks, new solutions have emerged for addressing fluid flow problems in porous media. Combining data-driven approaches with physical constraints has become a hot research direction, with physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) being the most popular hybrid model. PINNs have gained widespread attention in subsurface fluid flow simulations due to their low computational resource requirements, fast training speeds, strong generalization capabilities, and broad applicability. Despite success in homogeneous settings, standard PINNs face challenges in accurately calculating flux between irregular Eulerian cells with disparate properties and capturing global field influences on local cells. This limits their suitability for heterogeneous reservoirs and the irregular Eulerian grids frequently used in reservoir. To address these challenges, this study proposes a physics-informed graph neural network (PIGNN) model. The PIGNN model treats the entire field as a whole, integrating information from neighboring grids and physical laws into the solution for the target grid, thereby improving the accuracy of solving partial differential equations in heterogeneous and Eulerian irregular grids. The optimized model was applied to pressure field prediction in a spatially heterogeneous reservoir, achieving an average

L_{2}

error and R² score of 6.710 × 10⁻⁴ and 0.998, respectively, which confirms the effectiveness of model. Compared to the conventional PINN model, the average

L_{2}

error was reduced by 76.93%, the average R² score increased by 3.56%. Moreover, evaluating robustness, training the PIGNN model using only 54% and 76% of the original data yielded average relative

L_{2}

error reductions of 58.63% and 56.22%, respectively, compared to the PINN model. These results confirm the superior performance of this approach compared to PINN.

随着深度学习神经网络的快速发展，为解决多孔介质中的流体流动问题提供了新的解决方案。将数据驱动方法与物理约束相结合已经成为一个热门的研究方向，其中物理信息神经网络（pinn）是最流行的混合模型。pinn以其计算资源要求低、训练速度快、泛化能力强、适用性广等优点在地下流体流动模拟中得到了广泛的关注。尽管在均匀环境中取得了成功，但标准pin在精确计算具有不同性质的不规则欧拉细胞之间的通量和捕获局部细胞的全局场影响方面面临挑战。这限制了它们对非均质油藏和油藏中常用的不规则欧拉网格的适用性。为了解决这些挑战，本研究提出了一个物理信息图神经网络（PIGNN）模型。PIGNN模型将整个场视为一个整体，将来自相邻网格和物理定律的信息整合到目标网格的解中，从而提高了在异构和欧拉不规则网格中求解偏微分方程的精度。将优化后的模型应用于某空间非均质储层压力场预测，平均L2误差为6.710 × 10−4，R2分数为0.998，验证了模型的有效性。与传统的PINN模型相比，平均L2误差降低了76.93%，平均R2分数提高了3.56%。此外，为了评估鲁棒性，仅使用54%和76%的原始数据训练PIGNN模型，与PINN模型相比，平均相对L2误差分别降低了58.63%和56.22%。这些结果证实了该方法与PINN相比的优越性能。

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引用次数: 0

Study on swelling and retention of liquid hydrocarbon compounds by type I kerogen I型干酪根对液态烃溶胀和滞留的研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.07.013

Tian Liang , Yan-Rong Zou , Zha-Wen Zhan , Ping-An Peng

In this paper, experiments were carried out to investigate the retention of liquid hydrocarbons in kerogen type I. The study focuses on the mudstone from the Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin of China. To prepare samples of kerogen with varying degrees of maturity, artificial pyrolysis was used. Swelling experiments with three different types of liquid hydrocarbons were then conducted. The results revealed that the peak swelling adsorption capacity of type I kerogen for liquid hydrocarbons occurred at Easy%R_o = 1.07. Additionally, the kerogen showed a selective ability to retain aromatic hydrocarbons throughout the entire process compared to alkane. The order of hydrocarbon expulsion from source rocks was established as follows: short-chain alkanes > cycloalkanes/long-chain alkanes > aromatics with alkyl groups > polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This study also developed a model for evaluating the swelling capacity of kerogen. This model was capable of evaluating the total swelling state of liquid hydrocarbons without considering the adsorption state, which was not possible in previous experimental work. According to this model, the swelling ability of long-chain alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in type I kerogen was high, while the swelling ability of cycloalkanes was weak, and most of them existed in the form of adsorption. This study suggests that paraffin and asphaltenes may affect the expulsion of shale oil and heavy oil in the form of swelling state, particularly in immature source rocks. This finding provides a new direction for research on hydrocarbon source rock evaluation and unconventional oil exploration.

本文以准噶尔盆地芦草沟组泥岩为研究对象，开展了ⅰ型干酪根中液态烃的储集实验研究。采用人工热解法制备不同成熟度的干酪根样品。然后对三种不同类型的液态烃进行了溶胀实验。结果表明：ⅰ型干酪根对液态烃的溶胀吸附量在Easy%Ro = 1.07时达到峰值；此外，与烷烃相比，干酪根在整个过程中表现出选择性保留芳烃的能力。烃源岩排烃顺序为：短链烷烃>；环烷烃/长链烷烃>；带烷基芳烃>；多环芳烃。本研究还建立了评价干酪根溶胀能力的模型。该模型能够在不考虑吸附状态的情况下评估液态烃的总溶胀状态，这在以往的实验工作中是无法实现的。根据该模型，长链烷烃和多环芳烃在I型干酪根中的溶胀能力较高，而环烷烃的溶胀能力较弱，且大部分以吸附形式存在。研究表明，石蜡质和沥青质可能以膨胀状态影响页岩油和稠油的排油，特别是在未成熟烃源岩中。这一发现为烃源岩评价和非常规油气勘探研究提供了新的方向。

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引用次数: 0

A study on numerical simulation method of Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+ detection response in neutron well logging 中子测井中Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+探测响应的数值模拟方法研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.05.028

Qi-Xuan Liang , Feng Zhang , Jun-Ting Fan , Dong-Ming Liu , Yun-Bo Zhou , Qing-Chuan Wang , Di Zhang

Neutron well logging, using instruments equipped with neutron source and detectors (e.g., ³He-tubes, NaI, BGO), plays a key role in lithological differentiation, porosity determination, and fluid property evaluation in the petroleum industry. The growing trend of multifunctional neutron well logging, which enables simultaneous extraction of multiple reservoir characteristics, requiring high-performance detectors capable of withstanding high-temperature downhole conditions, limited space, and instrument vibrations, while also detecting multiple particle types. The Cs₂LiYCl₆:Ce³⁺ (CLYC) elpasolite scintillator demonstrates excellent temperature resistance and detection efficiency, making it become a promising candidate for leading the development of the novel neutron-based double-particle logging technology. This study employed Monte Carlo simulations to generate equivalent gamma spectra and proposed a pulse shape discrimination simulation method based on theoretical analysis and probabilistic iteration. The performance of CLYC was compared to that of common detectors in terms of physical properties and detection efficiency. A double-particle pulsed neutron detection system for porosity determination was established, based on the count ratio of equivalent gamma rays from the range of 2.95–3.42 MeVee energy bins. Results showed that CLYC can effectively replace ³He-tubes for porosity measurement, providing consistent responses. This study offers numerical simulation support for the design of future neutron well logging tools and the application of double-particle detectors in logging systems.

中子测井使用配备中子源和探测器的仪器（如3he管、NaI、BGO），在石油工业中对岩性鉴别、孔隙度测定和流体性质评价起着关键作用。多功能中子测井的发展趋势是，它可以同时提取多种储层特征，需要能够承受高温井下条件、有限空间和仪器振动的高性能探测器，同时还要检测多种颗粒类型。Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+ (CLYC) elpasolite闪烁体具有优异的耐温性和探测效率，是引领新型中子双粒子测井技术发展的有希望的候选体。本研究采用蒙特卡罗模拟生成等效伽马谱，提出了一种基于理论分析和概率迭代的脉冲形状判别模拟方法。在物理性能和检测效率方面，比较了CLYC与普通探测器的性能。基于2.95 ~ 3.42 MeVee能量仓的等效伽马射线计数比，建立了测定孔隙度的双粒子脉冲中子探测系统。结果表明，CLYC可以有效替代3he管进行孔隙度测量，且响应一致。该研究为今后中子测井工具的设计和双粒子探测器在测井系统中的应用提供了数值模拟支持。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating hydraulic fracturing effectiveness based on the improved connection model of acoustic emission events 基于改进声发射事件连接模型的水力压裂效果评价

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.07.018

Shan Wu , Hong-Kui Ge , Xiao-Qiong Wang , Ke Gao , Hai Ding

Hydraulic fracturing techniques are commonly used to enhance the production of tight reservoirs. Generally, the effect of hydraulic fracturing can be appraised through hydraulic fracturing experiments in the laboratory, in which acoustic emission (AE) is often used to monitor the fracturing process. At present, the number of AE events and spatial distribution of AE locations are the two main factors commonly considered in hydraulic fracturing effectiveness evaluation. However, these commonly used evaluation methods overlook two crucial aspects: the connectivity among fractures and the tensile and shear properties of fractures induced by hydraulic fracturing. In this technical note, we consider the influence of these two previously overlooked aspects on the evaluation of hydraulic fracturing effectiveness by establishing a connected fracture model using AE data. The proposed approach links up AE events based on their spatio-temporal relationship and builds a fracture network called the connection model. Then, the characteristic of the fracture network is represented by the fractal dimension to reveal the complexity of fractures in the network. We extract the tensile-shear properties of each fracture based on the inversion of AE events’ focal mechanism. Finally, based on the pre-known fracturing effectiveness of a fracture network, we compare the connection model of AE events in several triaxial hydraulic experiments. Our findings indicate that a comprehensive evaluation of hydraulic fracturing effectiveness can be achieved by considering both the connectivity of AE locations and the tensile-shear properties of AE events. This work aims to provide a more rational method for characterizing rock fracture networks and evaluating rock fracturing effects using AE data.

水力压裂技术是提高致密储层产量的常用技术。一般来说，水力压裂效果可以通过室内水力压裂实验来评价，其中声发射（AE）常用于监测压裂过程。目前，声发射事件数量和声发射位置的空间分布是水力压裂效果评价中通常考虑的两个主要因素。然而，这些常用的评价方法忽略了两个至关重要的方面：裂缝之间的连通性以及水力压裂引起的裂缝的拉剪特性。在本技术说明中，我们通过使用声发射数据建立连接裂缝模型，考虑了这两个之前被忽视的方面对水力压裂效果评价的影响。本文提出的方法基于声发射事件的时空关系将它们连接起来，并建立一个称为连接模型的裂缝网络。然后，用分形维数表示裂缝网络的特征，揭示裂缝网络的复杂性；在声发射事件震源机制反演的基础上，提取各裂缝的拉剪特性。最后，在已知裂缝网络压裂效果的基础上，对比了几次三轴水力实验中声发射事件的连接模型。研究结果表明，综合考虑声发射位置的连通性和声发射事件的拉剪特性，可以对水力压裂效果进行综合评价。本工作旨在为利用声发射数据表征岩石裂缝网络和评价岩石压裂效果提供一种更合理的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing uniformity of multi-fracture propagation by temporary plugging and diversion fracturing in a horizontal well with multi-cluster perforations 在多簇射孔水平井中，通过临时封堵和导流压裂提高多裂缝扩展的均匀性

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.05.021

Xin Chang , Shi-Long Teng , Xing-Yi Wang , Yin-Tong Guo , Chun-He Yang

Multi-stage and multi-cluster fracturing (MMF) is a crucial technology in unconventional oil and gas development, aiming to enhance production by creating extensive fracture networks. However, achieving uniform expansion of multi-cluster hydraulic fractures (HFs) in MMF remains a significant challenge. Field practice has shown that the use of temporary plugging and diversion fracturing (TPDF) can promote the balanced expansion of multi-cluster HFs. This study conducted TPDF experiments using a true triaxial fracturing simulation system setting a horizontal well completion with multi-cluster jetting perforations to investigate the equilibrium initiation and extension of multi-cluster fractures. The influence of key parameters, including cluster spacing, fracturing fluid viscosity, differential stress, and fracturing fluid injection rate, on fracture initiation and propagation was systematically examined. The results indicate that while close-spaced multi-cluster fracturing significantly increases the number of HFs, it also leads to uneven extension of HFs in their propagation. In contrast, TPDF demonstrates effectiveness in mitigating uneven HF extension, increasing the number of HFs, and creating a larger stimulated reservoir volume, ultimately leading to improved oil and gas well productivity. Moreover, under conditions of high differential stress, the differential stress within the formation exerts a stronger guiding effect in HFs, which are more closely aligned with the minimum principal stress. Low-viscosity fluids facilitate rapid and extensive fracture propagation within the rock formation. High-volume fluid injection, on the other hand, more comprehensively fills the formation. Therefore, employing low-viscosity and high-volume fracturing is advantageous for the initiation and extension of multi-cluster HFs.

多段多簇压裂（MMF）是非常规油气开发中的一项关键技术，旨在通过建立广泛的裂缝网络来提高产量。然而，在MMF中实现多簇水力裂缝（HFs）的均匀扩张仍然是一个重大挑战。现场实践表明，临时封堵导流压裂（TPDF）能够促进多簇hf的平衡扩张。本研究使用真三轴压裂模拟系统进行了TPDF实验，设置了一个多簇喷射射孔的水平井完井，以研究多簇裂缝的平衡起裂和延伸。系统考察了簇间距、压裂液粘度、差应力和压裂液注入速率等关键参数对裂缝起裂和扩展的影响。结果表明：近间距多簇压裂在显著增加高频纤维数量的同时，也导致高频纤维扩展不均匀；相比之下，TPDF在缓解HF延伸不均匀、增加HF数量、创造更大的增产油藏体积方面表现出了有效性，最终提高了油气井的产能。此外，在高差应力条件下，地层内的差应力对hf的导向作用更强，与最小主应力更接近。低粘度流体有利于岩层内裂缝的快速和广泛扩展。另一方面，大容量流体注入可以更全面地填充地层。因此，采用低粘度、大体积压裂有利于多簇hf的形成和扩展。

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引用次数: 0

An unsupervised intelligent warning model for drilling kick risk based on multi-temporal feature coupling 基于多时相特征耦合的无监督井涌风险智能预警模型

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2025.06.013

De-Tao Zhou , Zhao-Peng Zhu , Tao Pan , Xian-Zhi Song , Shi-Jie Xiao , Gen-Sheng Li , Cheng-Kai Zhang , Chen-Zhan Zhou , Zi-Yue Zhang

As oil and gas exploration continues to progress into deeper and unconventional reservoirs, the likelihood of kick risk increases, making kick warning a critical factor in ensuring drilling safety and efficiency. Due to the scarcity of kick samples, traditional supervised models perform poorly, and significant fluctuations in field data lead to high false alarm rates. This study proposes an unsupervised graph autoencoder (GAE)-based kick warning method, which effectively reduces false alarms by eliminating the influence of field engineer operations and incorporating real-time model updates. The method utilizes the GAE model to process time-series data during drilling, accurately identifying kick risk while overcoming challenges related to small sample sizes and missing features. To further reduce false alarms, the weighted dynamic time warping (WDTW) algorithm is introduced to identify fluctuations in logging data caused by field engineer operations during drilling, with real-time updates applied to prevent normal conditions from being misclassified as kick risk. Experimental results show that the GAE-based kick warning method achieves an accuracy of 92.7% and significantly reduces the false alarm rate. The GAE model continues to operate effectively even under conditions of missing features and issues kick warnings 4 min earlier than field engineers, demonstrating its high sensitivity and robustness. After integrating the WDTW algorithm and real-time updates, the false alarm rate is reduced from 17.3% to 5.6%, further improving the accuracy of kick warnings. The proposed method provides an efficient and reliable approach for kick warning in drilling operations, offering strong practical value and technical support for the intelligent management of future drilling operations.

随着油气勘探不断深入到更深的非常规储层，井涌风险的可能性也在增加，因此井涌预警成为确保钻井安全和效率的关键因素。由于井涌样本的稀缺性，传统的监督模型表现不佳，现场数据的显著波动导致高虚警率。本研究提出了一种基于无监督图自编码器（GAE）的井涌预警方法，该方法通过消除现场工程师操作的影响并结合实时模型更新，有效地减少了误报。该方法利用GAE模型在钻井过程中处理时间序列数据，准确识别井涌风险，同时克服与小样本量和缺失特征相关的挑战。为了进一步减少误报，引入加权动态时间扭曲（WDTW）算法来识别钻井过程中由现场工程师操作引起的测井数据波动，并应用实时更新来防止正常情况被错误地归类为井涌风险。实验结果表明，基于博弈的踢腿预警方法准确率达到92.7%，显著降低了误报率。GAE模型即使在特征缺失的情况下也能继续有效运行，并比现场工程师早4分钟发出井涌警告，证明了其高灵敏度和鲁棒性。将WDTW算法与实时更新相结合后，误报警率从17.3%降至5.6%，进一步提高了井涌预警的准确性。该方法为钻井作业中的井涌预警提供了一种高效、可靠的方法，为今后钻井作业的智能化管理提供了强大的实用价值和技术支撑。

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引用次数: 0