Petroleum Science最新文献_第5页

Influence of the mechanical properties of materials on the ultimate pressure-bearing capability of a pressure-preserving controller 材料的机械特性对保压控制器最终承压能力的影响

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.04.003

The pressure-preserving controller is the core part of deep in-situ pressure-preserving coring (IPP-Coring) system, and its pressure-preserving capability is the key to IPP-Coring technology. To achieve a good understanding of the influence of mechanical properties of materials on the ultimate pressure-bearing capability (UPB-Capability) of the pressure-preserving controller, the IPP-Coring experimental platform was developed to test the UPB-Capability of pressure-preserving controllers of four different materials. The experimental results show that the UPB-Capability of pressure-preserving controllers with different material varies greatly. A numerical model of the pressure-preserving controller was developed to study the influences of mechanical parameters of materials on the UPB-Capability of the pressure-preserving controller after the accuracy of the numerical model is verified by experiments. The results indicate that the yield strength (YS) and Poisson's ratio (PR) of the material have little effect on the UPB-Capability of the pressure-preserving controller, whereas the elastic modulus (EM) of the material has a significant effect. A generalized model of the UPB-Capability of the pressure-preserving controller is developed to reveal the mechanism of the influence of material properties on the UPB-Capability of the pressure-preserving controllers. Considering these results, the future optimization direction of the pressure-preserving controller and material selection scheme in practical engineering applications of the pressure-preserving controller are suggested.

保压控制器是深部原位保压取芯（IPP-Coring）系统的核心部件，其保压能力是IPP-Coring技术的关键。为了充分了解材料力学性能对保压控制器极限承压能力（UPB-Capability）的影响，我们开发了 IPP-Coring 实验平台，测试了四种不同材料的保压控制器的极限承压能力。实验结果表明，不同材料的保压控制器的 UPB-Capability 差异很大。在通过实验验证数值模型的准确性后，建立了保压控制器的数值模型，以研究材料力学参数对保压控制器 UPB-Capability 的影响。结果表明，材料的屈服强度（YS）和泊松比（PR）对保压控制器的 UPB-Capability 影响不大，而材料的弹性模量（EM）则有显著影响。通过建立保压控制器 UPB-Capability 的广义模型，揭示了材料特性对保压控制器 UPB-Capability 的影响机制。考虑到这些结果，提出了保压控制器的未来优化方向以及保压控制器在实际工程应用中的材料选择方案。

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引用次数: 0

A systematic review of machine learning modeling processes and applications in ROP prediction in the past decade 系统回顾过去十年中机器学习建模过程及在 ROP 预测中的应用

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.013

Fossil fuels are undoubtedly important, and drilling technology plays an important role in realizing fossil fuel exploration; therefore, the prediction and evaluation of drilling efficiency is a key research goal in the industry. Limited by the unknown geological environment and complex operating procedures, the prediction and evaluation of drilling efficiency were very difficult before the introduction of machine learning algorithms. This review statistically analyses rate of penetration (ROP) prediction models established based on machine learning algorithms; establishes an overall framework including data collection, data preprocessing, model establishment, and accuracy evaluation; and compares the effectiveness of different algorithms in each link of the process. This review also compares the prediction accuracy of different machine learning models and traditional models commonly used in this field and demonstrates that machine learning models are the most effective technical means in current ROP prediction modeling.

化石燃料的重要性毋庸置疑，而钻井技术在实现化石燃料勘探方面发挥着重要作用，因此，钻井效率的预测和评估是业界的重点研究目标。受限于未知的地质环境和复杂的操作程序，在引入机器学习算法之前，钻井效率的预测和评估非常困难。本综述对基于机器学习算法建立的穿透率（ROP）预测模型进行了统计分析，建立了包括数据收集、数据预处理、模型建立和精度评估在内的整体框架，并比较了不同算法在各个环节的有效性。本综述还比较了不同机器学习模型和该领域常用传统模型的预测精度，证明机器学习模型是当前 ROP 预测建模中最有效的技术手段。

引用次数: 0

SeisResoDiff: Seismic resolution enhancement based on a diffusion model SeisResoDiff：基于扩散模型的地震分辨率增强技术

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.002

Hao-Ran Zhang , Yang Liu , Yu-Hang Sun , Gui Chen

High resolution of post-stack seismic data assists in better interpretation of subsurface structures as well as high accuracy of impedance inversion. Therefore, geophysicists consistently strive to acquire higher resolution seismic images in petroleum exploration. Although there have been successful applications of conventional signal processing and machine learning for post-stack seismic resolution enhancement, there is limited reference to the seismic applications of the recent emergence and rapid development of generative artificial intelligence. Hence, we propose to apply diffusion models, among the most popular generative models, to enhance seismic resolution. Specifically, we apply the classic diffusion model—denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM), conditioned on the seismic data in low resolution, to reconstruct corresponding high-resolution images. Herein the entire scheme is referred to as SeisResoDiff. To provide a comprehensive and clear understanding of SeisResoDiff, we introduce the basic theories of diffusion models and detail the optimization objective's derivation with the aid of diagrams and algorithms. For implementation, we first propose a practical workflow to acquire abundant training data based on the generated pseudo-wells. Subsequently, we apply the trained model to both synthetic and field datasets, evaluating the results in three aspects: the appearance of seismic sections and slices in the time domain, frequency spectra, and comparisons with the synthetic data using real well-logging data at the well locations. The results demonstrate not only effective seismic resolution enhancement, but also additional denoising by the diffusion model. Experimental comparisons indicate that training the model on noisy data, which are more realistic, outperforms training on clean data. The proposed scheme demonstrates superiority over some conventional methods in high-resolution reconstruction and denoising ability, yielding more competitive results compared to our previous research.

叠后地震数据的高分辨率有助于更好地解释地下结构以及高精度的阻抗反演。因此，地球物理学家一直致力于在石油勘探中获取更高分辨率的地震图像。虽然传统信号处理和机器学习在叠后地震分辨率增强方面已有成功应用，但近年来出现并快速发展的生成人工智能在地震方面的应用却鲜有提及。因此，我们建议应用最流行的生成模型中的扩散模型来增强地震分辨率。具体来说，我们应用经典的扩散模型-衰减扩散概率模型（DDPM），以低分辨率的地震数据为条件，重建相应的高分辨率图像。在此，整个方案被称为 SeisResoDiff。为了全面、清晰地理解 SeisResoDiff，我们介绍了扩散模型的基本理论，并借助图表和算法详细说明了优化目标的推导过程。在实施过程中，我们首先提出了一个实用的工作流程，根据生成的伪井获取丰富的训练数据。随后，我们将训练好的模型应用于合成数据集和现场数据集，并从三个方面对结果进行评估：时域地震剖面和切片的外观、频谱，以及利用井位的真实测井数据与合成数据进行比较。结果表明，扩散模型不仅能有效提高地震分辨率，还能进行额外的去噪处理。实验比较表明，在更真实的噪声数据上训练模型的效果优于在干净数据上训练模型的效果。所提出的方案在高分辨率重建和去噪能力方面优于一些传统方法，与我们之前的研究相比，取得了更具竞争力的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Truncated Gauss-Newton full-waveform inversion of pure quasi-P waves in vertical transverse isotropic media 垂直横向各向同性介质中纯准 P 波的截断高斯-牛顿全波形反演

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.04.017

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) uses the full information of seismic data to obtain a quantitative estimation of subsurface physical parameters. Anisotropic FWI has the potential to recover high-resolution velocity and anisotropy parameter models, which are critical for imaging the long-offset and wide-azimuth data. We develop an acoustic anisotropic FWI method based on a simplified pure quasi P-wave (qP-wave) equation, which can be solved efficiently and is beneficial for the subsequent inversion. Using the inverse Hessian operator to precondition the functional gradients helps to reduce the parameter tradeoff in the multi-parameter inversion. To balance the accuracy and efficiency, we extend the truncated Gauss-Newton (TGN) method into FWI of pure qP-waves in vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) media. The inversion is performed in a nested way: a linear inner loop and a nonlinear outer loop. We derive the formulation of Hessian-vector products for pure qP-waves in VTI media based on the Lagrange multiplier method and compute the model update by solving a Gauss-Newton linear system via a matrix-free conjugate gradient method. A suitable preconditioner and the Eisenstat and Walker stopping criterion for the inner iterations are used to accelerate the convergence and avoid prohibitive computational cost. We test the proposed FWI method on several synthetic data sets. Inversion results reveal that the pure acoustic VTI FWI exhibits greater accuracy than the conventional pseudoacoustic VTI FWI. Additionally, the TGN method proves effective in mitigating the parameter crosstalk and increasing the accuracy of anisotropy parameters.

全波形反演（FWI）利用地震数据的全部信息，对地下物理参数进行定量估算。各向异性全波反演具有恢复高分辨率速度和各向异性参数模型的潜力，这对于长偏移和宽方位数据成像至关重要。我们基于简化的纯准 P 波（qP 波）方程开发了一种声学各向异性 FWI 方法，该方法可以高效求解，有利于后续反演。使用逆黑森算子对函数梯度进行预处理，有助于减少多参数反演中的参数权衡。为了平衡精度和效率，我们将截断高斯-牛顿（TGN）方法扩展到垂直横向各向同性（VTI）介质中纯 qP 波的全波反演。反演以嵌套方式进行：线性内循环和非线性外循环。我们基于拉格朗日乘法推导出了 VTI 介质中纯 qP 波的 Hessian 向量乘积公式，并通过无矩阵共轭梯度法求解高斯-牛顿线性系统来计算模型更新。为了加速收敛并避免过高的计算成本，我们使用了合适的预处理器以及内部迭代的 Eisenstat 和 Walker 停止准则。我们在几个合成数据集上测试了所提出的 FWI 方法。反演结果表明，纯声学 VTI FWI 比传统的伪声学 VTI FWI 具有更高的精度。此外，TGN 方法还能有效缓解参数串扰，提高各向异性参数的准确性。

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引用次数: 0

A new type of shale gas reservoir—carbonate-rich shale: From laboratory mechanical characterization to field stimulation strategy 一种新型页岩气藏--富碳酸盐页岩：从实验室力学表征到油田开采战略

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.018

Recently, a new promising type of marine shale gas reservoir, carbonate-rich shale, has been discovered. But the mechanical properties of this type of shale were still unrevealed and the corresponding reservoir stimulation design was lack of guidance. Using the deep downhole cores of an exploratory carbonate-rich shale gas well, the physical and mechanical parameters and failure mechanism of the whole reservoir section were acquired and evaluated systematically, by performing XRD, tri-axial compression, Brazilian splitting, and fracture toughness tests. A new model was established to evaluate the reservoir brittleness based on fracture morphology and stress-strain curve. Recommended strategy for reservoir stimulation was discussed. Results showed that (1) Carbonate-rich shale possessed high compressive strength and high Young's modulus, which were improved by 10.74% and 3.37% compared to that of siliceous shale. It featured high tensile strength and fracture toughness, with insignificant anisotropy. (2) With the content of carbonate minerals increasing, the shear failure morphology transformed from sparse and wide brittle fractures to diffusely distributed and subtle plastic cracks. (3) The brittleness index order was: siliceous shale, clay-rich shale, carbonate-rich shale, and limestone. (4) The special properties of carbonate-rich shale were rooted in the inherent feature of carbonate minerals (high strength, high elastic modulus, and cleavage structure), resulting in greater challenge in reservoirs stimulation. The above findings would promote the understanding of carbonate-rich shale reservoirs and provide reference for the optimum design of reservoir stimulation.

最近，人们发现了一种新的海洋页岩气藏--富碳酸盐页岩。但这类页岩的力学性质尚未揭示，相应的储层激发设计也缺乏指导。利用富碳酸盐页岩气探井的深部井下岩心，通过 XRD、三轴压缩、巴西劈裂和压裂韧性试验，系统地获取和评价了整个储层段的物理力学参数和失效机理。根据裂缝形态和应力-应变曲线，建立了评估储层脆性的新模型。讨论了建议的储层激励战略。结果表明：(1) 富碳酸盐页岩具有高抗压强度和高杨氏模量，与硅质页岩相比，抗压强度和杨氏模量分别提高了 10.74% 和 3.37%。它还具有较高的抗拉强度和断裂韧性，各向异性不明显。(2）随着碳酸盐矿物含量的增加，剪切破坏形态由稀疏宽大的脆性断裂转变为弥散分布的细微塑性裂缝。(3）脆性指数顺序为：硅质页岩、富粘页岩、富碳酸盐页岩和石灰岩。(4) 富碳酸盐页岩的特殊性质源于碳酸盐矿物的固有特征（高强度、高弹性模量和劈裂结构），因此在储层激励方面面临更大的挑战。上述发现将促进对富碳酸盐页岩储层的认识，并为储层激励的优化设计提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

On the efficient non-linear solver for hydraulic fracturing and well cementing simulations based on Anderson acceleration 基于安德森加速的水力压裂和固井模拟的高效非线性求解器

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.06.013

D.Yu. Derbyshev, S.A. Boronin, G.V. Ovchinnikov, A.A. Osiptsov

The aim of this study is to create a fast and stable iterative technique for numerical solution of a quasi-linear elliptic pressure equation. We developed a modified version of the Anderson acceleration (AA) algorithm to fixed-point (FP) iteration method. It computes the approximation to the solutions at each iteration based on the history of vectors in extended space, which includes the vector of unknowns, the discrete form of the operator, and the equation's right-hand side. Several constraints are applied to AA algorithm, including a limitation of the time step variation during the iteration process, which allows switching to the base FP iterations to maintain convergence. Compared to the base FP algorithm, the improved version of the AA algorithm enables a reliable and rapid convergence of the iterative solution for the quasi-linear elliptic pressure equation describing the flow of particle-laden yield-stress fluids in a narrow channel during hydraulic fracturing, a key technology for stimulating hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs. In particular, the proposed AA algorithm allows for faster computations and resolution of unyielding zones in hydraulic fractures that cannot be calculated using the FP algorithm. The quasi-linear elliptic pressure equation under consideration describes various physical processes, such as the displacement of fluids with viscoplastic rheology in a narrow cylindrical annulus during well cementing, the displacement of cross-linked gel in a proppant pack filling hydraulic fractures during the early stage of well production (fracture flowback), and multiphase filtration in a rock formation. We estimate computational complexity of the developed algorithm as compared to Jacobian-based algorithms and show that the performance of the former one is higher in modelling of flows of viscoplastic fluids. We believe that the developed algorithm is a useful numerical tool that can be implemented in commercial simulators to obtain fast and converged solutions to the non-linear problems described above.

本研究旨在创建一种快速稳定的迭代技术，用于准线性椭圆压力方程的数值求解。我们开发了一种改进版的安德森加速（AA）算法定点（FP）迭代法。它根据扩展空间中向量的历史计算每次迭代的近似解，扩展空间包括未知数向量、算子的离散形式和方程的右手边。AA 算法有几个限制条件，包括在迭代过程中对时间步长变化的限制，允许切换到基本 FP 迭代以保持收敛性。与基本 FP 算法相比，改进版 AA 算法能可靠、快速地收敛迭代解，用于描述水力压裂过程中装载颗粒的产压流体在狭窄通道中的流动情况的准线性椭圆压力方程，水力压裂是刺激含油气藏的一项关键技术。特别是，所提出的 AA 算法可以加快计算速度，并解决水力压裂中无法使用 FP 算法计算的不稳定区问题。所考虑的准线性椭圆压力方程描述了各种物理过程，例如固井过程中具有粘塑性流变的流体在窄圆柱环空中的位移、油井生产早期阶段（压裂回流）支撑剂包中填充水力裂缝的交联凝胶的位移以及岩层中的多相过滤。与基于雅各布的算法相比，我们估算了所开发算法的计算复杂度，结果表明，在粘性流体的流动建模中，前者的性能更高。我们相信，所开发的算法是一种有用的数值工具，可在商业模拟器中实施，以获得上述非线性问题的快速收敛解。

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引用次数: 0

OFC OFC

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1995-8226(24)00271-1

引用次数: 0

TOC 技术选择委员会

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1995-8226(24)00273-5

引用次数: 0

Understanding the hydrocarbon‒generation potential on jurassic coal-measure source rocks in the Junggar Basin: From the perspective of hydrogen-rich molecular structure 了解准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤质源岩的碳氢化合物生成潜力：从富氢分子结构的角度看

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.03.011

The Jurassic coal-measure source rocks in the Junggar Basin have drawn considerable attention in recent years. In our hydrocarbon thermal simulation experiments of these rocks, we found that the dark mudstone evaluated as good source rock, had a much lower hydrocarbon generation capacity than the coal and carbonaceous mudstone, evaluated as poor source rock. Based on this background, we performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and combined the results of semi‒open thermal simulation experiments to explore the association between the molecular structure and hydrocarbon production capacity, with the aim of obtaining a new understanding of hydrocarbon potential of Jurassic coal‒measure source rocks from the perspective of molecular structure. The results indicate that coals exhibit lower condensation of aromatic structures and higher relative abundance of aliphatic structures with a higher degree of branched chaining than mudstones and carbonaceous mudstones. Apparent aromaticity (f_a), aromatic abundance parameter I, and degree of condensation (DOC) are negatively correlated with organic matter abundance. The aliphatic structural parameter H demonstrates a substantial positive correlation with organic matter abundance. Furthermore, aliphatic relative abundance factor A is associated with the type of organic matter; the better is the type of the organic matter, the larger is the A value. The combination of the molecular structures with the thermal simulation results shows that the aliphatic hydrogen enrichment of selected carbonaceous mudstone is similar to that of coal. However, the relative abundance of the aliphatic group of it is high, and the DOC of the aromatic structure is low, making the hydrocarbon generation base stronger and easier to crack. Thus, the hydrocarbon generation capacity of carbonaceous mudstone is slightly higher than that of coal. Mudstone has low H and I values, and the DOC is high, indicating that its hydrocarbon base is low, so it has low hydrocarbon generation capacity. Therefore, the molecular structure is closely associated with the hydrocarbon potential of coal‒measure source rocks. When evaluating the qualities of coal-measure source rocks, the influence of molecular structure on these rocks should be considered.

准噶尔盆地的侏罗纪煤质源岩近年来备受关注。在对这些岩石进行的碳氢化合物热模拟实验中，我们发现，被评价为好源岩的暗色泥岩的碳氢化合物生成能力远远低于被评价为差源岩的煤质泥岩和碳质泥岩。在此背景下，我们进行了傅立叶变换红外光谱分析，并结合半开放式热模拟实验的结果，探讨了分子结构与生烃能力之间的关联，旨在从分子结构的角度对侏罗纪测煤源岩的生烃潜力有一个新的认识。结果表明，与泥岩和碳质泥岩相比，煤炭的芳香族结构缩合度较低，而支链程度较高的脂肪族结构相对丰度较高。表观芳香度（fa）、芳香丰度参数 I 和缩合度（DOC）与有机质丰度呈负相关。脂肪族结构参数 H 与有机质丰度呈显著正相关。此外，脂肪族相对丰度因子 A 与有机物类型有关；有机物类型越好，A 值越大。分子结构与热模拟结果的结合表明，所选碳质泥岩的脂肪族氢富集与煤相似。但其脂肪族的相对丰度高，芳香族结构的 DOC 低，生烃基础较强，容易裂解。因此，碳质泥岩的生烃能力略高于煤。泥岩的 H 值和 I 值较低，DOC 较高，表明其烃基较低，因此烃生成能力较低。因此，分子结构与煤质源岩的碳氢潜力密切相关。在评价煤质源岩的质量时，应考虑分子结构对这些岩石的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Reconstruction of the thermal evolution since the late paleozoic in the Ounan Sag, Eastern Qaidam Basin, NW China: New constraints from vitrinite reflectance data and (U–Th)/He thermochronology 中国西北部柴达木盆地东部瓯南断陷晚古生代以来热演化的重建：来自玻璃光泽反射率数据和（U-Th）/He热年代学的新制约因素

IF 6 1区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Petroleum Science

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.011

Reconstructing the thermal evolution of the eastern Qaidam Basin is important for gaining a deeper understanding of its lithospheric geodynamics and for more accurate hydrocarbon evaluation and prediction. This article presents a set of new apatite and zircon (U–Th)/He thermochronological ages. Combined with 336 vitrinite reflectance (R_o) data, the thermal history of the Ouanan Sag in the eastern Qaidam Basin has been reconstructed using inversion models. Three detrital samples from the Ounan Sag shows that the apatite (U–Th)/He ages are primarily concentrated in the range of 17.0 Ma to 76.5 Ma and that the zircon (U–Th)/He ages range from 200 Ma to 289.3 Ma. The time-temperature models demonstrate that the Ounan Sag experienced rapid subsidence and heating from the Carboniferous to late Permian, and exhumation/cooling events from the end of Permian to the Triassic. This thermal evolution was influenced by the widespread intrusion of plutons, and the collision and orogenesis caused by asthenosphere upwelling below the Qaidam arc, and slab rollback of the Southern Kunlun oceanic lithosphere, respectively. Additionally, our models depict the main exhumation/cooling stages since the Paleogene and a reheating event in the Miocene as a result of the intensifying growth of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and local sedimentary loading, followed by the initial India–Eurasia collision. Furthermore, the eastern Qaidam Basin experienced consistent heating during the late Paleozoic, reaching the maximum paleotemperature and geothermal gradient in the late Permian, with values of ∼230 °C and ∼43–44 °C/km, respectively. This study suggests that the source rocks in the most upper member of upper Carboniferous Keluke (C₂k) Formations in the Ounan Sag reached the gas generation stage in the late Permian.

重建东柴达木盆地的热演化对于深入了解其岩石圈地球动力学以及更准确地评估和预测碳氢化合物具有重要意义。本文介绍了一组新的磷灰石和锆石（U-Th）/He热年代学年龄。结合336个玻璃光泽反射率（Ro）数据，利用反演模型重建了东柴达木盆地瓦南山渣的热历史。来自乌南岩渣的三个碎片样本显示，磷灰石（U-Th）/He 年龄主要集中在 17.0 Ma 至 76.5 Ma 之间，锆石（U-Th）/He 年龄在 200 Ma 至 289.3 Ma 之间。时间-温度模型表明，从石炭纪到二叠纪晚期，瓯南沙格经历了快速的沉降和加热，而从二叠纪末到三叠纪则经历了掘起/冷却事件。这种热演化过程分别受到了长岩的广泛侵入、柴达木弧下天体层上涌和南昆仑洋岩石圈板块回滚所引起的碰撞和造山运动的影响。此外，我们的模型还描绘了自古近纪以来的主要隆升/冷却阶段，以及中新世由于青藏高原的加剧增长和当地沉积负载而导致的再热事件，随后是最初的印度-欧亚大陆碰撞。此外，柴达木盆地东部在古生代晚期经历了持续加热，在二叠纪晚期达到最大古温度和地热梯度，分别为∼230 °C和∼43-44 °C/km。这项研究表明，瓯南沙格地区石炭系上统凯鲁克（C2k）地层最上层的源岩在二叠纪晚期达到了产气阶段。

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引用次数: 0