Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.08.014
Er-Meng Zhao , Zhi-Jun Jin , Gen-Sheng Li , Kai-Qiang Zhang , Yue Zeng
Injecting CO2 when the gas reservoir of tight sandstone is depleted can achieve the dual purposes of greenhouse gas storage and enhanced gas recovery (CS-EGR). To evaluate the feasibility of CO2 injection to enhance gas recovery and understand the production mechanism, a numerical simulation model of CS-EGR in multi-stage fracturing horizontal wells is established. The behavior of gas production and CO2 sequestration is then analyzed through numerical simulation, and the impact of fracture parameters on production performance is examined. Simulation results show that the production rate increases significantly and a large amount of CO2 is stored in the reservoir, proving the technical potential. However, hydraulic fractures accelerate CO2 breakthrough, resulting in lower gas recovery and lower CO2 storage than in gas reservoirs without fracturing. Increasing the length of hydraulic fractures can significantly increase CH4 production, but CO2 breakthrough will advance. Staggered and spaced perforation of hydraulic fractures in injection wells and production wells changes the fluid flow path, which can delay CO2 breakthrough and benefit production efficiency. The fracture network of massive hydraulic fracturing has a positive effect on the CS-EGR. As a result, CH4 production, gas recovery, and CO2 storage increase with the increase in stimulated reservoir volume.
{"title":"Feasibility of CO2 storage and enhanced gas recovery in depleted tight sandstone gas reservoirs within multi-stage fracturing horizontal wells","authors":"Er-Meng Zhao , Zhi-Jun Jin , Gen-Sheng Li , Kai-Qiang Zhang , Yue Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.08.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Injecting CO<sub>2</sub> when the gas reservoir of tight sandstone is depleted can achieve the dual purposes of greenhouse gas storage and enhanced gas recovery (CS-EGR). To evaluate the feasibility of CO<sub>2</sub> injection to enhance gas recovery and understand the production mechanism, a numerical simulation model of CS-EGR in multi-stage fracturing horizontal wells is established. The behavior of gas production and CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration is then analyzed through numerical simulation, and the impact of fracture parameters on production performance is examined. Simulation results show that the production rate increases significantly and a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> is stored in the reservoir, proving the technical potential. However, hydraulic fractures accelerate CO<sub>2</sub> breakthrough, resulting in lower gas recovery and lower CO<sub>2</sub> storage than in gas reservoirs without fracturing. Increasing the length of hydraulic fractures can significantly increase CH<sub>4</sub> production, but CO<sub>2</sub> breakthrough will advance. Staggered and spaced perforation of hydraulic fractures in injection wells and production wells changes the fluid flow path, which can delay CO<sub>2</sub> breakthrough and benefit production efficiency. The fracture network of massive hydraulic fracturing has a positive effect on the CS-EGR. As a result, CH<sub>4</sub> production, gas recovery, and CO<sub>2</sub> storage increase with the increase in stimulated reservoir volume.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4189-4203"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143313475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.11.013
Wen-Wen Zhou , Rui-Lin Feng , Xiao-bo Song , Yu Shi
As global climate change and environmental challenges intensify, governments across the globe are increasingly concerned about the sustainable development of the energy industry, with the identification of risk spillover directions and characteristics among energy companies playing a pivotal role in effective risk management within the sector, particularly in the context of carbon neutrality. This study uses the TVP-VAR-DY (Time-Varying Parameter–Vector Auto Regression–Dynamic) model to comprehensively investigate the intricate transmission mechanisms of risk spillover effects among energy companies from both static and dynamic perspectives. The results indicate that: 1) A small number of coal energy companies are net risk spillover exporters, playing a crucial role in the risk spillover among similar energy companies. 2) There exist differences in the network topological structure characteristics of energy companies during different events, and different types of energy companies play different roles in the network. 3) In the context of carbon neutrality, cooperation between traditional energy companies and new energy companies has increasingly become a trend.
{"title":"Multi-layer risk spillover network of Chinese Energy companies under the background of carbon neutralization","authors":"Wen-Wen Zhou , Rui-Lin Feng , Xiao-bo Song , Yu Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global climate change and environmental challenges intensify, governments across the globe are increasingly concerned about the sustainable development of the energy industry, with the identification of risk spillover directions and characteristics among energy companies playing a pivotal role in effective risk management within the sector, particularly in the context of carbon neutrality. This study uses the TVP-VAR-DY (Time-Varying Parameter–Vector Auto Regression–Dynamic) model to comprehensively investigate the intricate transmission mechanisms of risk spillover effects among energy companies from both static and dynamic perspectives. The results indicate that: 1) A small number of coal energy companies are net risk spillover exporters, playing a crucial role in the risk spillover among similar energy companies. 2) There exist differences in the network topological structure characteristics of energy companies during different events, and different types of energy companies play different roles in the network. 3) In the context of carbon neutrality, cooperation between traditional energy companies and new energy companies has increasingly become a trend.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4512-4521"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143313701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.09.008
Chun-Yu Tong , Yong-Fei Yang , Qi Zhang , Gloire Imani , Lei Zhang , Hai Sun , Jun-Jie Zhong , Kai Zhang , Jun Yao
Low-salinity waterflooding, as a promising enhanced oil recovery method, has exhibited exciting results in various experiments conducted at different scales. For carbonate rock, pore-scale understanding of the fluid distribution and remaining oil after low-salinity waterflooding is essential, especially the geometry and topology analysis of oil clusters. We performed the tertiary low-salinity waterflooding and employed X-ray micro-CT to probe the pore-scale displacement mechanism, fluid configuration, oil recovery, and remaining oil distribution. We found that the core becomes less oil-wet after low-salinity waterflooding. Furthermore, we analyzed the oil-rock and oil-brine interfacial areas to further support the wettability alteration. By comparing images after high-salinity waterflooding and low-salinity waterflooding, it is proven that wettability alteration has a significant impact on the behavior of the two-phase flow. Our research demonstrates that low-salinity waterflooding is an effective tertiary enhanced oil recovery technology in carbonate, which changes the wettability of rock and results in less film and singlet oil.
{"title":"Pore-scale fluid distribution and remaining oil during tertiary low-salinity waterflooding in a carbonate","authors":"Chun-Yu Tong , Yong-Fei Yang , Qi Zhang , Gloire Imani , Lei Zhang , Hai Sun , Jun-Jie Zhong , Kai Zhang , Jun Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-salinity waterflooding, as a promising enhanced oil recovery method, has exhibited exciting results in various experiments conducted at different scales. For carbonate rock, pore-scale understanding of the fluid distribution and remaining oil after low-salinity waterflooding is essential, especially the geometry and topology analysis of oil clusters. We performed the tertiary low-salinity waterflooding and employed X-ray micro-CT to probe the pore-scale displacement mechanism, fluid configuration, oil recovery, and remaining oil distribution. We found that the core becomes less oil-wet after low-salinity waterflooding. Furthermore, we analyzed the oil-rock and oil-brine interfacial areas to further support the wettability alteration. By comparing images after high-salinity waterflooding and low-salinity waterflooding, it is proven that wettability alteration has a significant impact on the behavior of the two-phase flow. Our research demonstrates that low-salinity waterflooding is an effective tertiary enhanced oil recovery technology in carbonate, which changes the wettability of rock and results in less film and singlet oil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4130-4140"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143314142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.028
Shao-Bin Hu , Lin Zhang , Yu-Kang Cai , Shuo-Gang Pang , Zheng-Yong Yan , Qiang Zhang
At present, there is a growing demand for safe and low-pollution rock-breaking technology. The rock breaking technology of supercritical CO2 thermal fracturing has many advantages, such as no dust noise, no explosion, high efficiency, controllable shock wave and so on. Fully considering the combustion rate of energetic materials, heat and mass transfer, CO2 phase change and transient nonlinear flow process, a multi-field coupled numerical model of rock breaking by supercritical CO2 thermal fracturing was established based on the existing experiments. The influence factors of CO2 thermal fracturing process were studied to provide theoretical guidance for site construction parameters optimization. The numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental observation results. The results showed that the maximum temperature of CO2 and the growth rate of CO2 pressure during the fracturing process would decrease accordingly with the increase of CO2 initial pressure. But the change in CO2 peak pressure wasn't significant. Appropriately increasing the heat source power could improve the heating and pressurization rate of CO2 and accelerate the damage rate of rock. The relevant results were of great importance for promoting the application of rock breaking by supercritical CO2 thermal fracturing technology.
{"title":"Study on the influence factors of rock breaking by supercritical CO2 thermal fracturing","authors":"Shao-Bin Hu , Lin Zhang , Yu-Kang Cai , Shuo-Gang Pang , Zheng-Yong Yan , Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, there is a growing demand for safe and low-pollution rock-breaking technology. The rock breaking technology of supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> thermal fracturing has many advantages, such as no dust noise, no explosion, high efficiency, controllable shock wave and so on. Fully considering the combustion rate of energetic materials, heat and mass transfer, CO<sub>2</sub> phase change and transient nonlinear flow process, a multi-field coupled numerical model of rock breaking by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> thermal fracturing was established based on the existing experiments. The influence factors of CO<sub>2</sub> thermal fracturing process were studied to provide theoretical guidance for site construction parameters optimization. The numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental observation results. The results showed that the maximum temperature of CO<sub>2</sub> and the growth rate of CO<sub>2</sub> pressure during the fracturing process would decrease accordingly with the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> initial pressure. But the change in CO<sub>2</sub> peak pressure wasn't significant. Appropriately increasing the heat source power could improve the heating and pressurization rate of CO<sub>2</sub> and accelerate the damage rate of rock. The relevant results were of great importance for promoting the application of rock breaking by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> thermal fracturing technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4328-4343"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143313705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.09.016
Ning Huang , Jin-Sheng Sun , Jing-Ping Liu , Kai-He Lv , Zong-Lun Wang , Xue-Fei Deng , Zhi-Wen Dai , Xian-Fa Zhang
In order to settle the issues of poor rheology for drilling fluids in Antarctica, it is important to develop an agent that can availably address these challenges. For this reason, a rheological regulator (HSCN) of drilling fluid was synthesized by modifying montmorillonite with composite modifiers (DODMAC and CPL). The structure of HSCN was characterized by X-ray diffraction, contact angle, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. And HSCN properties were also evaluated by experiments such as colloidal rate, rheology, viscosity-temperature characteristics and corrosion test. Finally, the mechanism of HSCN was investigated. 2% HSCN can enhance the improvement rate of yield point for drilling fluid at −55 °C by 167%, and the colloidal rate of drilling fluid is 90.4% after 24 h. The corrosion of the three rubbers is weak, with a maximum mass increase of only 0.014 g and a maximum outside diameter increase of 0.04 cm. The mechanism study shows that the staggered lapping between HSCN lamellar units forms an infinitely extended reticular structure. The structure is mainly formed by the electrostatic attraction between HSCN particles, hydrogen bonding, physical adsorption and entanglement between the long carbon chains in HSCN. The formation of this structure can effectively enhance the rheology properties of drilling fluids. This research gives a direction for the investigation of drilling fluids suitable for Antarctic conditions, which is greatly sense for accelerating the efficient exploitation of oil and gas in Antarctica.
{"title":"Montmorillonite modified by composite modifier as a rheological regulator of drilling fluid suitable for ultra-low temperature conditions in Antarctica","authors":"Ning Huang , Jin-Sheng Sun , Jing-Ping Liu , Kai-He Lv , Zong-Lun Wang , Xue-Fei Deng , Zhi-Wen Dai , Xian-Fa Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to settle the issues of poor rheology for drilling fluids in Antarctica, it is important to develop an agent that can availably address these challenges. For this reason, a rheological regulator (HSCN) of drilling fluid was synthesized by modifying montmorillonite with composite modifiers (DODMAC and CPL). The structure of HSCN was characterized by X-ray diffraction, contact angle, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. And HSCN properties were also evaluated by experiments such as colloidal rate, rheology, viscosity-temperature characteristics and corrosion test. Finally, the mechanism of HSCN was investigated. 2% HSCN can enhance the improvement rate of yield point for drilling fluid at <strong>−</strong>55 °C by 167%, and the colloidal rate of drilling fluid is 90.4% after 24 h. The corrosion of the three rubbers is weak, with a maximum mass increase of only 0.014 g and a maximum outside diameter increase of 0.04 cm. The mechanism study shows that the staggered lapping between HSCN lamellar units forms an infinitely extended reticular structure. The structure is mainly formed by the electrostatic attraction between HSCN particles, hydrogen bonding, physical adsorption and entanglement between the long carbon chains in HSCN. The formation of this structure can effectively enhance the rheology properties of drilling fluids. This research gives a direction for the investigation of drilling fluids suitable for Antarctic conditions, which is greatly sense for accelerating the efficient exploitation of oil and gas in Antarctica.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4344-4357"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143313706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A series of spontaneous imbibition (SI) tests of tight oil were performed, together with oil distribution scans by computed tomography (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thus, the best surfactants to optimize the SI effect were obtained, the basic requirements to surfactants for efficient SI were determined, and the oil mobilization by SI revealed. The results show that anionic surfactants significantly outperform non-ionic, cationic, and zwitterionic ones in SI process. Excellent systems can be further obtained by mixing anionic surfactants with others (e.g. 1:1 mixtures of AES:EHSB). The requirements to interfacial properties of surfactants for achieving efficient SI at permeabilities of 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mD are as follows: 100 mN/m, < 40°; 10−1–100 mN/m, < 55°; and 10−1–100 mN/m, < 70°, respectively. Although a high oil recovery of 38.5% by SI was achieved in small cylindrical cores (ϕ2.5 cm × 3.0 cm), the joint SI and CT tests in larger, cube-shaped cores (5.0 cm × 5.0 cm × 5.0 cm) showed that the SI process could only remove the oil from the outermost few millimeters of the cores with permeabilities of 0.05 and 0.1 mD, indicating the great difficulty encountered for their development. The NMR showed that the SI treatment preferentially removed oil from smaller pores rather than medium or large pores.
对致密油进行了一系列自发浸润(SI)试验,并通过计算机断层扫描(CT)和核磁共振(NMR)对油分布进行了扫描。因此,获得了优化 SI 效果的最佳表面活性剂,确定了高效 SI 对表面活性剂的基本要求,并揭示了 SI 的石油动用情况。结果表明,阴离子表面活性剂在 SI 过程中的表现明显优于非离子、阳离子和齐聚物表面活性剂。通过将阴离子表面活性剂与其他表面活性剂混合(如 AES:EHSB 的 1:1 混合物),可进一步获得优异的体系。在渗透率为 0.05、0.5 和 5.0 mD 时,要实现高效的 SI,对表面活性剂界面特性的要求如下:分别为 10 mN/m,< 40°;10-10 mN/m,< 55°;10-10 mN/m,< 70°。虽然在小型圆柱形岩芯(2.5 厘米 × 3.0 厘米)中,SI 工艺的石油采收率高达 38.5%,但在大型立方体岩芯(5.0 厘米 × 5.0 厘米 × 5.0 厘米)中进行的 SI 和 CT 联合试验表明,SI 工艺只能清除渗透率为 0.05 和 0.1 mD 的岩芯最外层几毫米的石油,这表明其开发遇到了很大困难。核磁共振显示,SI 处理更倾向于清除较小孔隙中的油,而不是中孔或大孔隙中的油。
{"title":"Mobilization of tight oil by spontaneous imbibition of surfactants","authors":"Ming-Chen Ding , Xin-Fang Xue , Ye-Fei Wang , Chu-Han Zhang , Shi-Ze Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of spontaneous imbibition (SI) tests of tight oil were performed, together with oil distribution scans by computed tomography (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Thus, the best surfactants to optimize the SI effect were obtained, the basic requirements to surfactants for efficient SI were determined, and the oil mobilization by SI revealed. The results show that anionic surfactants significantly outperform non-ionic, cationic, and zwitterionic ones in SI process. Excellent systems can be further obtained by mixing anionic surfactants with others (e.g. 1:1 mixtures of AES:EHSB). The requirements to interfacial properties of surfactants for achieving efficient SI at permeabilities of 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mD are as follows: 10<sup>0</sup> mN/m, < 40°; 10<sup>−1</sup>–10<sup>0</sup> mN/m, < 55°; and 10<sup>−1</sup>–10<sup>0</sup> mN/m, < 70°, respectively. Although a high oil recovery of 38.5% by SI was achieved in small cylindrical cores (<em>ϕ</em>2.5 cm × 3.0 cm), the joint SI and CT tests in larger, cube-shaped cores (5.0 cm × 5.0 cm × 5.0 cm) showed that the SI process could only remove the oil from the outermost few millimeters of the cores with permeabilities of 0.05 and 0.1 mD, indicating the great difficulty encountered for their development. The NMR showed that the SI treatment preferentially removed oil from smaller pores rather than medium or large pores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4176-4188"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.009
Ke Chen , Jing-Ru Zhang , Si-Yu Xu , Mu-Zi Yin , Yi Zhang , Yue-Chao Zhao , Yong-Chen Song
Carbonated water injection (CWI) is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology that has received much attention in co-optimizing CO2 storage and oil recovery. This study provides a comprehensive review of the fluid system properties and the underlying changes in rock–fluid interactions that drive the CWI-EOR mechanisms. Previous research has indicated that CWI can enhance oil recovery by shifting reservoir wettability towards a more water-wet state and reducing interfacial tension (IFT). However, this study reveals that there is still room for discussion in this area. Notably, the potential of CWI to alter reservoir permeability has not yet been explored. The varying operational conditions of the CWI process, namely temperature, pressure, injection rate, salinity, and ionic composition, lead to different levels of oil recovery factors. Herein, we aim to meticulously analyze their impact on oil recovery performance and outline the optimal operational conditions. Pressure, for instance, positively influences oil recovery rate and CWI efficiency. On one hand, higher operating pressures enhance the effectiveness of CW due to increased CO2 solubility. On the other hand, gas exsolution events in depleted reservoirs provide additional energy for oil movement along gas growth pathways. However, CWI at high carbonation levels does not offer significant benefits over lower carbonation levels. Additionally, lower temperatures and injection rates correlate with higher recovery rates. Further optimization of solution chemistry is necessary to determine the maximum recovery rates under optimal conditions. Moreover, this review comprehensively covers laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and field applications involving the CWI process. However, challenges such as pipeline corrosion, potential reservoir damage, and produced water treatment impact the further application of CWI in EOR technologies. These issues can affect the expected oil recovery rates, thereby reducing the economic returns of EOR projects. Finally, this review introduces current research trends and future development prospects based on recently published studies in the field of CWI. The conclusions of this study aid readers in better understanding the latest advancements in CWI technology and the strengths and limitations of the techniques used, providing directions for further development and application of CWI.
{"title":"Review of carbonated water injection as a promising technology to enhance oil recovery in the petroleum industry: Challenges and prospects","authors":"Ke Chen , Jing-Ru Zhang , Si-Yu Xu , Mu-Zi Yin , Yi Zhang , Yue-Chao Zhao , Yong-Chen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonated water injection (CWI) is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology that has received much attention in co-optimizing CO<sub>2</sub> storage and oil recovery. This study provides a comprehensive review of the fluid system properties and the underlying changes in rock–fluid interactions that drive the CWI-EOR mechanisms. Previous research has indicated that CWI can enhance oil recovery by shifting reservoir wettability towards a more water-wet state and reducing interfacial tension (IFT). However, this study reveals that there is still room for discussion in this area. Notably, the potential of CWI to alter reservoir permeability has not yet been explored. The varying operational conditions of the CWI process, namely temperature, pressure, injection rate, salinity, and ionic composition, lead to different levels of oil recovery factors. Herein, we aim to meticulously analyze their impact on oil recovery performance and outline the optimal operational conditions. Pressure, for instance, positively influences oil recovery rate and CWI efficiency. On one hand, higher operating pressures enhance the effectiveness of CW due to increased CO<sub>2</sub> solubility. On the other hand, gas exsolution events in depleted reservoirs provide additional energy for oil movement along gas growth pathways. However, CWI at high carbonation levels does not offer significant benefits over lower carbonation levels. Additionally, lower temperatures and injection rates correlate with higher recovery rates. Further optimization of solution chemistry is necessary to determine the maximum recovery rates under optimal conditions. Moreover, this review comprehensively covers laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and field applications involving the CWI process. However, challenges such as pipeline corrosion, potential reservoir damage, and produced water treatment impact the further application of CWI in EOR technologies. These issues can affect the expected oil recovery rates, thereby reducing the economic returns of EOR projects. Finally, this review introduces current research trends and future development prospects based on recently published studies in the field of CWI. The conclusions of this study aid readers in better understanding the latest advancements in CWI technology and the strengths and limitations of the techniques used, providing directions for further development and application of CWI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4100-4118"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141695867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.024
Shao-Tao Xu , Xiao-Shu Lü , Han Wang , You-Hong Sun , Shi-Jie Kang , Zhen-Dong Wang , Wei Guo , Sun-Hua Deng
The oxygen initiation process, one of the key processes in the early stage of the autothermic pyrolysis in-situ conversion technology, has not been deeply investigated, which seriously limits its development. In this study, the reaction behaviors, kinetic parameters, heat and product release characteristics during the isothermal oxygen initiation process of Huadian oil shale in O2/N2 mixtures with different oxygen concentrations and initiation temperatures were investigated via TG/DSC-FTIR. The results show that the samples exhibit three different reaction behaviors during the initiation stage, consisting of two main parts, i.e., the oxidative weight-gain and the oxidative reaction phases. The former phase is mainly characterized by the oxygen addition reaction that produces oxidizing groups which increase the sample mass. And the latter stage consists of two main subreactions. The first subreaction involves the oxidative cracking and pyrolysis of oxidizing groups and kerogen to produce fuel deposits such as residual carbon, while the second subreaction focuses on the oxidation of the resulting fuels. Furthermore, increasing the oxygen concentration significantly promotes the above reactions, leading to an increase in the reaction intensity and reaction rate. Owing to the combined effect of oxygen concentration and residual organic matter content, the total heat release increases with the increasing initiation temperature and reaches its maximum at 330–370 °C. In addition, the preheating stage primarily produces hydrocarbon gases, while the initiation stage predominantly generates CO2. As the preheating temperature increases, the CO2 output intensifies, the required reaction time shortens, and the release becomes more concentrated. Based on these findings, a reaction mechanism for the oxygen initiation process of Huadian oil shale was proposed, and recommendations were provided for optimizing the construction process.
{"title":"Characterization of oxygen initiation process in the autothermic pyrolysis in-situ conversion of Huadian oil shale","authors":"Shao-Tao Xu , Xiao-Shu Lü , Han Wang , You-Hong Sun , Shi-Jie Kang , Zhen-Dong Wang , Wei Guo , Sun-Hua Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oxygen initiation process, one of the key processes in the early stage of the autothermic pyrolysis in-situ conversion technology, has not been deeply investigated, which seriously limits its development. In this study, the reaction behaviors, kinetic parameters, heat and product release characteristics during the isothermal oxygen initiation process of Huadian oil shale in O<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> mixtures with different oxygen concentrations and initiation temperatures were investigated via TG/DSC-FTIR. The results show that the samples exhibit three different reaction behaviors during the initiation stage, consisting of two main parts, i.e., the oxidative weight-gain and the oxidative reaction phases. The former phase is mainly characterized by the oxygen addition reaction that produces oxidizing groups which increase the sample mass. And the latter stage consists of two main subreactions. The first subreaction involves the oxidative cracking and pyrolysis of oxidizing groups and kerogen to produce fuel deposits such as residual carbon, while the second subreaction focuses on the oxidation of the resulting fuels. Furthermore, increasing the oxygen concentration significantly promotes the above reactions, leading to an increase in the reaction intensity and reaction rate. Owing to the combined effect of oxygen concentration and residual organic matter content, the total heat release increases with the increasing initiation temperature and reaches its maximum at 330–370 °C. In addition, the preheating stage primarily produces hydrocarbon gases, while the initiation stage predominantly generates CO<sub>2</sub>. As the preheating temperature increases, the CO<sub>2</sub> output intensifies, the required reaction time shortens, and the release becomes more concentrated. Based on these findings, a reaction mechanism for the oxygen initiation process of Huadian oil shale was proposed, and recommendations were provided for optimizing the construction process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4481-4496"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141842829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.017
Liu Yang , Zhao-Yang Liu , Yuan-Xun Nie , Zhen-Chuan Han , Fei Gong , Ming-Jun Li , Yan Liu
The mechanism of SC-CO2–brine–rock interaction (SCBRI) and its effect on the mechanical properties of shale are crucial for shale oil development and CO2 sequestration. To clarify the influence of SCBRI on the micromechanics of shale, the lamina and matrix of shale were saturated with SC-CO2–brine for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, respectively. The micro-scratch technique was then used to measure the localized fracture toughness before and after SC-CO2–brine saturation. Combining the micro-scratch results with SEM-QEMSCAN-EDS analysis, the differences in mineral composition and mechanical properties of lamina (primarily composed of carbonate minerals) and matrix (primarily composed of clay minerals) were studied. The QEMSCAN analysis and micro-scratch results indicate distinct mineralogical compositions and mechanical properties between the lamina and the matrix. The results showed that: (1) SCBRI leads to the decrease in carbonate mineral content and the significant increase in matrix porosity and laminar cracks. In addition, the damage degree increased at saturation for 6 days. (2) SCBRI weakens the mechanical properties of shale. The scratch depth of laminar and matrix increased by 34.38% and 1.02%, and the fracture toughness decreased by 34.38% and 13.11%. It showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. (3) SCBRI enhances the plastic deformation behavior of shale, and the plastic index of lamina and matrix increases by 18.75% and 21.58%, respectively. These results are of great significance for evaluating the mechanical properties of shale oil and gas extraction by CO2.
{"title":"Evaluation of SC-CO2–brine on the micro-mechanical properties of lamina shales by micro-scratch test","authors":"Liu Yang , Zhao-Yang Liu , Yuan-Xun Nie , Zhen-Chuan Han , Fei Gong , Ming-Jun Li , Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.07.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanism of SC-CO<sub>2</sub>–brine–rock interaction (SCBRI) and its effect on the mechanical properties of shale are crucial for shale oil development and CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration. To clarify the influence of SCBRI on the micromechanics of shale, the lamina and matrix of shale were saturated with SC-CO<sub>2</sub>–brine for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, respectively. The micro-scratch technique was then used to measure the localized fracture toughness before and after SC-CO<sub>2</sub>–brine saturation. Combining the micro-scratch results with SEM-QEMSCAN-EDS analysis, the differences in mineral composition and mechanical properties of lamina (primarily composed of carbonate minerals) and matrix (primarily composed of clay minerals) were studied. The QEMSCAN analysis and micro-scratch results indicate distinct mineralogical compositions and mechanical properties between the lamina and the matrix. The results showed that: (1) SCBRI leads to the decrease in carbonate mineral content and the significant increase in matrix porosity and laminar cracks. In addition, the damage degree increased at saturation for 6 days. (2) SCBRI weakens the mechanical properties of shale. The scratch depth of laminar and matrix increased by 34.38% and 1.02%, and the fracture toughness decreased by 34.38% and 13.11%. It showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. (3) SCBRI enhances the plastic deformation behavior of shale, and the plastic index of lamina and matrix increases by 18.75% and 21.58%, respectively. These results are of great significance for evaluating the mechanical properties of shale oil and gas extraction by CO<sub>2</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 4204-4218"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141846173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.024
Jia-Qing Wang , Ji-Xin Deng , Zhong-Hua Xu , Hui Xia , Long-long Yan
The carbonate reservoirs in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation of the Ordos Basin have undergone complex geological evolution, resulting in high-quality dolomite reservoirs that exhibit strong heterogeneity. Neglecting the fundamental factor of reservoir genetic mode, conventional rock physics experiments cannot accurately determine the seismic elastic responses of the target rock. Here, a set of carbonate samples from different sedimentary environments were selected elaborately based on geological and logging data. Subsequently, systematic petrological and rock physics measurements were conducted to investigate the variation of rock physics properties from both macro-geological and micro-structural perspectives. The measurement results illustrate that the microstructures in carbonate rocks are influenced by tectonic-sedimentary patterns and sea level fluctuation. Various rock types are observed: pore type dolomitic gypsum, argillaceous dolomite, and microcrystal dolomite in restricted-evaporative lagoon environments; dissolved pore type and crack-dissolved pore type dolomite in mound-shoal environments; and dissolved pore type gypsum dolomite in platform flat environments. Furthermore, the mineral components as the load-bearing frame and the pore structure jointly control the elastic properties. Samples with the same lithology exhibit similar load-bearing frames, leading to a strong statistical relationship between VP and VS. Concerning the pore structure, dissolved pores formed by atmospheric freshwater dissolution during the penecontemporaneous period have high stiffness, minimally affecting the elastic properties of reservoirs. Conversely, the lower stiffness of microcracks resulting from tectonic rupture significantly decreases the P-wave impedance and Poisson's ratio of dry samples, while increasing the Poisson's ratio of water-saturated samples. These findings enable the accurate recognition of the seismic elastic characteristics of high-quality dolomite reservoirs in mound-shoal environments, thus providing a rock physics experimental basis for improving the precision of seismic reservoir prediction in the study area.
{"title":"Rock physics properties and influencing factors of subsalt carbonate reservoir of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in central Ordos Basin","authors":"Jia-Qing Wang , Ji-Xin Deng , Zhong-Hua Xu , Hui Xia , Long-long Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The carbonate reservoirs in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation of the Ordos Basin have undergone complex geological evolution, resulting in high-quality dolomite reservoirs that exhibit strong heterogeneity. Neglecting the fundamental factor of reservoir genetic mode, conventional rock physics experiments cannot accurately determine the seismic elastic responses of the target rock. Here, a set of carbonate samples from different sedimentary environments were selected elaborately based on geological and logging data. Subsequently, systematic petrological and rock physics measurements were conducted to investigate the variation of rock physics properties from both macro-geological and micro-structural perspectives. The measurement results illustrate that the microstructures in carbonate rocks are influenced by tectonic-sedimentary patterns and sea level fluctuation. Various rock types are observed: pore type dolomitic gypsum, argillaceous dolomite, and microcrystal dolomite in restricted-evaporative lagoon environments; dissolved pore type and crack-dissolved pore type dolomite in mound-shoal environments; and dissolved pore type gypsum dolomite in platform flat environments. Furthermore, the mineral components as the load-bearing frame and the pore structure jointly control the elastic properties. Samples with the same lithology exhibit similar load-bearing frames, leading to a strong statistical relationship between <em>V</em><sub>P</sub> and <em>V</em><sub>S</sub>. Concerning the pore structure, dissolved pores formed by atmospheric freshwater dissolution during the penecontemporaneous period have high stiffness, minimally affecting the elastic properties of reservoirs. Conversely, the lower stiffness of microcracks resulting from tectonic rupture significantly decreases the P-wave impedance and Poisson's ratio of dry samples, while increasing the Poisson's ratio of water-saturated samples. These findings enable the accurate recognition of the seismic elastic characteristics of high-quality dolomite reservoirs in mound-shoal environments, thus providing a rock physics experimental basis for improving the precision of seismic reservoir prediction in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19938,"journal":{"name":"Petroleum Science","volume":"21 6","pages":"Pages 3965-3980"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143312959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}