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In-situ laboratory study on influencing factors of pre-SC-CO2 hybrid fracturing effect in shale oil reservoirs 页岩油藏预碳酸-二氧化碳混合压裂效果影响因素的原位实验室研究
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.020
Yu-Xi Zang , Hai-Zhu Wang , Bin Wang , Yong-Gang Yi , Tian-Yu Wang , Ming-Liang Shi , Gang-Hua Tian , Shou-Ceng Tian
Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) fracturing, being a waterless fracturing technology, has garnered increasing attention in the shale oil reservoir exploitation industry. Recently, a novel pre-SC-CO2 hybrid fracturing method has been proposed, which combines the advantages of SC-CO2 fracturing and hydraulic fracturing. However, the specific impacts of different pre–SC-CO2 injection conditions on the physical parameters, mechanical properties, and crack propagation behavior of shale reservoirs remain unclear. In this study, we utilize a newly developed “pre-SC-CO2 injection → water-based fracturing” integrated experimental device. Through experimentation under in-situ conditions, the impact of pre-SC-CO2 injection displacement and volume on the shale mineral composition, mechanical parameters, and fracture propagation behavior are investigated. The findings of the study demonstrate that the pre-injection SC-CO2 leads to a reduction in clay and carbonate mineral content, while increasing the quartz content. The correlation between quartz content and SC-CO2 injection volume is positive, while a negative correlation is observed with injection displacement. The elastic modulus and compressive strength exhibit a declining trend, while Poisson's ratio shows an increasing trend. The weakening of shale mechanics caused by pre-injection of SC-CO2 is positively correlated with the injection displacement and volume. Additionally, pre-injection of SC-CO2 enhances the plastic deformation behavior of shale, and its breakdown pressure is 16.6% lower than that of hydraulic fracturing. The breakdown pressure demonstrates a non-linear downward trend with the gradual increase of pre-SC-CO2 injection parameters. Unlike hydraulic fracturing, which typically generates primary fractures along the direction of the maximum principal stress, pre-SC-CO2 hybrid fracturing leads to a more complex fracture network. With increasing pre-SC-CO2 injection displacement, intersecting double Y-shaped complex fractures are formed along the vertical axis. On the other hand, increasing the injection rate generates secondary fractures along the direction of non-principal stress. The insights gained from this study are valuable for guiding the design of preSC-CO2 hybrid fracturing in shale oil reservoirs.
超临界一氧化碳(SC-CO)压裂作为一种无水压裂技术,在页岩油藏开采领域日益受到关注。最近,有人提出了一种新型的预SC-CO混合压裂方法,它结合了SC-CO压裂和水力压裂的优点。然而,不同的预SC-CO注入条件对页岩储层的物理参数、力学性能和裂缝扩展行为的具体影响仍不清楚。在本研究中,我们采用了新开发的 "前-SC-CO 注入→水基压裂 "综合实验装置。通过原位条件下的实验,研究了预碳酸氢盐注入位移和注入量对页岩矿物成分、力学参数和裂缝扩展行为的影响。研究结果表明,预注入 SC-CO 导致粘土和碳酸盐矿物含量减少,而石英含量增加。石英含量与 SC-CO 注入量呈正相关,而与注入位移呈负相关。弹性模量和抗压强度呈下降趋势,而泊松比呈上升趋势。预注入 SC-CO 造成的页岩力学削弱与注入位移和注入量呈正相关。此外,预注入 SC-CO 可增强页岩的塑性变形行为,其击穿压力比水力压裂法低 16.6%。随着预注入 SC-CO 参数的逐渐增加,击穿压力呈非线性下降趋势。水力压裂通常沿最大主应力方向产生原生裂缝,而预碳酸氢碳混合压裂则不同,会产生更复杂的裂缝网络。随着前SC-CO注入位移的增加,沿纵轴方向会形成交叉的双Y形复杂裂缝。另一方面,随着注入速度的增加,沿非主应力方向会产生次生裂缝。本研究获得的启示对页岩油藏中预SC-CO混合压裂的设计具有重要指导意义。
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引用次数: 0
Transportation and sealing pattern of the temporary plugging ball at the spiral perforation in the horizontal well section 水平井段螺旋射孔处临时封堵球的运输和密封模式
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.06.016
Qing-Hai Hu , Wan Cheng , Zun-Cha Wang , Yu-Zhao Shi , Guang-Liang Jia
Multistage fracturing of horizontal wells is a critical technology for unconventional oil and gas reservoir stimulation. Ball-throwing temporary plugging fracturing is a new method for realizing uniform fracturing along horizontal wells and plays an important role in increasing oil and gas production. However, the transportation and sealing law of temporary plugging balls (TPBs) in the perforation section of horizontal wells is still unclear. Using COMSOL computational fluid dynamics and a particle tracking module, we simulate the transportation process of TPBs in a horizontal wellbore and analyse the effects of the ball density, ball diameter, ball number, fracturing fluid injection rate, and viscosity on the plugging efficiency of TPB transportation. This study reveals that when the density of TPBs is close to that of the fracturing fluid and a moderate diameter of the TPB is used, the plugging efficiency can be substantially enhanced. The plugging efficiency is greater when the TPB number is close to twice the number of perforations and is lower when the number of TPBs is three times the number of perforations. Adjusting the fracturing fluid injection rate from low to high can control the position of the TPBs, improving plugging efficiency. As the viscosity of the fracturing fluid increases, the plugging efficiency of the perforations decreases near the borehole heel and increases near the borehole toe. In contrast, the plugging efficiency of the central perforation is almost unaffected by the fracturing fluid viscosity. This study can serve as a valuable reference for establishing the parameters for temporary plugging and fracturing.
水平井多级压裂是非常规油气藏开采的一项关键技术。抛球暂堵压裂是实现水平井均匀压裂的一种新方法,在提高油气产量方面发挥着重要作用。然而,临时封堵球(TPB)在水平井射孔段的运移和封堵规律尚不清楚。我们利用 COMSOL 计算流体动力学和粒子跟踪模块,模拟了水平井井筒中 TPB 的运输过程,分析了球密度、球直径、球数、压裂液注入速度和粘度对 TPB 运输封堵效率的影响。研究结果表明,当热塑性硫化弹性体的密度与压裂液的密度接近,并且使用中等直径的热塑性硫化弹性体时,堵塞效率会大幅提高。当热塑性硫化弹性体数量接近射孔数量的两倍时,堵塞效率较高,而当热塑性硫化弹性体数量为射孔数量的三倍时,堵塞效率较低。将压裂液注入率从低到高进行调整,可以控制 TPB 的位置,提高堵塞效率。随着压裂液粘度的增加,井眼跟部附近的射孔堵塞效率会降低,而井眼趾部附近的射孔堵塞效率会提高。相比之下,中心射孔的堵塞效率几乎不受压裂液粘度的影响。这项研究对确定临时封堵和压裂参数具有重要参考价值。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning methods for predicting CO2 solubility in hydrocarbons 预测二氧化碳在碳氢化合物中溶解度的机器学习方法
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.04.018
The application of carbon dioxide (CO2) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has increased significantly, in which CO2 solubility in oil is a key parameter in predicting CO2 flooding performance. Hydrocarbons are the major constituents of oil, thus the focus of this work lies in investigating the solubility of CO2 in hydrocarbons. However, current experimental measurements are time-consuming, and equations of state can be computationally complex. To address these challenges, we developed an artificial intelligence-based model to predict the solubility of CO2 in hydrocarbons under varying conditions of temperature, pressure, molecular weight, and density. Using experimental data from previous studies, we trained and predicted the solubility using four machine learning models: support vector regression (SVR), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), and multilayer perceptron (MLP). Among four models, the XGBoost model has the best predictive performance, with an R2 of 0.9838. Additionally, sensitivity analysis and evaluation of the relative impacts of each input parameter indicate that the prediction of CO2 solubility in hydrocarbons is most sensitive to pressure. Furthermore, our trained model was compared with existing models, demonstrating higher accuracy and applicability of our model. The developed machine learning-based model provides a more efficient and accurate approach for predicting CO2 solubility in hydrocarbons, which may contribute to the advancement of CO2-related applications in the petroleum industry.
二氧化碳(CO2)在提高石油采收率(EOR)方面的应用大幅增加,其中二氧化碳在石油中的溶解度是预测二氧化碳淹没性能的一个关键参数。碳氢化合物是石油的主要成分,因此这项工作的重点在于研究二氧化碳在碳氢化合物中的溶解度。然而,目前的实验测量耗时较长,状态方程的计算也很复杂。为了应对这些挑战,我们开发了一个基于人工智能的模型,用于预测二氧化碳在不同温度、压力、分子量和密度条件下在碳氢化合物中的溶解度。利用以往研究的实验数据,我们使用四种机器学习模型对溶解度进行了训练和预测:支持向量回归(SVR)、极梯度提升(XGBoost)、随机森林(RF)和多层感知器(MLP)。在四种模型中,XGBoost 模型的预测性能最好,R2 为 0.9838。此外,对每个输入参数的相对影响进行的敏感性分析和评估表明,二氧化碳在碳氢化合物中的溶解度预测对压力最为敏感。此外,我们还将训练好的模型与现有模型进行了比较,结果表明我们的模型具有更高的准确性和适用性。所开发的基于机器学习的模型为预测二氧化碳在碳氢化合物中的溶解度提供了一种更高效、更准确的方法,这可能有助于推动石油工业中与二氧化碳相关的应用。
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引用次数: 0
The real-time dynamic liquid level calculation method of the sucker rod well based on multi-view features fusion 基于多视角特征融合的抽油杆井实时动态液面计算方法
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.005
In the production of the sucker rod well, the dynamic liquid level is important for the production efficiency and safety in the lifting process. It is influenced by multi-source data which need to be combined for the dynamic liquid level real-time calculation. In this paper, the multi-source data are regarded as the different views including the load of the sucker rod and liquid in the wellbore, the image of the dynamometer card and production dynamics parameters. These views can be fused by the multi-branch neural network with special fusion layer. With this method, the features of different views can be extracted by considering the difference of the modality and physical meaning between them. Then, the extraction results which are selected by multinomial sampling can be the input of the fusion layer. During the fusion process, the availability under different views determines whether the views are fused in the fusion layer or not. In this way, not only the correlation between the views can be considered, but also the missing data can be processed automatically. The results have shown that the load and production features fusion (the method proposed in this paper) performs best with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) 39.63 m, followed by the features concatenation with MAE 42.47 m. They both performed better than only a single view and the lower MAE of the features fusion indicates that its generalization ability is stronger. In contrast, the image feature as a single view contributes little to the accuracy improvement after fused with other views with the highest MAE. When there is data missing in some view, compared with the features concatenation, the multi-view features fusion will not result in the unavailability of a large number of samples. When the missing rate is 10%, 30%, 50% and 80%, the method proposed in this paper can reduce MAE by 5.8, 7, 9.3 and 20.3 m respectively. In general, the multi-view features fusion method proposed in this paper can improve the accuracy obviously and process the missing data effectively, which helps provide technical support for real-time monitoring of the dynamic liquid level in oil fields.
在抽油杆井的生产过程中,动态液位对生产效率和提升过程的安全性非常重要。它受到多源数据的影响,需要结合这些数据进行动态液位实时计算。在本文中,多源数据被视为不同的视图,包括抽油杆和井筒中液体的载荷、测力计卡的图像以及生产动态参数。这些视图可以通过带有特殊融合层的多分支神经网络进行融合。利用这种方法,可以通过考虑不同视图之间模态和物理意义的差异来提取它们的特征。然后,通过多叉抽样选出的提取结果可以作为融合层的输入。在融合过程中,不同视图下的可用性决定了视图是否在融合层中融合。这样,不仅可以考虑视图之间的相关性,还可以自动处理缺失数据。结果表明,负载和生产特征融合(本文提出的方法)效果最好,平均绝对误差(MAE)最低,为 39.63 m;其次是特征串联,平均绝对误差为 42.47 m。相比之下,作为单一视图的图像特征在与其他视图融合后对准确率的提高贡献不大,其 MAE 最高。当某些视图出现数据缺失时,与特征串联相比,多视图特征融合不会导致大量样本缺失。当缺失率分别为 10%、30%、50% 和 80% 时,本文提出的方法可将 MAE 分别降低 5.8、7、9.3 和 20.3 m。总的来说,本文提出的多视角特征融合方法能明显提高精度,并能有效处理缺失数据,有助于为油田动态液位的实时监测提供技术支持。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetically controlled self-sealing pressure-preserved coring technology 磁控自密封压力保留取芯技术
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.003
Pressure-preserved coring is an effective means to develop deep resources. However, due to the complexity of existing pressure-preserved technology, the average success rate of pressure-preserved coring is low. In response, a novel in situ magnetically controlled self-sealing pressure-preserved coring technology for deep reserves has been proposed and validated. This innovative technology distinguishes itself from conventional methods by employing noncontact forces to replace traditional pre-tensioning mechanisms, thereby enhancing the mechanical design of pressure-preserved coring equipment and significantly boosting the fault tolerance of the technology. Here, we report on the design, theoretical calculations, experimental validation, and industrial testing of this technology. Through theoretical and simulation calculations, the self-sealing composite magnetic field of the pressure controller was optimized. The initial pre-tensioning force of the optimal magnetic field was 13.05 N. The reliability of the magnetically controlled self-sealing pressure-preserved coring technology was verified using a self-developed self-sealing pressure performance testing platform, confirming the accuracy of the composite magnetic field calculation theory. Subsequently, a magnetically controlled self-triggering pressure-preserved coring device was designed. Field pressure-preserved coring was then conducted, preliminarily verifying the technology's effective self-sealing performance in industrial applications. Furthermore, the technology was analyzed and verified to be adaptable to complex reservoir environments with pressures up to 30 MPa, temperatures up to 80 °C, and pH values ranging from 1 to 14. These research results provide technical support for multidirectional pressure-preserved coring, thus paving a new technical route for deep energy exploration through coring.
压力保留岩心取样是开发深层资源的有效手段。然而,由于现有压力保留技术的复杂性,压力保留岩心取样的平均成功率较低。为此,我们提出并验证了一种用于深层储量的新型原位磁控自密封压力保留岩心取样技术。这项创新技术有别于传统方法,它采用非接触式力来取代传统的预张力机制,从而增强了压力保留岩心取样设备的机械设计,并显著提高了该技术的容错能力。在此,我们报告了该技术的设计、理论计算、实验验证和工业测试。通过理论和仿真计算,对压力控制器的自密封复合磁场进行了优化。利用自主研发的自密封压力性能测试平台,验证了磁控自密封压力保芯技术的可靠性,证实了复合磁场计算理论的准确性。随后,设计了磁控自触发保压取心装置。然后进行了现场保压取心,初步验证了该技术在工业应用中的有效自密封性能。此外,还分析并验证了该技术可适应压力高达 30 兆帕、温度高达 80 °C、pH 值介于 1 到 14 之间的复杂储层环境。这些研究成果为多向保压岩心取样提供了技术支持,从而为通过岩心取样进行深层能源勘探开辟了一条新的技术路线。
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引用次数: 0
Wave propagation across fluid-solid interfaces with LBM-LSM coupling schemes 采用 LBM-LSM 耦合方案的流固界面波传播
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.05.010
Seismic wave propagation in fluid-solid coupled media is currently a popular topic. However, traditional wave equation-based simulation methods have to consider complex boundary conditions at the fluid-solid interface. To address this challenge, we propose a novel numerical scheme that integrates the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and lattice spring model (LSM). In this scheme, LBM simulates viscoacoustic wave propagation in the fluid area and LSM simulates elastic wave propagation in the solid area. We also introduce three different LBM-LSM coupling strategies, a standard bounce back scheme, a specular reflection scheme, and a hybrid scheme, to describe wave propagation across fluid-solid boundaries. To demonstrate the accuracy of these LBM-LSM coupling schemes, we simulate wave propagation in a two-layer model containing a fluid-solid interface. We place excitation sources in the fluid layer and the solid layer respectively, to observe the wave phenomena when seismic waves propagate to interface from different sides. The simulated results by LBM-LSM are compared with the reference wavefields obtained by the finite difference method (FDM) and the analytical solution (ANA). Our LBM-LSM coupling scheme was verified effective, as the relative errors between the LBM-LSM solutions and reference solutions were within an acceptable range, sometimes around 1.00%. The coupled LBM-LSM scheme is further used to model seismic wavefields across a more realistic rugged seabed, which reveals the potential applications of the coupled LBM-LSM scheme in marine seismic imaging techniques, such as reverse-time migration and full-waveform inversion. The method also has potential applications in simulating wave propagation in complex two- and multi-phase media.
流固耦合介质中的地震波传播是当前的热门话题。然而,传统的基于波方程的模拟方法必须考虑流固界面的复杂边界条件。为了应对这一挑战,我们提出了一种新颖的数值方案,将晶格玻尔兹曼法(LBM)和晶格弹簧模型(LSM)融为一体。在该方案中,LBM 模拟粘声波在流体区域的传播,LSM 模拟弹性波在固体区域的传播。我们还引入了三种不同的 LBM-LSM 耦合策略,即标准反弹方案、镜面反射方案和混合方案,以描述波在流固边界的传播。为了证明这些 LBM-LSM 耦合方案的准确性,我们模拟了波在包含流固界面的双层模型中的传播。我们分别在流体层和固体层放置激励源,观察地震波从不同侧面传播到界面时的波现象。LBM-LSM 模拟结果与有限差分法(FDM)和解析解(ANA)获得的参考波场进行了比较。我们的 LBM-LSM 耦合方案被证实是有效的,因为 LBM-LSM 解法与参考解法之间的相对误差在可接受的范围内,有时在 1.00% 左右。耦合 LBM-LSM 方案进一步用于模拟更真实的崎岖海底地震波场,揭示了耦合 LBM-LSM 方案在海洋地震成像技术中的潜在应用,如逆时迁移和全波形反演。该方法在模拟复杂的两相和多相介质中的波传播方面也具有潜在的应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Inhibition of wax crystallization and asphaltene agglomeration by core-shell polymer@SiO2 hybride nano-particles 核壳聚合物@二氧化硅纳米颗粒抑制蜡结晶和沥青烯团聚
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.06.003
The gelation of crude oil with high wax and asphaltene content at low temperatures often results in the block of transportation pipeline in Africa. In recent years, it was reported that surface hydrophobic-modified nanoparticles have important applications in crude oil flow modification. In this work, four kinds of core-shell hybride nanoparticles by grafting poly (octadecyl, docosyl acrylate) and poly (acrylate-α-olefin) onto the surface of nano-sized SiO2 were synthesized by grafting polymerization method. The chemical structure of nanoparticles was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The rheological behaviors of crude oil and precipitation of asphaltenes in the presence of nanoparticles were studied by measuring the viscose-temperature relationship curve, the cumulative wax precipitation amount, and morphology of waxes and asphaltenes. The results indicate that the docosyl polyacrylate@SiO2 nanoparticle (PDA@SiO2) can reduce the cumulative wax precipitation amount of crude oil by 72.8%, decline the viscosity of crude oil by 85.6% at 20 °C, reduce the average size of wax crystals by 89.7%, and inhibit the agglomeration of asphaltene by 74.8%. Therefore, the nanoparticles not only adjust the crystalline behaviors of waxes, but also inhibit the agglomeration of asphaltenes. Apparently, core-shell hybride nanoparticles provides more heterogeneous nucleation sites for the crystallization of wax molecules, thus inhibiting the formation of three-dimensional network structure. The core-shell polymer@SiO2 hybride nanoparticles are one of promising additives for inhibiting crystallization of waxes and agglomeration of asphaltenes in crude oil.
在非洲,蜡和沥青质含量高的原油在低温下凝胶化往往会导致运输管道堵塞。近年来,有报道称表面疏水改性纳米粒子在原油流动改性中具有重要应用。本研究采用接枝聚合法将聚(十八烷基、二十二烷基丙烯酸酯)和聚(丙烯酸酯-α-烯烃)接枝到纳米级 SiO2 表面,合成了四种核壳混杂纳米粒子。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和热重分析(TGA)分析了纳米颗粒的化学结构。通过测量粘温关系曲线、累积析蜡量以及蜡和沥青质的形态,研究了纳米颗粒存在时原油的流变行为和沥青质的析出。结果表明,二十二烷基聚丙烯酸酯@SiO2 纳米粒子(PDA@SiO2)可使原油的累积析蜡量降低 72.8%,使原油在 20 °C 时的粘度下降 85.6%,使蜡晶的平均粒径减小 89.7%,抑制沥青质的团聚 74.8%。因此,纳米粒子不仅能调节蜡的结晶行为,还能抑制沥青质的团聚。显然,核壳混杂纳米粒子为蜡分子的结晶提供了更多的异质成核位点,从而抑制了三维网络结构的形成。核壳聚合物@SiO2 Hybride 纳米粒子是抑制原油中蜡的结晶和沥青质团聚的一种很有前景的添加剂。
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引用次数: 0
Low-amplitude structure recognition method based on non-subsampled contourlet transform 基于无子采样等高线变换的低振幅结构识别方法
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.03.024
Currently, horizontal well fracturing is indispensable for shale gas development. Due to the variable reservoir formation morphology, the drilling trajectory often deviates from the high-quality reservoir, which increases the risk of fracturing. Accurately recognizing low-amplitude structures plays a crucial role in guiding horizontal wells. However, existing methods have low recognition accuracy, and are difficult to meet actual production demand. In order to improve the drilling encounter rate of high-quality reservoirs, we propose a method for fine recognition of low-amplitude structures based on the non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). Firstly, the seismic structural data are analyzed at multiple scales and directions using the NSCT and decomposed into low-frequency and high-frequency structural components. Then, the signal of each component is reconstructed to eliminate the low-frequency background of the structure, highlight the structure and texture information, and recognize the low-amplitude structure from it. Finally, we combined the drilled horizontal wells to verify the low-amplitude structural recognition results. Taking a study area in the west Sichuan Basin block as an example, we demonstrate the fine identification of low-amplitude structures based on NSCT. By combining the variation characteristics of logging curves, such as organic carbon content (TOC), natural gamma value (GR), etc., the real structure type is verified and determined, and the false structures in the recognition results are checked. The proposed method can provide reliable information on low-amplitude structures for optimizing the trajectory of horizontal wells. Compared with identification methods based on traditional wavelet transform and curvelet transform, NSCT enhances the local features of low-amplitude structures and achieves finer mapping of low-amplitude structures, showing promise for application.
目前,页岩气开发离不开水平井压裂。由于储层形态多变,钻井轨迹经常偏离优质储层,从而增加了压裂风险。准确识别低振幅结构对水平井的导向起着至关重要的作用。然而,现有方法的识别精度较低,难以满足实际生产需求。为了提高优质储层的钻遇率率,我们提出了一种基于非子采样等高线变换(NSCT)的低振幅构造精细识别方法。首先,使用 NSCT 对地震构造数据进行多尺度、多方向的分析,并将其分解为低频和高频构造分量。然后,对每个分量的信号进行重构,以消除结构的低频背景,突出结构和纹理信息,并从中识别出低振幅结构。最后,结合已钻水平井验证低振幅结构识别结果。以四川盆地西部某区块为例,演示了基于 NSCT 的低振幅构造精细识别。结合测井曲线的变化特征,如有机碳含量(TOC)、自然伽马值(GR)等,验证并确定了真实的构造类型,并检验了识别结果中的错误构造。所提出的方法可以为优化水平井轨迹提供可靠的低振幅结构信息。与基于传统小波变换和小曲线变换的识别方法相比,NSCT 增强了低振幅结构的局部特征,实现了更精细的低振幅结构映射,具有广阔的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Curing kinetics and plugging mechanism of high strength curable resin plugging material 高强度可固化树脂堵漏材料的固化动力学和堵漏机理
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.04.016
<div><div>Lost circulation, a recurring peril during drilling operations, entails substantial loss of drilling fluid and dire consequences upon its infiltration into the formation. As drilling depth escalates, the formation temperature and pressure intensify, imposing exacting demands on plug materials. In this study, a kind of controllable curing resin with dense cross-network structure was prepared by the method of solution stepwise ring-opening polymerization. The resin plugging material investigated in this study is a continuous phase material that offers effortless injection, robust filling capabilities, exceptional retention, and underground curing or crosslinking with high strength. Its versatility is not constrained by fracture-cavity lose channels, making it suitable for fulfilling the essential needs of various fracture-cavity combinations when plugging fracture-cavity carbonate rocks. Notably, the curing duration can be fine-tuned within the span of 3–7 h, catering to the plugging of drilling fluid losing of diverse fracture dimensions. Experimental scrutiny encompassed the rheological properties and curing behavior of the resin plugging system, unraveling the intricacies of the curing process and establishing a cogent kinetic model. The experimental results show that the urea-formaldehyde resin plugging material has a tight chain or network structure. When the concentration of the urea-formaldehyde resin plugging system solution remains below 30%, the viscosity clocks in at a meager 10 mPa·s. Optimum curing transpires at 60 °C, showcasing impressive resilience to saline conditions. Remarkably, when immersed in a composite saltwater environment containing 50000 mg/L NaCl and 100000 mg/L CaCl<sub>2</sub>, the urea-formaldehyde resin consolidates into an even more compact network structure, culminating in an outstanding compressive strength of 41.5 MPa. Through resolving the correlation between conversion and the apparent activation energy of the non-isothermal DSC curing reaction parameters, the study attests to the fulfillment of the kinetic equation for the urea-formaldehyde resin plugging system. This discerning analysis illuminates the nuanced shifts in the microscopic reaction mechanism of the urea-formaldehyde resin plugging system. Furthermore, the pressure bearing plugging capacity of the resin plugging system for fractures of different sizes is also studied. It is found that the resin plugging system can effectively resident in parallel and wedge-shaped fractures of different sizes, and form high-strength consolidation under certain temperature conditions. The maximum plugging pressure of resin plugging system for parallel fractures with outlet size 3 mm can reach 9.92 MPa, and the maximum plugging pressure for wedge-shaped fractures with outlet size 5 mm can reach 9.90 MPa. Consequently, the exploration and application of urea-formaldehyde resin plugging material precipitate a paradigm shift, proffering novel concepts and meth
循环损失是钻井作业中经常出现的危险,会导致钻井液大量流失,并在渗入地层后造成严重后果。随着钻井深度的增加,地层温度和压力也随之升高,对堵塞材料提出了更高的要求。本研究采用溶液分步开环聚合法制备了一种具有致密交叉网状结构的可控固化树脂。本研究考察的树脂堵塞材料是一种连续相材料,具有注射方便、填充能力强、保持力优异、地下固化或交联强度高等特点。它的多功能性不受断裂-空洞失水通道的限制,因此在堵塞断裂-空洞碳酸盐岩时,可满足各种断裂-空洞组合的基本需求。值得注意的是,固化时间可在 3-7 小时的跨度内进行微调,以满足不同断裂尺寸的钻井液流失的堵塞需求。实验研究涵盖了树脂堵塞系统的流变特性和固化行为,揭示了固化过程的复杂性,并建立了可靠的动力学模型。实验结果表明,脲醛树脂堵塞材料具有紧密的链状或网状结构。当脲醛树脂堵塞系统溶液的浓度保持在 30% 以下时,粘度仅为 10 mPa-s。最佳固化温度为 60 °C,对盐碱环境的适应能力令人印象深刻。值得注意的是,当脲醛树脂浸泡在含有 50000 mg/L NaCl 和 100000 mg/L CaCl2 的复合盐水环境中时,会固化成更加紧凑的网络结构,最终达到 41.5 MPa 的出色抗压强度。通过解析非等温 DSC 固化反应参数的转化率与表观活化能之间的相关性,该研究证明了脲醛树脂堵塞体系动力学方程的正确性。这一辨证分析揭示了脲醛树脂堵塞体系微观反应机理的细微变化。此外,还研究了树脂堵塞系统对不同尺寸裂缝的承压堵塞能力。研究发现,在一定温度条件下,该树脂堵塞体系能有效驻留不同尺寸的平行和楔形裂缝,并形成高强度固结。出口尺寸为 3 mm 的平行裂缝树脂堵塞体系的最大堵塞压力可达 9.92 MPa,出口尺寸为 5 mm 的楔形裂缝树脂堵塞体系的最大堵塞压力可达 9.90 MPa。因此,脲醛树脂堵漏材料的探索和应用实现了模式的转变,为解决钻井液堵漏的实际问题提供了新的理念和方法。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring in-situ combustion effects on reservoir properties of heavy oil carbonate reservoir 探索原地燃烧对重油碳酸盐岩储层性质的影响
IF 6 1区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2024.04.014
Laboratory modeling of in-situ combustion is crucial for understanding the potential success of field trials in thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and is a vital precursor to scaling the technology for field applications. The high combustion temperatures, reaching up to 480 °C, induce significant petrophysical alterations of the rock, an often overlooked aspect in thermal EOR projects. Quantifying these changes is essential for potentially repurposing thermally treated, depleted reservoirs for CO2 storage.
In this study, we depart from conventional combustion experiments that use crushed core, opting instead to analyze the thermal effects on reservoir properties of carbonate rocks using consolidated samples. This technique maintains the intrinsic porosity and permeability, revealing combustion's impact on porosity and mineralogical alterations, with a comparative analysis of these properties pre- and post-combustion. We characterize porosity and pore geometry evolution using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray micro-computed tomography, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. Mineral composition of the rock and grain-pore scale alterations are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.
The analysis shows a significant increase in carbonate rocks’ porosity, pore size and mineral alterations, and a transition from mixed-wet to a strongly water-wet state. Total porosity of rock samples increased in average for 15%–20%, and formation of new pores is registered at the scale of 1–30 μm size. High-temperature exposure results in the calcite and dolomite decomposition, calcite dissolution and formation of new minerals—anhydrite and fluorite. Increased microporosity and the shift to strongly water-wet rock state improve the prospects for capillary and residual CO2 trapping with greater capacity. Consequently, these findings highlight the importance of laboratory in-situ combustion modeling on consolidated rock over tests that use crushed core, and indicate that depleted combustion stimulated reservoirs may prove to be viable candidates for CO2 storage.
原位燃烧的实验室建模对于了解热力强化采油(EOR)现场试验的潜在成功率至关重要,也是将该技术推广到现场应用的重要前提。高达 480 °C 的燃烧温度会引起岩石的显著岩石物理变化,这也是热能强化采油(EOR)项目中经常被忽视的一个方面。在这项研究中,我们放弃了使用破碎岩芯的传统燃烧实验,转而使用固结样本分析热效应对碳酸盐岩储层性质的影响。这项技术保持了固有的孔隙度和渗透率,揭示了燃烧对孔隙度和矿物学变化的影响,并对燃烧前后的这些特性进行了对比分析。我们利用低场核磁共振、X 射线显微计算机断层扫描和低温氮吸附来描述孔隙度和孔隙几何演变的特征。扫描电子显微镜和 X 射线衍射分析了岩石的矿物成分和晶粒孔隙尺度的变化。分析表明,碳酸盐岩的孔隙度、孔隙大小和矿物变化显著增加,并从混湿状态过渡到强水湿状态。岩石样本的总孔隙率平均增加了 15%-20%,并形成了 1-30 μm 大小的新孔隙。高温暴露导致方解石和白云石分解、方解石溶解并形成新的矿物--无水石膏和萤石。微孔的增加和向强水湿岩石状态的转变改善了毛细管和残余二氧化碳捕集的前景,并提高了捕集能力。因此,与使用破碎岩心进行的试验相比,这些研究结果突出了在固结岩石上进行实验室原位燃烧建模的重要性,并表明枯竭燃烧激发储层可能被证明是可行的二氧化碳封存候选方案。
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引用次数: 0
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Petroleum Science
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