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The equilibrium vapor pressures of ammonia and oxygen ices at outer solar system temperatures 外太阳系温度下氨和氧冰的平衡蒸汽压
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105863
B.P. Blakley , Will M. Grundy , Jordan K. Steckloff , Sugata P. Tan , Jennifer Hanley , Anna E. Engle , Stephen C. Tegler , Gerrick E. Lindberg , Shae M. Raposa , Kendall J. Koga , Cecilia L. Thieberger

Few laboratory studies have investigated the vapor pressures of the volatiles that may be present as ices in the outer solar system; even fewer studies have investigated these species at the temperatures and pressures suitable to the surfaces of icy bodies in the Saturnian and Uranian systems (<100 K, <10−9 bar). This study adds to the work of Grundy et al. (2024) in extending the known equilibrium vapor pressures of outer solar system ices through laboratory investigations at very low temperatures. Our experiments with ammonia and oxygen ices provide new thermodynamic models for these species’ respective enthalpies of sublimation. We find that ammonia ice, and to a lesser degree oxygen ice, are stable at higher temperatures than extrapolations in previous literature have predicted. Our results show that these ices should be retained over longer periods of time than previous extrapolations would predict, and a greater amount of these solids is required to support observation in exospheres of airless bodies in the outer solar system.

很少有实验室研究对外太阳系中可能以冰形式存在的挥发物的蒸气压进行调查;在适合土星和天王星系冰体表面的温度和压力(100 K,10-9 bar)下对这些物质进行调查的研究就更少了。这项研究是对 Grundy 等人(2024 年)工作的补充,通过在极低温度下进行实验室研究,扩展了已知的外太阳系冰的平衡蒸气压。我们对氨和氧冰的实验为这些物种各自的升华焓提供了新的热力学模型。我们发现,氨冰(其次是氧冰)在较高温度下的稳定性超过了以往文献的推断。我们的结果表明,这些冰的保留时间应该比以前的推断所预测的要长,而且需要更多的这些固体来支持在外太阳系无空气天体的外层进行观测。
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引用次数: 0
Europa’s structural conditions for the existence of subsurface ocean and the absence of metallic core-driven magnetic field 欧罗巴存在地下海洋的结构条件以及不存在金属内核驱动的磁场
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105868
Jun Kimura
<div><p>During the Galileo spacecraft’s flyby of Europa, magnetic field measurements detected an inductive signal due to the response of Europa’s interior conductors to temporal fluctuations in the Jovian magnetic field. In contrast, no signatures of intrinsic magnetic field originating from the dynamo motion in the metallic core were acquired. These measurements suggest that a global sub-surface ocean containing electrolytes exists beneath the solid ice shell and that the metallic core lacks convection. Europa’s interior is expected to be divided into the metallic core, rocky mantle and hydrosphere based on the moment of inertia factor estimated from gravity field measurements. Specifically, the thickness of the outermost water layer is 120<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->170 km, and the radius of the metallic core is 0.12<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->0.43 times the surface radius. No systematic investigation of Europa’s internal evolution has been conducted to estimate the current state of the subsurface ocean and to explain the absence of a core dynamo field within such uncertainty for internal structure and material properties (especially ice properties). Herein, I performed a numerical simulation of the long-term thermal evolution of Europa’s interior and investigated the temporal changes in the ocean thickness as well as the temperature and heat flow of the metallic core. If the ice reference viscosity is greater than 5 × 10<sup>14</sup> Pa<!--> <!-->s, the sub-surface ocean can persist even in the absence of tidal heating. In the case of a tidal heating of 10 mW/m<sup>2</sup> and 20 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, the ice shell thickness is <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->90 km if the ice reference viscosity is <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->1 × 10<sup>15</sup> and 1 × 10<sup>14</sup> Pa<!--> <!-->s, respectively. Regardless of the ice reference viscosity, if the tidal heating is <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->50 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, the shell thickness will be <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->40 km. The thermal history of the metallic core is determined by the hydrosphere thickness and the metallic core density, and is unaffected by variations in the ice shell (ocean) thickness. Preferred conditions for the absence of the core dynamo include CI chondritic abundance for the long-lived radioactive isotopes, lower initial core–mantle boundary (CMB) temperature and thicker hydrosphere. The core may be molten without convection if the composition is near the eutectic in a Fe–FeS alloy, or not molten (without convection) if the composition is near the Fe or FeS endmember. Specifically, if the rocky mantle has a CI chondritic radioisotope abundance, any core composition and hydrosphere thickness allow the absence of the core dynamo if the initial temperature at the CMB is lower than 1,250 K. If the rocky mantle has the ordinary chondritic radioisotope abundance, or a higher initial temperature (<span><math><mo>∼</m
在伽利略号航天器飞越木卫二期间,磁场测量检测到一个感应信号,这是木卫二内部导体对木卫二磁场的时间波动的反应。与此相反,没有获得源自金属内核动力运动的固有磁场信号。这些测量结果表明,在坚固的冰壳下面存在一个含有电解质的全球地表下海洋,而金属内核缺乏对流。根据重力场测量估算的惯性矩系数,预计欧罗巴内部可分为金属内核、岩幔和水圈。具体来说,最外层水层的厚度为 120-170 千米,金属内核的半径是表面半径的 0.12-0.43 倍。目前还没有对欧罗巴内部演化进行系统研究,以估计地下海洋的现状,并解释在内部结构和物质属性(尤其是冰属性)如此不确定的情况下为何没有核心动力场。在此,我对欧罗巴内部的长期热演化进行了数值模拟,研究了海洋厚度以及金属内核温度和热流的时间变化。如果冰的参考粘度大于 5×10 Pas,即使没有潮汐加热,地表下海洋也能持续存在。在潮汐加热 10 mW/m 和 20 mW/m 的情况下,如果冰的参考粘度分别为 1 × 10 和 1 × 10 Pas,则冰壳厚度为 90 千米。无论冰的参考粘度如何,如果潮汐加热为 50 mW/m,冰壳厚度将为 40 km。金属内核的热历史由水圈厚度和金属内核密度决定,不受冰壳(海洋)厚度变化的影响。没有内核动力的首选条件包括长寿命放射性同位素的 CI 软骨丰度、较低的内核-地幔边界(CMB)初始温度和较厚的水圈。如果内核成分接近铁-铁-硒合金的共晶,则内核可能是熔融的,没有对流;如果内核成分接近铁或硒元素,则内核可能不是熔融的(没有对流)。具体来说,如果岩幔具有 CI 软骨放射性同位素丰度,那么任何核心成分和水圈厚度都允许在 CMB 初始温度低于 1,250 K 的情况下没有核心动力。在核心成分接近共晶成分的情况下,如果没有核心动力,则需要厚度超过 150 千米的水圈。与木卫二相比,欧罗巴的水圈较薄,因此其岩幔的压力较低,这可能会促进地幔中的热传递,降低其温度,使动力运动更具挑战性。
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引用次数: 0
Near-Earth asteroids of cometary origin associated with the Virginid complex 与处女星群有关的彗星源近地小行星
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105869
G.I. Kokhirova , A.I. Zhonmuhammadi , U.H. Khamroev , M.N. Latipov , T.J. Jopek

The Virginid meteoroid streams produce a series of meteor showers active annually during February–May. A certain parent comet is not found but a related association of some showers with near-Earth asteroids was previously established and a cometary origin of these asteroids was suggested. We performed a new search for NEAs belonging to the Virginid asteroid–meteoroid complex. On the base of calculation of orbital evolution of a sample of NEAs and determination of theoretical features of related showers a search for observable active showers close to theoretically predicted ones was carried out. As a result, the predicted showers of 27 NEAs were identified with the showers of the Virginid complex. Revealed association points to a cometary nature of NEAs that are moving within the stream and may be considered as extinct fragments of a larger comet-progenitor of the Virginid asteroid–meteoroid complex.

处女座流星群产生了一系列流星雨,每年 2 月至 5 月期间非常活跃。目前还没有发现其母体彗星,但以前曾证实一些流星雨与近地小行星有关,并认为这些小行星起源于彗星。我们对属于处女座小行星-流星体复合体的近地小行星进行了新的搜索。在计算近地小行星样本的轨道演变和确定相关阵雨的理论特征的基础上,我们对接近理论预测的可观测活动阵雨进行了搜索。结果,27 个近地天体的预测阵雨与处女星群的阵雨相吻合。所揭示的联系表明,在流内运动的近地小行星具有彗星性质,可将其视为维京里德小行星-流星体复合体的较大彗星-原生体的消亡碎片。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonal variation in atmospheric optical depth (AOD) and thermal inertia (TI) inter-relationship over Martian Gale crater 火星盖尔陨石坑上空大气光学深度(AOD)和热惯性(TI)相互关系的季节性变化
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105865
Farzana Shaheen, Mili Ghosh Nee Lala, A.P. Krishna, Swagata Payra

Investigating the relationship between thermal inertia (TI) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) is significant in giving insights into the seasonality of dust deposition and lifting phenomenon. The present study focuses on establishing a relationship of AOD with TI and different particle sizes over different Martian seasons. Two different Martian landforms (exposed rock and sand dunes) have been used to establish these relationships. TI layer was generated using THEMIS nighttime images for different seasons, whereas Curiosity Rover measured AOD values and Mars Climate database (MCD) visible column dust optical depth were used to derive rover equivalent AOD. An inverse relation was observed between AOD and TI for exposed rock and sand dune regions for all the seasons with low to moderate coefficient of determination (R2). A similar inverse trend was observed between rover equivalent AOD and particle size with R2 values ranging from 0.8 in the case of sand dunes (winter) to 0.93 in exposed rock (autumn). The results were further compared within the AOD obtained from orbiter image (HRSC) derived using Shadow method for spring season (Shaheen et al., 2022). The same inverse relation was found within TI having good R2 values of 0.61 for exposed rock and 0.76 for the sand dunes. Error estimation using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Fractional Bias (FB), Index of agreement errors was carried out for TI vs. AOD and particle size vs. AOD. Excellent statistical significance was obtained for AOD and particle size, in the case of sand dunes it was 0.96 for autumn and 0.99 in case of exposed rock for spring season, respectively.

研究热惯性(TI)与气溶胶光学深度(AOD)之间的关系对于深入了解尘埃沉积和扬升现象的季节性具有重要意义。本研究的重点是建立不同火星季节 AOD 与热惯性和不同粒径气溶胶光学深度之间的关系。两种不同的火星地貌(裸露岩石和沙丘)被用来建立这些关系。利用 THEMIS 不同季节的夜间图像生成了 TI 层,而好奇号漫游车测量的 AOD 值和火星气候数据库(MCD)可见柱尘埃光学深度被用来推导漫游车等效 AOD。在所有季节,裸露岩石和沙丘区域的 AOD 与 TI 之间都呈反比关系,判定系数(R)从低到中度不等。这些结果与利用 Shadow 方法从轨道器图像(HRSC)获得的春季 AOD 进行了进一步比较(Shaheen 等人,2022 年)。在 TI 中发现了相同的反比关系,裸露岩石的 R 值为 0.61,沙丘的 R 值为 0.76。使用平均绝对误差 (MAE)、均方根误差 (RMSE)、归一化均方误差 (NMSE)、分数偏差 (FB)、一致误差指数对 TI vs. AOD 和粒径 vs. AOD 进行了误差估计。结果表明,AOD 和粒径的统计显著性极高,秋季沙丘的显著性为 0.96,春季裸露岩石的显著性为 0.99。
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引用次数: 0
Galactic cosmic rays at 0.7 A.U. with Venus Express housekeeping data 0.7A.U.的银河宇宙射线与金星快车管家数据
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105867
Thomas Rimbot , Olivier Witasse , Marco Pinto , Elise Wright Knutsen , Beatriz Sánchez-Cano , Simon Wood , Elena Tremolizzo , Willi Exner

We apply a previously developed procedure to characterize galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) at 0.7 A.U. with engineering data coming from the Venus Express mission. The engineering parameters are the Error Detection and Correction EDAC cumulative counters, used for detection and correction of memory errors induced by highly energetic particles. It has already been demonstrated that the slope of this counter measures GCR fluxes using data from Mars Express (1.5 A.U.) and Rosetta (up to 4 A.U.) data. Here, we reproduce these methods using Venus Express EDAC data in order to understand the behavior of GCRs closer to the Sun. We again witness the anti-correlation of EDAC slope with the solar activity and further investigate this procedure. The resulting time-lag between maximum sunspot number and minimum GCRs intensity at Venus is close to one day instead of the expected several months. This work represents one of the first characterization of galactic cosmic rays at small distances to the Sun over a long period of time and further cements the value of using EDAC counters as scientific information.

我们利用金星快车任务提供的工程数据,采用以前开发的程序来描述 0.7 A.U. 的银河宇宙射线(GCR)。工程参数是错误检测和纠正 EDAC 累积计数器,用于检测和纠正高能粒子引起的记忆错误。通过使用火星快车(1.5 A.U.)和罗塞塔(最高 4 A.U.)的数据,已经证明该计数器的斜率可以测量 GCR 通量。在这里,我们利用金星快车的 EDAC 数据重现了这些方法,以了解更接近太阳的 GCR 的行为。我们再次见证了 EDAC 斜率与太阳活动的反相关性,并进一步研究了这一过程。由此得出的金星太阳黑子数量最大值与 GCRs 强度最小值之间的时滞接近一天,而不是预期的几个月。这项工作是首次对距离太阳较小的地方的银河宇宙射线进行长期定性的工作之一,并进一步巩固了将EDAC计数器作为科学信息使用的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Lunar simulant behaviour in molten fluoride salt for ISRU applications 用于 ISRU 应用的熔融氟化盐中的月球模拟物行为
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105854
M. Maes , M. Gibilaro , P. Chamelot , C. Chiron , S. Chevrel , P. Pinet , L. Massot , J.J. Favier

This study investigated the behaviour of a lunar mare crystalline analog dissolved in molten LiF–NaF at 800 °C for the in situ production of metals as a part of In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) research. Molten fluorides have the capability to dissolve metallic oxides, and the Hall-Héroult process uses this kind of media to produce Al from Al2O3.The first step was to compare the individual solubility of the main oxides composing the mare lunar soil (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO) with the solubility of the crystalline analog using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The species concentration added jointly are lower than the concentration of the same species added separately. Nonetheless, this study showed that LiF–NaF can be used to dissolve the analog with a maximum solubility of 3.9 wt% at 800 °C. Cyclic voltammograms were also used to verify the electroactivity of all oxide species in LiF–NaF, wherein all the main oxides are electroactive except SiO2 and TiO2. Then electrolyses on different cathodic substrates were performed at different conditions and the obtained cathodic products were analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Despite the non-electroactivity of SiO2 and TiO2, they were extracted in an alloyed form through Under Potential Deposition (UPD). Metallic deposition of other metals such as aluminium and titanium was achieved on carbon electrode. Finally, a synthetic mixture made of the different oxide species with the same chemical composition as the simulant, was investigated as a viable substitute for lunar mare soil. Its electrochemical behaviour was identical to the crystalline lunar simulant showing that our original process based on oxides dissolution is not influenced by the amorphous/crystalline state of the raw material.

the outputs of LiF–NaF molten process are not critically influenced by the physical state of the lunar regolith.

作为原地资源利用(ISRU)研究的一部分,本研究调查了在 800 °C 下溶解于熔融 LiF-NaF 中的月兔结晶类似物在原地生产金属方面的表现。熔融氟化物具有溶解金属氧化物的能力,霍尔-赫鲁特(Hall-Héroult)工艺就是利用这种介质从 Al2O3 中生产铝的。第一步是利用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)比较构成月球泥土的主要氧化物(SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3 和 MgO)的溶解度与晶体类似物的溶解度。联合添加的物种浓度低于单独添加的相同物种浓度。不过,这项研究表明,LiF-NaF 可用来溶解类似物,在 800 °C 时的最大溶解度为 3.9 wt%。研究还利用循环伏安图验证了 LiF-NaF 中所有氧化物的电活性,其中除 SiO2 和 TiO2 外,所有主要氧化物都具有电活性。然后在不同的条件下对不同的阴极基底进行电解,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能量色散光谱(EDS)对得到的阴极产物进行分析。尽管二氧化硅和二氧化钛不具有电活性,但它们还是通过欠电位沉积(UPD)以合金形式被提取出来。在碳电极上实现了铝和钛等其他金属的金属沉积。最后,还研究了一种由不同氧化物种类组成的合成混合物,其化学成分与模拟物相同,可替代月壤。它的电化学行为与结晶月球模拟物相同,这表明我们基于氧化物溶解的原始工艺不受原材料非晶/结晶状态的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive semigray climate model 全面的半灰色气候模型
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105866
Barton Paul Levenson

A climate model is developed for Earth climate history simulations or snapshots of possible conditions on Earthlike exoplanets. It includes estimates for shortwave and longwave optical thickness based on data from Venus, Earth, and Mars; expressions for atmospheric shortwave absorption and surface convective heat loss; climate feedbacks due to water vapor, ice-albedo, clouds, and lapse rate; and a new model for planetary and surface albedo which takes account of surface cover, Rayleigh scattering, and differing wavelength fractions due to primary spectral class. While somewhat complex, it is still orders of magnitude faster than full-spectrum methods or radiative-convective convergence. The model can be modified for use with tidally locked planets, and is here applied to Proxima Centauri b as an example.

开发了一个气候模型,用于模拟地球气候历史或类似地球的系外行星的可能状况。它包括基于金星、地球和火星数据的短波和长波光学厚度估算;大气短波吸收和地表对流热损失的表达式;水蒸气、冰-反照率、云和失效率引起的气候反馈;以及一个新的行星和地表反照率模型,该模型考虑了地表覆盖、瑞利散射和主光谱类别引起的不同波长分数。虽然有些复杂,但它仍然比全光谱方法或辐射对流收敛快几个数量级。该模型可以进行修改以用于潮汐锁定行星,在此以比邻半人马座 b 为例进行说明。
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引用次数: 0
An insight into India's Moon mission – Chandrayan-3: The first nation to land on the southernmost polar region of the Moon 深入了解印度的登月任务--"钱德拉延"-3:第一个登陆月球最南端极区的国家
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105864
Nand Jee Kanu , Eva Gupta , Girish C. Verma

With the mission's completion, India became only the fourth nation in history to successfully perform a soft landing on the Moon and the first nation to land a spacecraft close to the lunar south pole. The purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive review of the Chandrayaan-3 mission (a sequel operation to Chandrayaan-2) to demonstrate complete capabilities in secure lunar landing and exploration on the Moon's surface. It is equipped with a Vikram lander and Pragyan rover. An in-depth review is carried out to discuss the findings of the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The goals of Chandrayaan-3's mission are: (a) to show a safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon; (b) to showcase roving lunar rover technology; and (c) to carry out in-situ scientific research. The goals are achieved through the lander payloads, which include the Langmuir Probe (LP), Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), and Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure thermal conductivity and temperature. For lunar laser-ranging investigations, the space agency NASA has provided a passive Laser Retroreflector Array. The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) are rover payloads that were used to determine the elemental composition close to the landing site. The mission goals are highly accomplished with the successful hop experiment of Vikram on the Chandrayaan-3 mission! As ordered, it raised itself to a height of around 40 cm, turned on its engines, and then made a safe landing between 30 and 40 cm away. To put an end to the controversy, the study finishes with highlights on (a) the significant area of the southernmost polar region of the Moon with latitudes ranging from 60 to 90°S and (b) Shiv Shakti point (coordinates 69.373°S 32.319°E).

任务完成后,印度成为历史上第四个成功实现月球软着陆的国家,也是第一个将航天器降落在月球南极附近的国家。本文的目的是全面回顾 "月壤 3 号 "任务("月壤 2 号 "的后续行动),以展示在月球表面安全着陆和探索的完整能力。它配备了 Vikram 着陆器和 Pragyan 漫游车。本报告对 "月壤 3 号 "任务的研究结果进行了深入探讨。Chandrayaan-3 号任务的目标是(a) 展示在月球表面的安全软着陆;(b) 展示月球漫游车技术;(c) 开展原地科学研究。这些目标是通过着陆器有效载荷实现的,其中包括朗缪尔探测器(LP)、钱德拉表面热物理实验(ChaSTE)、月球地震活动仪器(ILSA)以及测量热导率和温度的钱德拉表面热物理实验(ChaSTE)。为进行月球激光测距研究,美国航天局提供了一个被动式激光逆反射阵列。阿尔法粒子 X 射线光谱仪(APXS)和激光诱导击穿光谱仪(LIBS)是漫游车有效载荷,用于确定着陆点附近的元素组成。随着维克拉姆号在 "钱德拉雅安-3 "号任务中成功进行跳跃实验,任务目标已高度完成!按照命令,它将自己提升到大约 40 厘米的高度,打开发动机,然后在 30 至 40 厘米之间安全着陆。为了结束争议,研究报告最后重点介绍了(a)月球最南端极区的重要区域,纬度范围为南纬 60 至 90 度;(b)Shiv Shakti 点(坐标为南纬 69.373 度,东经 32.319 度)。
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引用次数: 0
Feasibility of high-spatial-resolution nighttime near-IR imaging of Venus’ surface from a platform just below the clouds: A radiative transfer study accounting for the potential of haze 从云层下方的平台对金星表面进行高空间分辨率夜间近红外成像的可行性:考虑到雾霾可能性的辐射传递研究
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105853
Anthony B. Davis , Kevin H. Baines , Brian M. Sutin , James A. Cutts , Leonard I. Dorsky , Paul K. Byrne

We use a customized radiative transfer model to show that sharp (10 m resolution) images of the Venus surface can be achieved at night in spectral windows free of CO2 absorption found between 1.0 and 1.2μm using a camera at 47 km altitude, just below the planet’s optically thick clouds. This is in spite of the Rayleigh scattering by the dense but still semi-transparent lower atmosphere, and the potential for underlying hazes beneath the clouds. The thermal radiation transmitted directly to the camera forms images of spatially varying surface emissivity and/or temperature at the native sensor resolution, platform stability permitting and under reasonable seeing conditions. Near-isotropic Rayleigh scattering dominates in the 1.0μm window. Combined with near-Lambertian reflections off the base of the cloud layer, the diffuse light field builds up a background radiance from surface emission averaged spatially out to several 10s of km, i.e., beyond the camera’s field-of-view. At the longer wavelengths (1.1 and 1.18μm windows), the sub-cloud atmosphere itself partially absorbs (hence less direct light), and therefore weakly emits (hence more background light), but the rapidly decreasing Rayleigh scattering compensates and contrast is maintained. In all cases, we demonstrate that the directly-transmitted surface-leaving radiance from the native sensor resolution element (10 m) is a significant fraction of the total radiance, and thus can be detected above the background light. Extending down to the 0.85 and 0.90μm spectral windows, there is less direct and more background due to the enhanced Rayleigh scattering, but the resulting reduction in contrast can be mitigated by co-adding the 10 m pixels. This technological advance will open a new era in Venusian geology by enabling discrimination between different surface materials at fine scales. Moreover, potentially active volcanism on our sister planet may be revealed by surface spots that are much hotter than their surroundings.

我们使用一个定制的辐射传递模型来表明,在夜间,使用一台位于 47 千米高空的照相机,可以在 1.0 至 1.2 微米之间的光谱窗口中获得清晰的(分辨率为 10 米)金星表面图像,这些光谱窗口没有二氧化碳吸收,正好位于金星光学厚云的下方。尽管有浓密但仍然半透明的低层大气的瑞利散射,以及云层下可能存在的潜在雾霾,但这并不影响热辐射。直接传输到热像仪的热辐射会在原生传感器分辨率、平台稳定性和合理视场条件下形成空间变化的表面发射率和/或温度图像。近各向同性的瑞利散射在 1.0 微米窗口中占主导地位。漫射光场与云层底部的近兰伯特反射相结合,形成了从表面发射平均到数十公里(即超出相机视场范围)的背景辐射。在较长的波长(1.1 和 1.18 微米窗口)下,云下大气本身会部分吸收(因此直射光较少),因此发射较弱(因此背景光较多),但迅速减弱的瑞利散射会起到补偿作用,从而保持对比度。在所有情况下,我们都证明了从本机传感器分辨率元件(10 米以下)直接传输的离开表面的辐射量是总辐射量的重要部分,因此可以在背景光之上进行探测。向下延伸到 0.85 和 0.90μm 光谱窗口时,由于瑞利散射的增强,直接光较少,背景光较多,但通过共同添加 ∼10 m 像素,可减轻由此造成的对比度降低。这一技术进步将开创金星地质学的新纪元,能够在精细尺度上区分不同的地表材料。此外,我们的姊妹行星上潜在的活火山活动可能会通过比周围环境温度高得多的表面斑点显露出来。
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引用次数: 0
Structural study of graben within the Margaritifer Terra region of Mars 火星 Margaritifer Terra 地区地堑的结构研究
IF 2.4 4区 物理与天体物理 Q3 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105840
Supratik Basu, Ashmita Dasgupta, Abhik Kundu, Dipayan Dasgupta

The surface of Mars preserves a variety of structural and geomorphic features such as wrinkle ridges, graben, lobate scarps, impact basins, paleochannels etc., which owe their origin to endogenic processes of deformation as well as meteorite impacts. Graben, which form in extensional stress regimes, are one of the most common structural features identified on these planetary bodies. Many graben are observed in the Margaritifer Terra, a Noachian (4.1 Ga to 3.7 Ga) highland terrain in the southern hemisphere of Mars; but a detailed structural study of these graben have not been carried out so far. The diverse geomorphology of these graben such as their orientation, planform and disposition make the region interesting for structural geological studies. With an aim to unveil the causes behind the formation of these graben, detailed morphometric analyses, estimation of maximum displacement of the faults, and extension across them (ranging between ∼0.3 and ∼0.8 km), as well as age estimation (minimum ∼1 Ga to maximum ∼3.8 Ga) and correlation with the stratigraphic units are carried out on eleven prominent graben in the Margaritifer Terra. The graben belong to two age clusters: 1) late Noachian–early Hesperian and 2) Amazonian. The age-depth correlation, proximity to chaos and floor-fractured craters, absence of any dominant geographic trend and presence of circular graben together indicate that the graben were formed due to dike emplacement in the area in two distinct phases separated by about 2 Ga. Older graben were formed above dike tops at greater depth (>50 km below the surface) while dikes below the younger graben reached shallower levels (∼4 km below the surface) below the surface. The intrusive activities are local to the Margaritifer Terra region and were possibly not caused by Tharsis and Valles Marineris related deformation.

火星表面保留了各种结构和地貌特征,如皱脊,地堑,叶状疤痕,撞击盆地,古河道等,这些特征的形成源于内源变形过程和陨石撞击。在伸展应力机制中形成的地堑是这些行星体上最常见的结构特征之一。在火星南半球的诺亚纪(4.1 Ga 到 3.7 Ga)高原地形 Margaritifer Terra 中观察到许多地堑,但迄今为止尚未对这些地堑进行详细的结构研究。这些地堑的不同地貌,如走向、平面形态和布局,使该地区成为结构地质研究的热点。为了揭示这些地堑形成的原因,我们对 Margaritifer Terra 地区的 11 条主要地堑进行了详细的形态计量分析、断层最大位移估算、断层延伸(0.3 至 0.8 千米)、年龄估算(最小 1 Ga 至最大 3.8 Ga)以及与地层单元的相关性研究。这些地堑属于两个时代群:1)晚新元古代-早黑斯佩尔元古代;2)亚马逊元古代。年龄-深度的相关性、与混沌陨石坑和地面断裂陨石坑的邻近性、没有任何主要的地理趋势以及圆形地堑的存在共同表明,这些地堑是由于该地区的堤坝堆积而形成的,分为两个不同的阶段,相距约 2 Ga。年代较早的地堑形成于地表以下较深的堤顶之上(距地表 50 公里),而年代较晚的地堑之下的堤顶则位于地表以下较浅的位置(距地表 4 公里)。这些侵入活动是 Margaritifer Terra 地区的局部活动,可能不是由与 Tharsis 和 Valles Marineris 有关的变形引起的。
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