Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105863
B.P. Blakley , Will M. Grundy , Jordan K. Steckloff , Sugata P. Tan , Jennifer Hanley , Anna E. Engle , Stephen C. Tegler , Gerrick E. Lindberg , Shae M. Raposa , Kendall J. Koga , Cecilia L. Thieberger
Few laboratory studies have investigated the vapor pressures of the volatiles that may be present as ices in the outer solar system; even fewer studies have investigated these species at the temperatures and pressures suitable to the surfaces of icy bodies in the Saturnian and Uranian systems (<100 K, <10−9 bar). This study adds to the work of Grundy et al. (2024) in extending the known equilibrium vapor pressures of outer solar system ices through laboratory investigations at very low temperatures. Our experiments with ammonia and oxygen ices provide new thermodynamic models for these species’ respective enthalpies of sublimation. We find that ammonia ice, and to a lesser degree oxygen ice, are stable at higher temperatures than extrapolations in previous literature have predicted. Our results show that these ices should be retained over longer periods of time than previous extrapolations would predict, and a greater amount of these solids is required to support observation in exospheres of airless bodies in the outer solar system.
{"title":"The equilibrium vapor pressures of ammonia and oxygen ices at outer solar system temperatures","authors":"B.P. Blakley , Will M. Grundy , Jordan K. Steckloff , Sugata P. Tan , Jennifer Hanley , Anna E. Engle , Stephen C. Tegler , Gerrick E. Lindberg , Shae M. Raposa , Kendall J. Koga , Cecilia L. Thieberger","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2024.105863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Few laboratory studies have investigated the vapor pressures of the volatiles that may be present as ices in the outer solar system; even fewer studies have investigated these species at the temperatures and pressures suitable to the surfaces of icy bodies in the Saturnian and Uranian systems (<100 K, <10<sup>−9</sup> bar). This study adds to the work of Grundy et al. (2024) in extending the known equilibrium vapor pressures of outer solar system ices through laboratory investigations at very low temperatures. Our experiments with ammonia and oxygen ices provide new thermodynamic models for these species’ respective enthalpies of sublimation. We find that ammonia ice, and to a lesser degree oxygen ice, are stable at higher temperatures than extrapolations in previous literature have predicted. Our results show that these ices should be retained over longer periods of time than previous extrapolations would predict, and a greater amount of these solids is required to support observation in exospheres of airless bodies in the outer solar system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 105863"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140163255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105868
Jun Kimura
<div><p>During the Galileo spacecraft’s flyby of Europa, magnetic field measurements detected an inductive signal due to the response of Europa’s interior conductors to temporal fluctuations in the Jovian magnetic field. In contrast, no signatures of intrinsic magnetic field originating from the dynamo motion in the metallic core were acquired. These measurements suggest that a global sub-surface ocean containing electrolytes exists beneath the solid ice shell and that the metallic core lacks convection. Europa’s interior is expected to be divided into the metallic core, rocky mantle and hydrosphere based on the moment of inertia factor estimated from gravity field measurements. Specifically, the thickness of the outermost water layer is 120<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->170 km, and the radius of the metallic core is 0.12<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->0.43 times the surface radius. No systematic investigation of Europa’s internal evolution has been conducted to estimate the current state of the subsurface ocean and to explain the absence of a core dynamo field within such uncertainty for internal structure and material properties (especially ice properties). Herein, I performed a numerical simulation of the long-term thermal evolution of Europa’s interior and investigated the temporal changes in the ocean thickness as well as the temperature and heat flow of the metallic core. If the ice reference viscosity is greater than 5 × 10<sup>14</sup> Pa<!--> <!-->s, the sub-surface ocean can persist even in the absence of tidal heating. In the case of a tidal heating of 10 mW/m<sup>2</sup> and 20 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, the ice shell thickness is <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->90 km if the ice reference viscosity is <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->1 × 10<sup>15</sup> and 1 × 10<sup>14</sup> Pa<!--> <!-->s, respectively. Regardless of the ice reference viscosity, if the tidal heating is <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->50 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, the shell thickness will be <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->40 km. The thermal history of the metallic core is determined by the hydrosphere thickness and the metallic core density, and is unaffected by variations in the ice shell (ocean) thickness. Preferred conditions for the absence of the core dynamo include CI chondritic abundance for the long-lived radioactive isotopes, lower initial core–mantle boundary (CMB) temperature and thicker hydrosphere. The core may be molten without convection if the composition is near the eutectic in a Fe–FeS alloy, or not molten (without convection) if the composition is near the Fe or FeS endmember. Specifically, if the rocky mantle has a CI chondritic radioisotope abundance, any core composition and hydrosphere thickness allow the absence of the core dynamo if the initial temperature at the CMB is lower than 1,250 K. If the rocky mantle has the ordinary chondritic radioisotope abundance, or a higher initial temperature (<span><math><mo>∼</m
{"title":"Europa’s structural conditions for the existence of subsurface ocean and the absence of metallic core-driven magnetic field","authors":"Jun Kimura","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the Galileo spacecraft’s flyby of Europa, magnetic field measurements detected an inductive signal due to the response of Europa’s interior conductors to temporal fluctuations in the Jovian magnetic field. In contrast, no signatures of intrinsic magnetic field originating from the dynamo motion in the metallic core were acquired. These measurements suggest that a global sub-surface ocean containing electrolytes exists beneath the solid ice shell and that the metallic core lacks convection. Europa’s interior is expected to be divided into the metallic core, rocky mantle and hydrosphere based on the moment of inertia factor estimated from gravity field measurements. Specifically, the thickness of the outermost water layer is 120<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->170 km, and the radius of the metallic core is 0.12<!--> <!-->–<!--> <!-->0.43 times the surface radius. No systematic investigation of Europa’s internal evolution has been conducted to estimate the current state of the subsurface ocean and to explain the absence of a core dynamo field within such uncertainty for internal structure and material properties (especially ice properties). Herein, I performed a numerical simulation of the long-term thermal evolution of Europa’s interior and investigated the temporal changes in the ocean thickness as well as the temperature and heat flow of the metallic core. If the ice reference viscosity is greater than 5 × 10<sup>14</sup> Pa<!--> <!-->s, the sub-surface ocean can persist even in the absence of tidal heating. In the case of a tidal heating of 10 mW/m<sup>2</sup> and 20 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, the ice shell thickness is <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->90 km if the ice reference viscosity is <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->1 × 10<sup>15</sup> and 1 × 10<sup>14</sup> Pa<!--> <!-->s, respectively. Regardless of the ice reference viscosity, if the tidal heating is <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->50 mW/m<sup>2</sup>, the shell thickness will be <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> <!--> <!-->40 km. The thermal history of the metallic core is determined by the hydrosphere thickness and the metallic core density, and is unaffected by variations in the ice shell (ocean) thickness. Preferred conditions for the absence of the core dynamo include CI chondritic abundance for the long-lived radioactive isotopes, lower initial core–mantle boundary (CMB) temperature and thicker hydrosphere. The core may be molten without convection if the composition is near the eutectic in a Fe–FeS alloy, or not molten (without convection) if the composition is near the Fe or FeS endmember. Specifically, if the rocky mantle has a CI chondritic radioisotope abundance, any core composition and hydrosphere thickness allow the absence of the core dynamo if the initial temperature at the CMB is lower than 1,250 K. If the rocky mantle has the ordinary chondritic radioisotope abundance, or a higher initial temperature (<span><math><mo>∼</m","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 105868"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140044010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Virginid meteoroid streams produce a series of meteor showers active annually during February–May. A certain parent comet is not found but a related association of some showers with near-Earth asteroids was previously established and a cometary origin of these asteroids was suggested. We performed a new search for NEAs belonging to the Virginid asteroid–meteoroid complex. On the base of calculation of orbital evolution of a sample of NEAs and determination of theoretical features of related showers a search for observable active showers close to theoretically predicted ones was carried out. As a result, the predicted showers of 27 NEAs were identified with the showers of the Virginid complex. Revealed association points to a cometary nature of NEAs that are moving within the stream and may be considered as extinct fragments of a larger comet-progenitor of the Virginid asteroid–meteoroid complex.
{"title":"Near-Earth asteroids of cometary origin associated with the Virginid complex","authors":"G.I. Kokhirova , A.I. Zhonmuhammadi , U.H. Khamroev , M.N. Latipov , T.J. Jopek","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2024.105869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Virginid meteoroid streams produce a series of meteor showers active annually during February–May. A certain parent comet is not found but a related association of some showers with near-Earth asteroids was previously established and a cometary origin of these asteroids was suggested. We performed a new search for NEAs belonging to the Virginid asteroid–meteoroid complex. On the base of calculation of orbital evolution of a sample of NEAs and determination of theoretical features of related showers a search for observable active showers close to theoretically predicted ones was carried out. As a result, the predicted showers of 27 NEAs were identified with the showers of the Virginid complex. Revealed association points to a cometary nature of NEAs that are moving within the stream and may be considered as extinct fragments of a larger comet-progenitor of the Virginid asteroid–meteoroid complex.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 105869"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140052662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Investigating the relationship between thermal inertia (TI) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) is significant in giving insights into the seasonality of dust deposition and lifting phenomenon. The present study focuses on establishing a relationship of AOD with TI and different particle sizes over different Martian seasons. Two different Martian landforms (exposed rock and sand dunes) have been used to establish these relationships. TI layer was generated using THEMIS nighttime images for different seasons, whereas Curiosity Rover measured AOD values and Mars Climate database (MCD) visible column dust optical depth were used to derive rover equivalent AOD. An inverse relation was observed between AOD and TI for exposed rock and sand dune regions for all the seasons with low to moderate coefficient of determination (R2). A similar inverse trend was observed between rover equivalent AOD and particle size with R2 values ranging from 0.8 in the case of sand dunes (winter) to 0.93 in exposed rock (autumn). The results were further compared within the AOD obtained from orbiter image (HRSC) derived using Shadow method for spring season (Shaheen et al., 2022). The same inverse relation was found within TI having good R2 values of 0.61 for exposed rock and 0.76 for the sand dunes. Error estimation using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Fractional Bias (FB), Index of agreement errors was carried out for TI vs. AOD and particle size vs. AOD. Excellent statistical significance was obtained for AOD and particle size, in the case of sand dunes it was 0.96 for autumn and 0.99 in case of exposed rock for spring season, respectively.
研究热惯性(TI)与气溶胶光学深度(AOD)之间的关系对于深入了解尘埃沉积和扬升现象的季节性具有重要意义。本研究的重点是建立不同火星季节 AOD 与热惯性和不同粒径气溶胶光学深度之间的关系。两种不同的火星地貌(裸露岩石和沙丘)被用来建立这些关系。利用 THEMIS 不同季节的夜间图像生成了 TI 层,而好奇号漫游车测量的 AOD 值和火星气候数据库(MCD)可见柱尘埃光学深度被用来推导漫游车等效 AOD。在所有季节,裸露岩石和沙丘区域的 AOD 与 TI 之间都呈反比关系,判定系数(R)从低到中度不等。这些结果与利用 Shadow 方法从轨道器图像(HRSC)获得的春季 AOD 进行了进一步比较(Shaheen 等人,2022 年)。在 TI 中发现了相同的反比关系,裸露岩石的 R 值为 0.61,沙丘的 R 值为 0.76。使用平均绝对误差 (MAE)、均方根误差 (RMSE)、归一化均方误差 (NMSE)、分数偏差 (FB)、一致误差指数对 TI vs. AOD 和粒径 vs. AOD 进行了误差估计。结果表明,AOD 和粒径的统计显著性极高,秋季沙丘的显著性为 0.96,春季裸露岩石的显著性为 0.99。
{"title":"Seasonal variation in atmospheric optical depth (AOD) and thermal inertia (TI) inter-relationship over Martian Gale crater","authors":"Farzana Shaheen, Mili Ghosh Nee Lala, A.P. Krishna, Swagata Payra","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Investigating the relationship between thermal inertia (TI) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) is significant in giving insights into the seasonality of dust deposition and lifting phenomenon. The present study focuses on establishing a relationship of AOD with TI and different particle sizes over different Martian seasons. Two different Martian landforms (exposed rock and sand dunes) have been used to establish these relationships. TI layer was generated using THEMIS nighttime images for different seasons, whereas Curiosity Rover measured AOD values and Mars Climate database (MCD) visible column dust optical depth were used to derive rover equivalent AOD. An inverse relation was observed between AOD and TI for exposed rock and sand dune regions for all the seasons with low to moderate coefficient of determination (R<sup>2)</sup>. A similar inverse trend was observed between rover equivalent AOD and particle size with R<sup>2</sup> values ranging from 0.8 in the case of sand dunes (winter) to 0.93 in exposed rock (autumn). The results were further compared within the AOD obtained from orbiter image (HRSC) derived using Shadow method for spring season (Shaheen et al., 2022). The same inverse relation was found within TI having good R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.61 for exposed rock and 0.76 for the sand dunes. Error estimation using Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Fractional Bias (FB), Index of agreement errors was carried out for TI vs. AOD and particle size vs. AOD. Excellent statistical significance was obtained for AOD and particle size, in the case of sand dunes it was 0.96 for autumn and 0.99 in case of exposed rock for spring season, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 105865"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140010778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105867
Thomas Rimbot , Olivier Witasse , Marco Pinto , Elise Wright Knutsen , Beatriz Sánchez-Cano , Simon Wood , Elena Tremolizzo , Willi Exner
We apply a previously developed procedure to characterize galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) at 0.7 A.U. with engineering data coming from the Venus Express mission. The engineering parameters are the Error Detection and Correction EDAC cumulative counters, used for detection and correction of memory errors induced by highly energetic particles. It has already been demonstrated that the slope of this counter measures GCR fluxes using data from Mars Express (1.5 A.U.) and Rosetta (up to 4 A.U.) data. Here, we reproduce these methods using Venus Express EDAC data in order to understand the behavior of GCRs closer to the Sun. We again witness the anti-correlation of EDAC slope with the solar activity and further investigate this procedure. The resulting time-lag between maximum sunspot number and minimum GCRs intensity at Venus is close to one day instead of the expected several months. This work represents one of the first characterization of galactic cosmic rays at small distances to the Sun over a long period of time and further cements the value of using EDAC counters as scientific information.
{"title":"Galactic cosmic rays at 0.7 A.U. with Venus Express housekeeping data","authors":"Thomas Rimbot , Olivier Witasse , Marco Pinto , Elise Wright Knutsen , Beatriz Sánchez-Cano , Simon Wood , Elena Tremolizzo , Willi Exner","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2024.105867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We apply a previously developed procedure to characterize galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) at 0.7 A.U. with engineering data coming from the Venus Express mission. The engineering parameters are the Error Detection and Correction EDAC cumulative counters, used for detection and correction of memory errors induced by highly energetic particles. It has already been demonstrated that the slope of this counter measures GCR fluxes using data from Mars Express (1.5 A.U.) and Rosetta (up to 4 A.U.) data. Here, we reproduce these methods using Venus Express EDAC data in order to understand the behavior of GCRs closer to the Sun. We again witness the anti-correlation of EDAC slope with the solar activity and further investigate this procedure. The resulting time-lag between maximum sunspot number and minimum GCRs intensity at Venus is close to one day instead of the expected several months. This work represents one of the first characterization of galactic cosmic rays at small distances to the Sun over a long period of time and further cements the value of using EDAC counters as scientific information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 105867"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139992756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105854
M. Maes , M. Gibilaro , P. Chamelot , C. Chiron , S. Chevrel , P. Pinet , L. Massot , J.J. Favier
This study investigated the behaviour of a lunar mare crystalline analog dissolved in molten LiF–NaF at 800 °C for the in situ production of metals as a part of In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) research. Molten fluorides have the capability to dissolve metallic oxides, and the Hall-Héroult process uses this kind of media to produce Al from Al2O3.The first step was to compare the individual solubility of the main oxides composing the mare lunar soil (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and MgO) with the solubility of the crystalline analog using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The species concentration added jointly are lower than the concentration of the same species added separately. Nonetheless, this study showed that LiF–NaF can be used to dissolve the analog with a maximum solubility of 3.9 wt% at 800 °C. Cyclic voltammograms were also used to verify the electroactivity of all oxide species in LiF–NaF, wherein all the main oxides are electroactive except SiO2 and TiO2. Then electrolyses on different cathodic substrates were performed at different conditions and the obtained cathodic products were analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Despite the non-electroactivity of SiO2 and TiO2, they were extracted in an alloyed form through Under Potential Deposition (UPD). Metallic deposition of other metals such as aluminium and titanium was achieved on carbon electrode. Finally, a synthetic mixture made of the different oxide species with the same chemical composition as the simulant, was investigated as a viable substitute for lunar mare soil. Its electrochemical behaviour was identical to the crystalline lunar simulant showing that our original process based on oxides dissolution is not influenced by the amorphous/crystalline state of the raw material.
the outputs of LiF–NaF molten process are not critically influenced by the physical state of the lunar regolith.
{"title":"Lunar simulant behaviour in molten fluoride salt for ISRU applications","authors":"M. Maes , M. Gibilaro , P. Chamelot , C. Chiron , S. Chevrel , P. Pinet , L. Massot , J.J. Favier","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2024.105854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the behaviour of a lunar mare crystalline analog dissolved in molten LiF–NaF at 800 °C for the <em>in situ</em> production of metals as a part of In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) research. Molten fluorides have the capability to dissolve metallic oxides, and the Hall-Héroult process uses this kind of media to produce Al from Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.The first step was to compare the individual solubility of the main oxides composing the mare lunar soil (SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and MgO) with the solubility of the crystalline analog using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The species concentration added jointly are lower than the concentration of the same species added separately. Nonetheless, this study showed that LiF–NaF can be used to dissolve the analog with a maximum solubility of 3.9 wt% at 800 °C. Cyclic voltammograms were also used to verify the electroactivity of all oxide species in LiF–NaF, wherein all the main oxides are electroactive except SiO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>. Then electrolyses on different cathodic substrates were performed at different conditions and the obtained cathodic products were analysed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Despite the non-electroactivity of SiO<sub>2</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub>, they were extracted in an alloyed form through Under Potential Deposition (UPD). Metallic deposition of other metals such as aluminium and titanium was achieved on carbon electrode. Finally, a synthetic mixture made of the different oxide species with the same chemical composition as the simulant, was investigated as a viable substitute for lunar mare soil. Its electrochemical behaviour was identical to the crystalline lunar simulant showing that our original process based on oxides dissolution is not influenced by the amorphous/crystalline state of the raw material.</p><p>the outputs of LiF–NaF molten process are not critically influenced by the physical state of the lunar regolith.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 105854"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063324000187/pdfft?md5=ef167a51d1a5b6f322e65e2913b65c38&pid=1-s2.0-S0032063324000187-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140024096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105866
Barton Paul Levenson
A climate model is developed for Earth climate history simulations or snapshots of possible conditions on Earthlike exoplanets. It includes estimates for shortwave and longwave optical thickness based on data from Venus, Earth, and Mars; expressions for atmospheric shortwave absorption and surface convective heat loss; climate feedbacks due to water vapor, ice-albedo, clouds, and lapse rate; and a new model for planetary and surface albedo which takes account of surface cover, Rayleigh scattering, and differing wavelength fractions due to primary spectral class. While somewhat complex, it is still orders of magnitude faster than full-spectrum methods or radiative-convective convergence. The model can be modified for use with tidally locked planets, and is here applied to Proxima Centauri b as an example.
开发了一个气候模型,用于模拟地球气候历史或类似地球的系外行星的可能状况。它包括基于金星、地球和火星数据的短波和长波光学厚度估算;大气短波吸收和地表对流热损失的表达式;水蒸气、冰-反照率、云和失效率引起的气候反馈;以及一个新的行星和地表反照率模型,该模型考虑了地表覆盖、瑞利散射和主光谱类别引起的不同波长分数。虽然有些复杂,但它仍然比全光谱方法或辐射对流收敛快几个数量级。该模型可以进行修改以用于潮汐锁定行星,在此以比邻半人马座 b 为例进行说明。
{"title":"A comprehensive semigray climate model","authors":"Barton Paul Levenson","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A climate model is developed for Earth climate history simulations or snapshots of possible conditions on Earthlike exoplanets. It includes estimates for shortwave and longwave optical thickness based on data from Venus, Earth, and Mars; expressions for atmospheric shortwave absorption and surface convective heat loss; climate feedbacks due to water vapor, ice-albedo, clouds, and lapse rate; and a new model for planetary and surface albedo which takes account of surface cover, Rayleigh scattering, and differing wavelength fractions due to primary spectral class. While somewhat complex, it is still orders of magnitude faster than full-spectrum methods or radiative-convective convergence. The model can be modified for use with tidally locked planets, and is here applied to Proxima Centauri b as an example.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 105866"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140043911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105864
Nand Jee Kanu , Eva Gupta , Girish C. Verma
With the mission's completion, India became only the fourth nation in history to successfully perform a soft landing on the Moon and the first nation to land a spacecraft close to the lunar south pole. The purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive review of the Chandrayaan-3 mission (a sequel operation to Chandrayaan-2) to demonstrate complete capabilities in secure lunar landing and exploration on the Moon's surface. It is equipped with a Vikram lander and Pragyan rover. An in-depth review is carried out to discuss the findings of the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The goals of Chandrayaan-3's mission are: (a) to show a safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon; (b) to showcase roving lunar rover technology; and (c) to carry out in-situ scientific research. The goals are achieved through the lander payloads, which include the Langmuir Probe (LP), Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), and Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure thermal conductivity and temperature. For lunar laser-ranging investigations, the space agency NASA has provided a passive Laser Retroreflector Array. The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) are rover payloads that were used to determine the elemental composition close to the landing site. The mission goals are highly accomplished with the successful hop experiment of Vikram on the Chandrayaan-3 mission! As ordered, it raised itself to a height of around 40 cm, turned on its engines, and then made a safe landing between 30 and 40 cm away. To put an end to the controversy, the study finishes with highlights on (a) the significant area of the southernmost polar region of the Moon with latitudes ranging from 60 to 90°S and (b) Shiv Shakti point (coordinates 69.373°S 32.319°E).
{"title":"An insight into India's Moon mission – Chandrayan-3: The first nation to land on the southernmost polar region of the Moon","authors":"Nand Jee Kanu , Eva Gupta , Girish C. Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the mission's completion, India became only the fourth nation in history to successfully perform a soft landing on the Moon and the first nation to land a spacecraft close to the lunar south pole. The purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive review of the Chandrayaan-3 mission (a sequel operation to Chandrayaan-2) to demonstrate complete capabilities in secure lunar landing and exploration on the Moon's surface. It is equipped with a Vikram lander and Pragyan rover. An in-depth review is carried out to discuss the findings of the Chandrayaan-3 mission. The goals of Chandrayaan-3's mission are: (a) to show a safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon; (b) to showcase roving lunar rover technology; and (c) to carry out in-situ scientific research. The goals are achieved through the lander payloads, which include the Langmuir Probe (LP), Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE), Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), and Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure thermal conductivity and temperature. For lunar laser-ranging investigations, the space agency NASA has provided a passive Laser Retroreflector Array. The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) are rover payloads that were used to determine the elemental composition close to the landing site. The mission goals are highly accomplished with the successful hop experiment of Vikram on the Chandrayaan-3 mission! As ordered, it raised itself to a height of around 40 cm, turned on its engines, and then made a safe landing between 30 and 40 cm away. To put an end to the controversy, the study finishes with highlights on (a) the significant area of the southernmost polar region of the Moon with latitudes ranging from 60 to 90°S and (b) Shiv Shakti point (coordinates 69.373°S 32.319°E).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 105864"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140010343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2024.105853
Anthony B. Davis , Kevin H. Baines , Brian M. Sutin , James A. Cutts , Leonard I. Dorsky , Paul K. Byrne
We use a customized radiative transfer model to show that sharp (10 m resolution) images of the Venus surface can be achieved at night in spectral windows free of CO absorption found between 1.0 and using a camera at 47 km altitude, just below the planet’s optically thick clouds. This is in spite of the Rayleigh scattering by the dense but still semi-transparent lower atmosphere, and the potential for underlying hazes beneath the clouds. The thermal radiation transmitted directly to the camera forms images of spatially varying surface emissivity and/or temperature at the native sensor resolution, platform stability permitting and under reasonable seeing conditions. Near-isotropic Rayleigh scattering dominates in the window. Combined with near-Lambertian reflections off the base of the cloud layer, the diffuse light field builds up a background radiance from surface emission averaged spatially out to several 10s of km, i.e., beyond the camera’s field-of-view. At the longer wavelengths (1.1 and windows), the sub-cloud atmosphere itself partially absorbs (hence less direct light), and therefore weakly emits (hence more background light), but the rapidly decreasing Rayleigh scattering compensates and contrast is maintained. In all cases, we demonstrate that the directly-transmitted surface-leaving radiance from the native sensor resolution element (10 m) is a significant fraction of the total radiance, and thus can be detected above the background light. Extending down to the 0.85 and spectral windows, there is less direct and more background due to the enhanced Rayleigh scattering, but the resulting reduction in contrast can be mitigated by co-adding the 10 m pixels. This technological advance will open a new era in Venusian geology by enabling discrimination between different surface materials at fine scales. Moreover, potentially active volcanism on our sister planet may be revealed by surface spots that are much hotter than their surroundings.
{"title":"Feasibility of high-spatial-resolution nighttime near-IR imaging of Venus’ surface from a platform just below the clouds: A radiative transfer study accounting for the potential of haze","authors":"Anthony B. Davis , Kevin H. Baines , Brian M. Sutin , James A. Cutts , Leonard I. Dorsky , Paul K. Byrne","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2024.105853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We use a customized radiative transfer model to show that sharp (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>10 m resolution) images of the Venus surface can be achieved at night in spectral windows free of CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> absorption found between 1.0 and <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> using a camera at 47 km altitude, just below the planet’s optically thick clouds. This is in spite of the Rayleigh scattering by the dense but still semi-transparent lower atmosphere, and the potential for underlying hazes beneath the clouds. The thermal radiation transmitted directly to the camera forms images of spatially varying surface emissivity and/or temperature at the native sensor resolution, platform stability permitting and under reasonable seeing conditions. Near-isotropic Rayleigh scattering dominates in the <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> window. Combined with near-Lambertian reflections off the base of the cloud layer, the diffuse light field builds up a background radiance from surface emission averaged spatially out to several 10s of km, i.e., beyond the camera’s field-of-view. At the longer wavelengths (1.1 and <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>18</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> windows), the sub-cloud atmosphere itself partially absorbs (hence less direct light), and therefore weakly emits (hence more background light), but the rapidly decreasing Rayleigh scattering compensates and contrast is maintained. In all cases, we demonstrate that the directly-transmitted surface-leaving radiance from the native sensor resolution element (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>10 m) is a significant fraction of the total radiance, and thus can be detected above the background light. Extending down to the 0.85 and <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>90</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> spectral windows, there is less direct and more background due to the enhanced Rayleigh scattering, but the resulting reduction in contrast can be mitigated by co-adding the <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>10 m pixels. This technological advance will open a new era in Venusian geology by enabling discrimination between different surface materials at fine scales. Moreover, potentially active volcanism on our sister planet may be revealed by surface spots that are much hotter than their surroundings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 105853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139726307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The surface of Mars preserves a variety of structural and geomorphic features such as wrinkle ridges, graben, lobate scarps, impact basins, paleochannels etc., which owe their origin to endogenic processes of deformation as well as meteorite impacts. Graben, which form in extensional stress regimes, are one of the most common structural features identified on these planetary bodies. Many graben are observed in the Margaritifer Terra, a Noachian (4.1 Ga to 3.7 Ga) highland terrain in the southern hemisphere of Mars; but a detailed structural study of these graben have not been carried out so far. The diverse geomorphology of these graben such as their orientation, planform and disposition make the region interesting for structural geological studies. With an aim to unveil the causes behind the formation of these graben, detailed morphometric analyses, estimation of maximum displacement of the faults, and extension across them (ranging between ∼0.3 and ∼0.8 km), as well as age estimation (minimum ∼1 Ga to maximum ∼3.8 Ga) and correlation with the stratigraphic units are carried out on eleven prominent graben in the Margaritifer Terra. The graben belong to two age clusters: 1) late Noachian–early Hesperian and 2) Amazonian. The age-depth correlation, proximity to chaos and floor-fractured craters, absence of any dominant geographic trend and presence of circular graben together indicate that the graben were formed due to dike emplacement in the area in two distinct phases separated by about 2 Ga. Older graben were formed above dike tops at greater depth (>50 km below the surface) while dikes below the younger graben reached shallower levels (∼4 km below the surface) below the surface. The intrusive activities are local to the Margaritifer Terra region and were possibly not caused by Tharsis and Valles Marineris related deformation.
火星表面保留了各种结构和地貌特征,如皱脊,地堑,叶状疤痕,撞击盆地,古河道等,这些特征的形成源于内源变形过程和陨石撞击。在伸展应力机制中形成的地堑是这些行星体上最常见的结构特征之一。在火星南半球的诺亚纪(4.1 Ga 到 3.7 Ga)高原地形 Margaritifer Terra 中观察到许多地堑,但迄今为止尚未对这些地堑进行详细的结构研究。这些地堑的不同地貌,如走向、平面形态和布局,使该地区成为结构地质研究的热点。为了揭示这些地堑形成的原因,我们对 Margaritifer Terra 地区的 11 条主要地堑进行了详细的形态计量分析、断层最大位移估算、断层延伸(0.3 至 0.8 千米)、年龄估算(最小 1 Ga 至最大 3.8 Ga)以及与地层单元的相关性研究。这些地堑属于两个时代群:1)晚新元古代-早黑斯佩尔元古代;2)亚马逊元古代。年龄-深度的相关性、与混沌陨石坑和地面断裂陨石坑的邻近性、没有任何主要的地理趋势以及圆形地堑的存在共同表明,这些地堑是由于该地区的堤坝堆积而形成的,分为两个不同的阶段,相距约 2 Ga。年代较早的地堑形成于地表以下较深的堤顶之上(距地表 50 公里),而年代较晚的地堑之下的堤顶则位于地表以下较浅的位置(距地表 4 公里)。这些侵入活动是 Margaritifer Terra 地区的局部活动,可能不是由与 Tharsis 和 Valles Marineris 有关的变形引起的。
{"title":"Structural study of graben within the Margaritifer Terra region of Mars","authors":"Supratik Basu, Ashmita Dasgupta, Abhik Kundu, Dipayan Dasgupta","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pss.2024.105840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The surface of Mars preserves a variety of structural and geomorphic features such as wrinkle ridges, graben, lobate scarps, impact basins, </span>paleochannels etc., which owe their origin to endogenic processes of deformation as well as </span>meteorite impacts<span><span>. Graben, which form in extensional stress regimes, are one of the most common structural features identified on these planetary bodies<span>. Many graben are observed in the Margaritifer Terra, a Noachian (4.1 Ga to 3.7 Ga) highland terrain in the southern hemisphere of Mars; but a detailed structural study of these graben have not been carried out so far. The diverse </span></span>geomorphology<span><span> of these graben such as their orientation, planform and disposition make the region interesting for structural geological studies. With an aim to unveil the causes behind the formation of these graben, detailed morphometric analyses, estimation of maximum displacement of the faults, and extension across them (ranging between ∼0.3 and ∼0.8 km), as well as age estimation (minimum ∼1 Ga to maximum ∼3.8 Ga) and correlation with the stratigraphic units are carried out on eleven prominent graben in the Margaritifer Terra. The graben belong to two age clusters: 1) late Noachian–early Hesperian and 2) Amazonian. The age-depth correlation, proximity to chaos and floor-fractured craters, absence of any dominant geographic trend and presence of circular graben together indicate that the graben were formed due to </span>dike emplacement in the area in two distinct phases separated by about 2 Ga. Older graben were formed above dike tops at greater depth (>50 km below the surface) while dikes below the younger graben reached shallower levels (∼4 km below the surface) below the surface. The intrusive activities are local to the Margaritifer Terra region and were possibly not caused by Tharsis and Valles Marineris related deformation.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20054,"journal":{"name":"Planetary and Space Science","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 105840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}